IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2006-CA-01118-SCT
ROBERT LEE SAUL
v.
YVONNE JENKINS d/b/a EXTRA CARE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/26/2006 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BILLY JOE LANDRUM COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: JONES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN N. SATCHER, II GARY D. THRASH ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: ERIC A. TIEBAUER NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 08/30/2007 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ.
WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. This case involves the applicability of medical malpractice notice requirements to
unlicensed health care providers. Because we find that licensing is a prerequisite for a
defendant to assert the protections afforded by Mississippi’s limitations to medical
malpractice actions, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the suit and remand the case to
the trial court for further proceedings.
FACTS ¶2. Robert Lee Saul was placed into the care of Yvonne Jenkins and her nursing home,
Extra Care, from May 5, 2004, through June 6, 2004. Saul was in stable condition when he
arrived at Extra Care, but within two months, his condition had deteriorated precipitously.
On June 6, 2004, he was admitted to South Central Regional Medical Hospital and was
diagnosed with sepsis, pneumonia, dehydration, and severe bed sores. He did not return to
Jenkins’s facility.
¶3. Saul filed a negligence lawsuit against Jenkins d/b/a Extra Care in the Jones County
Circuit Court on January 10, 2006. Jenkins moved to dismiss the suit, arguing that Saul
failed to comply with Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-1-58 (Supp. 2006), which
requires a plaintiff in a medical malpractice suit to file a certificate of consultation stating
that her attorney has consulted at least one qualified expert. Saul responded, arguing: (1)
that at the time of filing, Jenkins was not a licensed healthcare provider within the meaning
of Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-1-58, and consequently, the section did not apply;
or, in the alternative, (2) that pursuant to an exception in section 11-1-58(4), Saul was not
required to file the certificate of consultation because Jenkins would not produce any files
or records of Saul’s treatment and care for medical review.
¶4. At the trial court’s hearing on the motion to dismiss, Jenkins also argued that Saul
failed to comply with the sixty-day notice requirements of Mississippi Code Annotated
section 15-1-36(15) (Rev. 2003). Saul maintained that Jenkins was neither licensed nor
certified to provide health care and therefore ineligible for the protections of section 15-1-
36(15). The trial court granted Jenkins’s motion to dismiss, finding that Jenkins’s facility
was a protected entity, entitled to the same sixty-day notice requirement as a licensed
2 healthcare provider, and that Saul had failed to provide proper notice. Saul subsequently
perfected this appeal, maintaining that Jenkins was not entitled to invoke the sixty-day notice
requirement because she failed to plead this defense in a responsive pleading or argue it at
the hearing, and that Jenkins cannot invoke the notice requirement in any event, because she
is not a licensed health care provider.
DISCUSSION
¶5. We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, and will affirm only if the defendant can show beyond doubt that the law offers the
plaintiff no possible remedy. Miss. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Ralph Walker, Inc. v. Gallagher,
926 So. 2d 890 (Miss. 2006). In considering the grant of a motion to dismiss, “the
allegations in the complaint must be taken as true and the motion should not be granted
unless it appears beyond reasonable doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove any set
of facts in support of her claim.” Howard v. Estate of Harper, 947 So. 2d 854, 856 (Miss.
2006). Because the trial court never reached the question of whether Jenkins was licensed
or qualified for health-care provider classification, we will determine only whether licensing
is required in order to receive the protection of Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-
36(15).
¶6. Saul first argues that Jenkins was not entitled to invoke the sixty-day notice
requirement of section 15-1-36(15) because she failed to plead or argue the applicability of
the notice requirement. However, we consistently have found that the notice requirement of
section 15-1-36(15) is mandatory and jurisdictional, and that, consequently, a defendant need
3 not plead or argue it as a defense. Arceo v. Tolliver, 949 So. 2d 691, 695 (Miss. 2006)
(citing Pitalo v. GPCH-GP, Inc., 933 So. 2d 927, 928-929 (Miss. 2006)). While there was
no procedural bar to the application of the notice requirement, we must consider whether the
notice requirement of section 15-1-36(15) is applicable to an entity such as Extra Care.
¶7. Jenkins argues that Extra Care, as a health care provider, is a party contemplated by
section 15-1-36, which details the limitations placed on medical malpractice suits. In
construing a statute, we seek the intention of the Legislature and adopt that interpretation
which will reflect the intended meaning of the Legislature. Arceo, 949 So. 2d at 695; Pitalo,
933 So. 2d at 928-929 (citing Evans v. Boyle Flying Service, Inc., 680 So. 2d 821, 825
(Miss. 1996)).
