NO. 12-07-00001-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
ROBERT LEE MENEFEE,§
APPEAL FROM THE SEVENTH
APPELLANT
V.§
JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE§
SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Robert Lee Menefee appeals his conviction for possession with intent to deliver a controlled
substance, namely cocaine. Appellant's counsel filed a brief in compliance with Anders v.
California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967), and Gainous v. State, 436
S.W.2d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 1969). After reviewing the record, we abated the appeal and remanded
the case to the trial court to appoint new counsel to represent Appellant, review the record, and file
a brief on the merits for Appellant. As instructed, Appellant filed a new brief on appeal, arguing that
the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction and that his trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by allowing him to be convicted on insufficient evidence. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged by indictment for possession with intent to deliver a controlled
substance, namely cocaine, in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams, including
any adulterants and dilutants. (1) The indictment alleged, in the portion relevant to this appeal, that
"on or about the 26th day of January, 2006, . . . ROBERT MENEFEE did then and there possess
with intent to deliver, a controlled substance, namely, cocaine, in an amount of one (1) gram or more
but less than four (4) grams, including any adulterants and dilutants." The indictment also alleged
that Appellant committed the offense within 1,000 feet of a premises owned, rented, or leased by an
institution of higher learning, or within a drug free zone. (2) Further, the indictment alleged that prior
to the commission of the offense, Appellant was convicted of the felony offense of possession of a
controlled substance. (3)
On October 2, 2006, Appellant entered an "open" plea of guilty to the offense charged in the
indictment. Appellant and his counsel signed an acknowledgment of admonishments, a waiver of
jury trial, an agreement to stipulate testimony, and a stipulation of evidence in which Appellant
swore that such stipulation constituted the evidence in this case. According to the stipulation of
evidence, Appellant stipulated that he "did then and there with intent to deliver, a controlled
substance, namely, cocaine, in an amount of one (1) gram or more but less than four (4) grams,
including any adulterants and dilutants." The word "possess" was omitted from the stipulation of
evidence. After Appellant was sworn in at the plea hearing, he waived the reading of the indictment.
The trial court stated, "Mr. Menefee, in your case the grand jury returned an enhanced first degree
felony charge of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver," and then recited the
applicable range of punishment. The trial court asked Appellant if he understood the range of
punishment. Appellant replied, "Yes, sir."
The trial court then said, "Knowing that that's the range of punishment, the paperwork that's
been provided to me that indicates that you've decided to enter an open plea of guilty in relation to
that particular charge and leave it to the court to decide what type of punishment should be assessed.
Is that correct?" Appellant agreed that it was. The trial court then asked, "As to that charge in the
indictment as we've just covered, how do you plead, guilty or not guilty?" Appellant pleaded guilty.
The only evidence offered by the State was the "plea packet," which was admitted into evidence and
included Appellant's signed and written stipulation of evidence. Appellant pleaded "true" to the
prior felony conviction enhancement paragraph. The trial court adjudged Appellant guilty of
possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance.
At the sentencing hearing on December 1, the trial court took judicial notice and reviewed
the presentence investigation report ("PSI"). (4) The trial court assessed Appellant's punishment at
fifty-six years of imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. Appellant's first appellate attorney filed a brief
in compliance with Anders and Gainous, stating there was no error on which an appeal could be
predicated. That attorney also moved for leave to withdraw. Appellant filed a pro se brief in which
he raised two issues. He argued that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to
interview a material witness and by intentionally and willfully withholding evidence. Further, he
contended that the judge who issued the search warrant in this case had a conflict of interest and
should have been disqualified, rendering the search warrant invalid.
