AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed December 19, 2014.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-13-01734-CV
ROBERT KARLSENG, Appellant V. WELLS FARGO, N.A., Appellee
On Appeal from the 192nd Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-08-14206-K
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Francis, Lang, and Stoddart Opinion by Justice Francis Robert Karlseng appeals the trial court’s order authorizing the receiver to take possession
of his income as a lawyer to satisfy a judgment. In two issues, appellant argues (1) there is no
order adjudicating Wells Fargo’s right to proceed as the judgment creditor and (2) his income
constituted “wages” and was therefore exempt from execution. We affirm.
In August 2009, Wachovia Bank, National Association, obtained a money judgment
against Karlseng. In March 2010, Wachovia merged with and into Wells Fargo, resulting in the
existence of a single entity, Wells Fargo, N.A. Two years after the merger, appellee began
efforts to collect on the Karlseng judgment. Appellant resisted discovery. Over the course of the
proceedings, multiple postjudgment hearings were held. Ultimately, appellee sought turnover
relief, the appointment of a receiver, and a temporary injunction. The trial court granted the
application, appointed a receiver, and set a schedule for appellee to designate assets for turnover and for appellant to respond. Among the assets designated was income paid to appellant, an
attorney, by his law firm. Appellee asserted appellant’s legal fees were not exempt, arguing
appellant does not practice law in the “sort of master-servant relationship envisioned by the
exemption statues,” but more like an independent contractor. Attached to the designation were
portions of appellant’s testimony given at a previous hearing in the case and at deposition as well
as tax documents. Appellant filed a response in which he asserted he is “essentially an in-house
attorney that works in the title industry.” He asserted he does not receive attorney’s fees and is
not an independent contractor. Appellant attached his affidavit. Following a hearing in the
matter, the trial court granted the relief sought by appellee and authorized the receiver to take
possession of appellant’s income as a lawyer.
We review a trial court’s postjudgment turnover order for an abuse of discretion. Stanley
v. Reef Sec., Inc., 314 S.W.3d 659, 663 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). We will reverse a
trial court’s order only if we conclude the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules
or principles, in other words, in an unreasonable and arbitrary manner. Id. We may not reverse
merely because we disagree with the trial court’s decision, as long as that decision was within
the court’s discretionary authority. Id.
In his first issue, appellant argues we must vacate the order because appellee failed to
obtain an order showing that appellee is the judgment creditor in this matter. Specifically, he
argues the judgment was awarded to Wachovia, and appellee has “attempted to step into the
shoes of Wachovia” without obtaining an order from the court. Appellant has not cited any legal
authority to support his position that an order is necessary; consequently, his issue is
inadequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Moreover, the record contains a letter from
the Comptroller of the Currency stating that, effective March 20, 1010, Wachovia “merged with
and into Wells Fargo Bank, National Association . . . under the title of the latter.” Further, the
–2– letter stated it was the “official authorization” for appellee to operate the former main offices of
Wachovia as branches of appellee. The letter was offered into evidence at one of the
postjudgment hearings. Appellant did not challenge the authenticity of the document below nor
does he challenge its admissibility on appeal. 1 We conclude the letter was sufficient for the trial
court to conclude that appellee had authority to enforce the money judgment. We overrule the
first issue.
In his second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in ordering his income derived
from his work as a lawyer be turned over to the receiver. He argued the payments were wages,
which are exempt from execution.
A judgment creditor is entitled to turnover relief if the judgment debtor owns property
that (1) cannot readily be attached or levied on by ordinary legal process and (2) is not exempt
from attachment, execution, or seizure for the satisfaction of liability. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 31.002(a) (West 2008). A court may not order the turnover of exempt
property or the proceeds of exempt property. Id. § 31.002(f); Stanley, 314 S.W.3d at 665.
“Current wages” for personal services are exempt property. TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. §
42.001(b)(1) (West 2014).
Texas courts define “current wages” as used in section 42.001 of the property code to be
compensation due to an employee in a master-servant relationship and expressly exclude money
received by an independent contractor. Brink v. Ayre, 855 S.W.2d 44, 45 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1993, no pet.); Hennigan v. Hennigan, 666 S.W.2d 322, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1984), writ ref’d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 495 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam); Brasher v.