¶8. Under Section 15-1-36(1), no tort claim may be brought
“. . . against a licensed physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, institution for the aged or infirm, nurse, pharmacist, podiatrist, optometrist or chiropractor for injuries or wrongful death arising out of the course of medical, surgical or other professional services unless it is filed within two (2) years from the date the alleged act, omission or neglect shall or with reasonable diligence might have been first known or discovered.”
In addition to this two-year statute of limitations, Section 15-1-36(15) requires plaintiffs to
provide sixty days’ notice of intention to commence an action:
(15) No action based upon the health care provider's professional negligence may be begun unless the defendant has been given at least sixty (60) days' prior written notice of the intention to begin the action. No particular form of notice is required, but it shall notify the defendant of the legal basis of the claim and the type of loss sustained, including with specificity the nature of the injuries suffered. If the notice is served within sixty (60) days prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the time for the commencement of the action shall be extended sixty (60) days from the service of the notice for said health care providers and others. This subsection shall not be applicable with respect to any defendant whose name is unknown to the
4 plaintiff at the time of filing the complaint and who is identified therein by a fictitious name.
The question is whether a health care provider must be licensed in order to avail itself of the
limitations imposed by Section 15-1-36.
¶9.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2006-CA-01118-SCT
ROBERT LEE SAUL
v.
YVONNE JENKINS d/b/a EXTRA CARE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/26/2006 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BILLY JOE LANDRUM COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: JONES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN N. SATCHER, II GARY D. THRASH ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: ERIC A. TIEBAUER NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 08/30/2007 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ.
WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. This case involves the applicability of medical malpractice notice requirements to
unlicensed health care providers. Because we find that licensing is a prerequisite for a
defendant to assert the protections afforded by Mississippi’s limitations to medical
malpractice actions, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the suit and remand the case to
the trial court for further proceedings.
FACTS ¶2. Robert Lee Saul was placed into the care of Yvonne Jenkins and her nursing home,
Extra Care, from May 5, 2004, through June 6, 2004. Saul was in stable condition when he
arrived at Extra Care, but within two months, his condition had deteriorated precipitously.
On June 6, 2004, he was admitted to South Central Regional Medical Hospital and was
diagnosed with sepsis, pneumonia, dehydration, and severe bed sores. He did not return to
Jenkins’s facility.
¶3. Saul filed a negligence lawsuit against Jenkins d/b/a Extra Care in the Jones County
Circuit Court on January 10, 2006. Jenkins moved to dismiss the suit, arguing that Saul
failed to comply with Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-1-58 (Supp. 2006), which
requires a plaintiff in a medical malpractice suit to file a certificate of consultation stating
that her attorney has consulted at least one qualified expert. Saul responded, arguing: (1)
that at the time of filing, Jenkins was not a licensed healthcare provider within the meaning
of Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-1-58, and consequently, the section did not apply;
or, in the alternative, (2) that pursuant to an exception in section 11-1-58(4), Saul was not
required to file the certificate of consultation because Jenkins would not produce any files
or records of Saul’s treatment and care for medical review.
¶4. At the trial court’s hearing on the motion to dismiss, Jenkins also argued that Saul
failed to comply with the sixty-day notice requirements of Mississippi Code Annotated
section 15-1-36(15) (Rev. 2003). Saul maintained that Jenkins was neither licensed nor
certified to provide health care and therefore ineligible for the protections of section 15-1-
36(15). The trial court granted Jenkins’s motion to dismiss, finding that Jenkins’s facility
was a protected entity, entitled to the same sixty-day notice requirement as a licensed
2 healthcare provider, and that Saul had failed to provide proper notice. Saul subsequently
perfected this appeal, maintaining that Jenkins was not entitled to invoke the sixty-day notice
requirement because she failed to plead this defense in a responsive pleading or argue it at
the hearing, and that Jenkins cannot invoke the notice requirement in any event, because she
is not a licensed health care provider.
DISCUSSION
¶5. We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, and will affirm only if the defendant can show beyond doubt that the law offers the
plaintiff no possible remedy. Miss. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Ralph Walker, Inc. v. Gallagher,
926 So. 2d 890 (Miss. 2006). In considering the grant of a motion to dismiss, “the
allegations in the complaint must be taken as true and the motion should not be granted
unless it appears beyond reasonable doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove any set
of facts in support of her claim.” Howard v. Estate of Harper, 947 So. 2d 854, 856 (Miss.