We thoroughly reviewed the record, and discovered that the word "possess" was omitted
from the stipulation of evidence. We concluded that the absence of this crucial word in the
stipulation of evidence could present an arguable issue for appeal. As such, we abated the appeal
and remanded the case to the trial court to appoint new appellate counsel to represent Appellant,
review the record, and file a brief on the merits. See Menefee v. State, No. 12-07-00001-CR, 2008
WL 787851, at *3 (Tex. App.-Tyler Mar. 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). Accordingly, Appellant filed a new brief on appeal, arguing that the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction and that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
allowing him to be convicted on insufficient evidence.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction.
More specifically, he argues that there was no evidence to support his guilty plea.
Standard of Review
According to article 1.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, no person can be
convicted of a felony except on the verdict of a jury duly rendered and recorded, unless he, upon
entering a plea, has in open court in person waived his right of trial by jury in writing. Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art 1.15 (Vernon 2005). Article 1.15 also states that it is necessary for the state
to introduce evidence into the record showing the guilt of the defendant, and "in no event shall a
person charged be convicted upon his plea without sufficient evidence to support the same." Id.
This evidence may be stipulated if the defendant consents in writing, in open court, to waive the
appearance, confrontation, and cross examination of witnesses, and further consents either to an oral
stipulation of the evidence and testimony or to the introduction of testimony by affidavits, written
statements of witnesses, and any other documentary evidence in support of the judgment of the court.
Id. If the defendant elects to stipulate to evidence against him, his stipulation is a kind of judicial
admission, a "formal confession[ ] in the pleadings in the case or stipulations by a party or counsel
that have the effect of withdrawing a fact from issue and dispensing wholly with the need for proof
of the fact." Bryant v. State, 187 S.W.3d 397, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting John W. Strong,
et al., McCormick on Evidence § 255 (5th ed. 1999)).
Although a plea of guilty is an admission of guilt of the offense charged, it does not authorize
a conviction in a bench trial upon such plea unless there is evidence offered to support the plea and
the judgment to be entered. Dinnery v. State, 592 S.W.2d 343, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). A
judicial confession, standing alone, is sufficient to sustain a conviction upon a guilty plea and to
satisfy the requirements of article 1.15. Id. at 353. When the state introduces evidence, an appellate
court affirms the trial court's judgment under article 1.15 if the evidence introduced embraces every
essential element of the offense charged and is sufficient to establish the defendant's guilt. Breaux
v. State, 16 S.W.3d 854, 857 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd) (citing Stone v.
State, 919 S.W.2d 424, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)); Wright v. State, 930 S.W.2d 131, 132 (Tex.
App.-Dallas 1996, no pet.). But see Williams v. State, 950 S.W.2d 383, 384 n.1 (Tex.
App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd) (acknowledging a lack of consensus on the standard for
reviewing evidence to support a judgment pursuant to article 1.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure); Burger v. State, 920 S.W.2d 433, 435 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd)
(using the Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard to review the sufficiency of the stipulated
evidence).
If a stipulation does not support a defendant's guilty plea, a court must determine if there is
other evidence to support the guilty plea. Dinnery, 592 S.W.2d at 352. If a defendant testifies that
he has read the indictment and that it was "true and correct" or that the allegations in the indictment
were "true and correct," this testimony constitutes a judicial admission of the offense charged and
is sufficient to support a guilty plea. Id. at 352-54. Likewise, if a defendant testifies that he was
pleading guilty "just as he was charged in the indictment," that is a sufficient judicial confession to
support a guilty plea under article 1.15. Cooper v. State, 573 S.W.2d 533, 535 (Tex. Crim. App.
[Panel Op.] 1978).
Application
The State must introduce evidence embracing each and every element of the charged offense.
See Breaux, 16 S.W.3d at 857. In the present case, the stipulation of evidence admitted into
evidence was insufficient to support the conviction because it lacked an essential element of the
charged offense, i.e., "possession." However, there is no requirement that all of the evidence to
support a guilty plea be contained in the written stipulation of evidence. See Dinnery, 592 S.W.2d
at 352. In this case, Appellant was sworn in at the beginning of the plea hearing. The trial court, in
the course of the plea, asked Appellant, "Mr. Menefee, in your case the grand jury returned an
enhanced first degree felony charge of possession of a controlled substance with an intent to deliver,"
and then reviewed the range of punishment applicable to that charge. After Appellant agreed that
he was entering an "open" plea of guilty to that charge, the trial court asked, "As to that charge in
the indictment as we've just covered, how do you plead, guilty or not guilty?" Appellant responded,
"Guilty, Your Honor."