Carnation Co., 92 S.W.2d 573, 575 (Tex. App.—Austin 1936, writ dism’d). Thus, wages are
1 The trial court sustained an objection to an email attached to the letter. As to the letter itself, appellant stated: “As to the front page, I guess it is a public record and I don’t – it’s a copy of a public record. So I don’t want to be too strong in my objection, other than to say it’s a copy of a public record. I guess it’s valid. I don’t know.”
–3– exempt only if they are earned in the context of an employer-employee relationship. Once a
judgment creditor proves that a judgment debtor owns property, it is the judgment debtor’s
burden to prove that the property is exempt from turnover. Stanley, 314 S.W.3d at 667. The
question in this case is whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that appellant
failed to prove his income from his law firm was exempt wages paid to himself as an employee.
On appeal, both parties agree the critical test for determining whether a worker is an
employee or independent contractor is the “right to control” the manner and means by which a
person performs his services. Courts measure the right to control by considering (1) the
independent nature of the worker’s business, (2) the worker’s obligation to furnish necessary
tools, supplies, and materials to perform the job, (3) the worker’s right to control the progress of
the work except about final results, (4) the time for which the worker is employed, and (5) the
method of payment, whether by unit of time or by the job. Limestone Prods. Distrib., Inc. v.
McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. 2002). Examples of the type of control normally
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AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed December 19, 2014.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-13-01734-CV
ROBERT KARLSENG, Appellant V. WELLS FARGO, N.A., Appellee
On Appeal from the 192nd Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-08-14206-K
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Francis, Lang, and Stoddart Opinion by Justice Francis Robert Karlseng appeals the trial court’s order authorizing the receiver to take possession
of his income as a lawyer to satisfy a judgment. In two issues, appellant argues (1) there is no
order adjudicating Wells Fargo’s right to proceed as the judgment creditor and (2) his income
constituted “wages” and was therefore exempt from execution. We affirm.
In August 2009, Wachovia Bank, National Association, obtained a money judgment
against Karlseng. In March 2010, Wachovia merged with and into Wells Fargo, resulting in the
existence of a single entity, Wells Fargo, N.A. Two years after the merger, appellee began
efforts to collect on the Karlseng judgment. Appellant resisted discovery. Over the course of the
proceedings, multiple postjudgment hearings were held. Ultimately, appellee sought turnover
relief, the appointment of a receiver, and a temporary injunction. The trial court granted the
application, appointed a receiver, and set a schedule for appellee to designate assets for turnover and for appellant to respond. Among the assets designated was income paid to appellant, an
attorney, by his law firm. Appellee asserted appellant’s legal fees were not exempt, arguing
appellant does not practice law in the “sort of master-servant relationship envisioned by the
exemption statues,” but more like an independent contractor. Attached to the designation were
portions of appellant’s testimony given at a previous hearing in the case and at deposition as well
as tax documents. Appellant filed a response in which he asserted he is “essentially an in-house
attorney that works in the title industry.” He asserted he does not receive attorney’s fees and is
not an independent contractor. Appellant attached his affidavit. Following a hearing in the
matter, the trial court granted the relief sought by appellee and authorized the receiver to take
possession of appellant’s income as a lawyer.
We review a trial court’s postjudgment turnover order for an abuse of discretion. Stanley
v. Reef Sec., Inc., 314 S.W.3d 659, 663 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). We will reverse a
trial court’s order only if we conclude the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules
or principles, in other words, in an unreasonable and arbitrary manner. Id. We may not reverse
merely because we disagree with the trial court’s decision, as long as that decision was within
the court’s discretionary authority. Id.
In his first issue, appellant argues we must vacate the order because appellee failed to
obtain an order showing that appellee is the judgment creditor in this matter. Specifically, he
argues the judgment was awarded to Wachovia, and appellee has “attempted to step into the
shoes of Wachovia” without obtaining an order from the court. Appellant has not cited any legal
authority to support his position that an order is necessary; consequently, his issue is
inadequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Moreover, the record contains a letter from
the Comptroller of the Currency stating that, effective March 20, 1010, Wachovia “merged with
and into Wells Fargo Bank, National Association . . . under the title of the latter.” Further, the
–2– letter stated it was the “official authorization” for appellee to operate the former main offices of
Wachovia as branches of appellee. The letter was offered into evidence at one of the
postjudgment hearings. Appellant did not challenge the authenticity of the document below nor
does he challenge its admissibility on appeal. 1 We conclude the letter was sufficient for the trial
court to conclude that appellee had authority to enforce the money judgment. We overrule the
first issue.