2006). Because the trial court never reached the question of whether Jenkins was licensed
or qualified for health-care provider classification, we will determine only whether licensing
is required in order to receive the protection of Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-
36(15).
¶6. Saul first argues that Jenkins was not entitled to invoke the sixty-day notice
requirement of section 15-1-36(15) because she failed to plead or argue the applicability of
the notice requirement. However, we consistently have found that the notice requirement of
section 15-1-36(15) is mandatory and jurisdictional, and that, consequently, a defendant need
3 not plead or argue it as a defense. Arceo v. Tolliver, 949 So. 2d 691, 695 (Miss. 2006)
(citing Pitalo v. GPCH-GP, Inc., 933 So. 2d 927, 928-929 (Miss. 2006)). While there was
no procedural bar to the application of the notice requirement, we must consider whether the
notice requirement of section 15-1-36(15) is applicable to an entity such as Extra Care.
¶7. Jenkins argues that Extra Care, as a health care provider, is a party contemplated by
section 15-1-36, which details the limitations placed on medical malpractice suits. In
construing a statute, we seek the intention of the Legislature and adopt that interpretation
which will reflect the intended meaning of the Legislature. Arceo, 949 So. 2d at 695; Pitalo,
933 So. 2d at 928-929 (citing Evans v. Boyle Flying Service, Inc., 680 So. 2d 821, 825
(Miss. 1996)).
¶8. Under Section 15-1-36(1), no tort claim may be brought
“. . . against a licensed physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, institution for the aged or infirm, nurse, pharmacist, podiatrist, optometrist or chiropractor for injuries or wrongful death arising out of the course of medical, surgical or other professional services unless it is filed within two (2) years from the date the alleged act, omission or neglect shall or with reasonable diligence might have been first known or discovered.”
In addition to this two-year statute of limitations, Section 15-1-36(15) requires plaintiffs to
provide sixty days’ notice of intention to commence an action:
(15) No action based upon the health care provider's professional negligence may be begun unless the defendant has been given at least sixty (60) days' prior written notice of the intention to begin the action. No particular form of notice is required, but it shall notify the defendant of the legal basis of the claim and the type of loss sustained, including with specificity the nature of the injuries suffered. If the notice is served within sixty (60) days prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the time for the commencement of the action shall be extended sixty (60) days from the service of the notice for said health care providers and others. This subsection shall not be applicable with respect to any defendant whose name is unknown to the
4 plaintiff at the time of filing the complaint and who is identified therein by a fictitious name.
The question is whether a health care provider must be licensed in order to avail itself of the
limitations imposed by Section 15-1-36.
¶9. Mississippi law requires that institutions for the aged or infirm be licensed. Miss.
Code Ann. § 43-11-5 (Rev. 2004) (“No person, acting severally or jointly with any other
person, shall establish, conduct, or maintain an institution for the aged or infirm in this state
without a license.”). Operating such an institution without a license is illegal per se. Miss.
Code Ann. § 43-11-25 (Rev. 2004) (“Any person establishing, conducting, managing or
operating an institution for the aged or infirm without a license under this chapter shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor.”). This licensing requirement exists to insure safe, sanitary, and
reasonably adequate care of individuals while under the care of nursing home facilities.
Miss. Code Ann. § 43-11-3 (Rev. 2004).
¶10. Section 15-1-36, by its plain terms, applies only to those health care providers that
have been licensed to provide medical services. Extending notice protections to unlicensed
individuals rewards a disregard for the law, because it affords unlicensed institutions the
same benefits as licensed, law-abiding institutions. This result runs contrary to the plain
meaning of section 15-1-36(15) and to the laws requiring licensing for institutions for the
aged or infirm.
¶11. It is not clear from the record whether Extra Care was a licensed health care provider
entitled to the notice requirement of section 15-1-36(15). If Jenkins’s own description of
Extra Care as a nursing home is accurate, then it could not avail itself of the notice
5 requirement unless it was a licensed institution as required by section 43-11-5. If Jenkins
lacked a proper license during this time, she is not entitled to the same protections given to
those properly licensed institutions contemplated by section 15-1-36.
CONCLUSION
¶12. Because the status of Extra Care is a material issue of fact, the trial court erred in
granting the motion to dismiss. We therefore reverse the dismissal and remand the action to
the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶13. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
SMITH, C.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES, DICKINSON, RANDOLPH AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.