Because Appellant orally pleaded guilty "[a]s to that charge in the indictment"-possession
of a controlled substance with intent to deliver-he supplied the element of possession, which was
included in the indictment but omitted from his stipulation of evidence. See Dinnery, 592 S.W.2d
at 352; Cooper, 573 S.W.2d at 535. The evidence admitted at the plea hearing included Appellant's
oral guilty plea "[a]s to that charge in the indictment" and his written sworn stipulation of evidence,
and, thus, embraced every essential element of the charged offense. See Breaux, 16 S.W.3d at 857.
Therefore, the evidence is sufficient to support Appellant's conviction for possession with intent to
deliver a controlled substance. Accordingly, Appellant's first issue is overruled.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his second issue, Appellant argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
by allowing him to be convicted on insufficient evidence. More specifically, he contends that his
trial counsel allowed him to be found guilty or sentenced "where there was no evidence offered to
support the plea of guilty." According to Appellant, his trial counsel allowed him "to be sentenced
with no evidence that [he] actually possessed anything." Thus, Appellant argues that his written
stipulation of evidence supporting his guilty plea "utterly fails."
Applicable Law
In reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we apply the United States Supreme
Court's two pronged test in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d
674 (1984). Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 56-57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Under the first
prong of the Strickland test, an appellant must show that counsel's performance was "deficient."
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). "This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning
as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687,
104 S. Ct. at 2064. To be successful, an appellant must "show that counsel's representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id., 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Tong, 25
S.W.3d at 712.
Under the second prong, an appellant must show that the "deficient performance prejudiced
the defense." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712. The
appropriate standard for judging prejudice requires an appellant to "show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. Further, review of a trial counsel's representation is highly deferential.
Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712.
Analysis
We have no evidence from trial counsel's perspective concerning why he did not raise the
omitted portion of Appellant's written stipulation of evidence. When the record is silent about trial
counsel's reasons for choosing a particular course of action, finding trial counsel ineffective would
call for speculation by an appellate court. See Stults v. State, 23 S.W.3d 198, 208 (Tex.
App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd). We will not engage in such speculation. See Jackson
v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Nonetheless, we have already concluded that
the evidence admitted at the plea hearing, Appellant's oral guilty plea "[a]s to that charge in the
indictment" and his written stipulation of evidence embraced each and every element of the charged
offense sufficient to support his conviction. Thus, Appellant has not met his burden to prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that this aspect of trial counsel's representation fell below the
standard of prevailing professional norms.
Further, even if trial counsel's failure to raise the omission of the word "possession"
constituted deficient performance, Appellant has not shown that he suffered prejudice. Appellant
voluntarily pleaded guilty to the charged offense and, specifically, the offense charged in the
indictment referenced by the trial court at the plea hearing. Based upon a review of the record before
us, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that Appellant has shown there is a reasonable probability
of a different result if his trial counsel had raised the omission of the word "possession" from his
written stipulation of evidence prior to the plea hearing. Accordingly, Appellant's second issue is
overruled.
Disposition
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
SAM GRIFFITH
Justice
Opinion delivered September 24, 2008.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J., dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. Because Appellant's plea of guilty is not supported by evidence that
Appellant possessed cocaine, the evidence is insufficient to support Appellant's conviction.
Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case for further
proceedings.
Background
Appellant was charged with possession with the intent to deliver a controlled substance,
cocaine, in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams, including any adulterants and
dilutants. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(a) (Vernon 2003). Because of
enhancement paragraphs contained in the indictment, Appellant faced a punishment range of
imprisonment for life, or for any term of not more than ninety-nine years or less than fifteen years
and, in addition, a fine not to exceed $10,000. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.42(c)(1) (Vernon
2003).
Before the case proceeded to trial, Appellant entered an "open" plea of guilty to the offense
charged. At the hearing in which Appellant pleaded guilty, after some initial admonishments, the
trial court asked Appellant if he wished to have the indictment read to him or if he desired to waive
the reading of the indictment. Appellant waived the reading of the indictment. The trial court then
stated the range of punishment faced by Appellant, and Appellant acknowledged that he understood
the range of punishment. The trial court asked Appellant if he desired to "enter an open plea of
guilty in relation to that particular charge" and have the trial court decide the punishment to be
assessed. Appellant answered, "That's correct, Your Honor." Finally, the trial court stated "As to
that charge in the indictment as we've just covered, how do you plead, guilty or not guilty?"
Appellant responded "Guilty, Your Honor."
The State offered Appellant's voluntary written stipulation of evidence that was admitted into
evidence without objection. However, Appellant's written stipulation of evidence omitted the word
"possess." Instead, Appellant stipulated only that "[he] did then and there with intent to deliver, a
controlled substance, namely, cocaine" in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams,
including adulterants and dilutants. The trial court found Appellant guilty of possession with intent
to deliver a controlled substance.
Later, at a sentencing hearing, the trial court assessed Appellant's punishment at fifty-six
years of imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. Appellant appealed. After his first appellate counsel filed
an Anders' (5)
brief, we abated the appeal and remanded the case to the trial court to appoint new
appellate counsel. Appellant's new appellate counsel then filed a brief raising two issues: whether
there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to find Appellant guilty, and whether trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance.
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 1.15
In his first issue, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the trial
court's judgment that Appellant was guilty of possession with intent to deliver a controlled
substance.
Even when a defendant pleads guilty, the state must introduce evidence into the record
showing the guilt of the defendant. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.15 (Vernon 2005);
Landon v. State, 222 S.W.3d 75, 78 (Tex. App.-Tyler 2006, no pet.)("Although a plea of guilty is
an admission of guilt of the offense charged, it does not authorize a conviction in a bench trial upon
such plea unless there is evidence offered to support the plea and the judgment to be entered."). A
defendant cannot be convicted upon his plea unless there is sufficient evidence to support the plea
and the conviction. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.15. The evidence sufficiently supports
the conviction if the evidence introduced embraces every essential element of the offense charged
and is sufficient to establish the defendant's guilt. Landon, 222 S.W.3d at 78. Thus, a judicial
confession alone sufficiently supports a guilty plea so long as it embraces every essential element
of the offense charged. Breaux v. State, 16 S.W.3d 854, 856-57 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
2000, pet. ref'd). A judicial confession is a statement by the defendant given voluntarily before a
magistrate, or a court, in the due course of legal proceedings. Id. at 856.
When a judicial confession or stipulation does not support a defendant's conviction on a
guilty plea, we must determine if there is other evidence to support the conviction. Dinnery v. State,
592 S.W.2d 343, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Landon, 222 S.W.3d at 78. Courts have found other
evidence sufficient to support a conviction based on a guilty plea where the defendant stated that he
had read the indictment and the indictment was true and correct, Dinnery, 592 S.W.3d at 352-54,
where the defendant stated that he was pleading guilty just as he was charged in the indictment and
that he was saying he was guilty regardless of what punishment the court would assess, Cooper v.
State, 573 S.W.2d 533, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978), and where the defendant signed
confessions that he committed the offenses as charged in the indictments and then testified that the
confessions were "substantially true and correct." Potts v. State, 571 S.W.2d 180, 181 n.1, 182 (Tex.
Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978).
Here, Appellant's judicial confession did not embrace every essential element of the offense
charged. See Breaux, 16 S.W.3d at 856-57. Specifically, Appellant's judicial confession omitted
the word "possess." Unlike Dinnery, Appellant never stated that he had read the indictment or that
the allegations in the indictment were true and correct. See Dinnery, 592 S.W.2d at 352. In fact,
Appellant did not even state that he was pleading guilty "just as he was charged in the indictment"
and that "he was saying he was guilty regardless of what punishment the court would assess" as in
Cooper. See Cooper, 573 S.W.2d at 535. Instead, Appellant's testimony before the trial court in this
case was a barebones plea of "Guilty, Your Honor." Further, Appellant's written stipulation of
evidence did not state that Appellant was guilty "as charged in the indictment" or include any similar
"catch-all" provision. See Breaux, 16 S.W.3d at 857 n.2. Thus, the State presented a stipulation of
evidence that omitted an essential element of the crime and failed to buttress that stipulation with
any testimony of Appellant or any other evidence that supported Appellant's guilty plea. (6)
The majority focuses upon the trial court's wording of the trial court's question to Appellant.
However, the fact that the trial court specifically referenced the "charge in the indictment" before
Appellant pleaded guilty is not evidence supporting the conviction. Simply put, the state is required
to support a conviction on a plea of guilty with evidence embracing every essential element of the
offense charged. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.15; Landon, 222 S.W.3d at 78. In this
case, the State did not fulfill its obligation.
Conclusion
On these facts, I would find the evidence insufficient to support the conviction, and I would
sustain Appellant's first issue. (7) Because Appellant voluntarily entered a plea of guilty, the Double
Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not preclude a
second trial. See Breaux, 16 S.W.3d at 857 n.3. I, therefore, would reverse and remand the cause
to the trial court for further proceedings. Because the majority has instead overruled Appellant's first
issue, I respectfully dissent.
BRIAN HOYLE
Justice
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
1.
See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(a) (Vernon 2003). An offense under subsection (a) is
a second degree felony if the amount of the controlled substance to which the offense applies is, by aggregate weight,
including adulterants or dilutants, one gram or more but less than four grams. See Tex. Health & Safety Code
Ann. § 481.112(c) (Vernon 2003).
2.
An offense otherwise punishable as a second degree felony under section 481.112 is punishable as a first
degree felony if it is shown that the offense was committed in, on, or within 1,000 feet of premises owned, rented, or
leased by an institution of higher learning. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.134(b)(1)(Vernon Supp.
2008).
3. If it is shown on the trial of a first degree felony that the defendant has been once before convicted of a
felony, on conviction he shall be punished by imprisonment for life, or for any term of not more than ninety-nine
years or less than fifteen years and, in addition, a fine not to exceed $10,000. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 12.42(c)(1) (Vernon 2003).
4. The PSI was not included in the record provided on appeal.
5.
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967).
6.
On appeal, the State argues that the presentence investigation report ("PSI") provided to the trial court at
the sentencing hearing contains evidence establishing Appellant's guilt. However, the PSI was not offered into
evidence during the hearing and is not a part of the record on appeal. We, therefore, do not consider whether the PSI
provides evidence to support the conviction in this case. See Brewer v. State, No. 12-01-00369-CR, 2004 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6963, at *3-4 (Tex. App.-Tyler July 30, 2004, no pet.)(me. op., not designated for publication)("Although a
defendant's prior conviction can be established through judicial notice of the contents of the court's files, including
the contents of a PSI, the PSI must be in the appellate record if an appeal is taken. Otherwise, the reviewing court
cannot determine (1) whether the source information actually establishes the judicially-noticed fact and (2) whether
the trial court erred in taking judicial notice based upon the quality of the source information.")[internal citations
omitted]. Even assuming that a trial court taking judicial notice of a PSI could ever sufficiently support a conviction
with a guilty plea, the record in this case forecloses that result.
7. Because I would sustain Appellant's first issue, I would not reach Appellant's second issue. See Tex. R.
App. P. 47.1.