In his second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in ordering his income derived
from his work as a lawyer be turned over to the receiver. He argued the payments were wages,
which are exempt from execution.
A judgment creditor is entitled to turnover relief if the judgment debtor owns property
that (1) cannot readily be attached or levied on by ordinary legal process and (2) is not exempt
from attachment, execution, or seizure for the satisfaction of liability. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 31.002(a) (West 2008). A court may not order the turnover of exempt
property or the proceeds of exempt property. Id. § 31.002(f); Stanley, 314 S.W.3d at 665.
“Current wages” for personal services are exempt property. TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. §
42.001(b)(1) (West 2014).
Texas courts define “current wages” as used in section 42.001 of the property code to be
compensation due to an employee in a master-servant relationship and expressly exclude money
received by an independent contractor. Brink v. Ayre, 855 S.W.2d 44, 45 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1993, no pet.); Hennigan v. Hennigan, 666 S.W.2d 322, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1984), writ ref’d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 495 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam); Brasher v.
Carnation Co., 92 S.W.2d 573, 575 (Tex. App.—Austin 1936, writ dism’d). Thus, wages are
1 The trial court sustained an objection to an email attached to the letter. As to the letter itself, appellant stated: “As to the front page, I guess it is a public record and I don’t – it’s a copy of a public record. So I don’t want to be too strong in my objection, other than to say it’s a copy of a public record. I guess it’s valid. I don’t know.”
–3– exempt only if they are earned in the context of an employer-employee relationship. Once a
judgment creditor proves that a judgment debtor owns property, it is the judgment debtor’s
burden to prove that the property is exempt from turnover. Stanley, 314 S.W.3d at 667. The
question in this case is whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that appellant
failed to prove his income from his law firm was exempt wages paid to himself as an employee.
On appeal, both parties agree the critical test for determining whether a worker is an
employee or independent contractor is the “right to control” the manner and means by which a
person performs his services. Courts measure the right to control by considering (1) the
independent nature of the worker’s business, (2) the worker’s obligation to furnish necessary
tools, supplies, and materials to perform the job, (3) the worker’s right to control the progress of
the work except about final results, (4) the time for which the worker is employed, and (5) the
method of payment, whether by unit of time or by the job. Limestone Prods. Distrib., Inc. v.
McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. 2002). Examples of the type of control normally
exercised by an employer include (1) when and where to begin and stop work, (2) the regularity
of hours, (3) the amount of time spent on particular aspects of the work, (4) the tools and
appliances used to perform the work, and (5) the physical method or manner of accomplishing
the end result. Thompson v. Travelers Indem. Co., 789 S.W.2d 277, 278–79 (Tex. 1990).
In his affidavit attached to his response, Karlseng asserted the following:
I am essentially an in-house attorney that works in the title industry. I do not bill by the hour and do not collect retainers. I do not bill clients at all. All fees collected by the entity which employs me are generated through a closing service in real estate transactions. When a loan is closed or a purchase is completed, the revenue obtained by the entity which employs me is through the HUD, which is paid to my employer upon the funding of the loan or sale. After my employer receives its funds, I am paid a wage.
Moreover, I do not receive wages or payments of any kind from any of the professional corporations listed in Wells Fargo’s Designation. I have produced my W-2’s from 2009 to 2012, and I have derived no wages from any of the
–4– professional corporations subject to its Designation. All wages received by me have come from Karlseng, LeBlanc, & Rich, LLC. . . .
Appellant’s affidavit fails to address any of the factors relevant to the issue of control.
Other than to characterize himself as “essentially an in-house attorney,” appellant offered no
details of the relationship between him and the “entity which employs him.” The “entity” is his
own company, Karlseng, LeBlanc, & Rich, LLC. There is nothing in the affidavit to suggest the
company controls when and where he begins and stops his work, the regularity of his hours, how
much time he spends on particular aspects of his work, the tools and appliances used to perform
his work, or the physical method or manner of accomplishing the end result.
As for payment, his affidavit shows his compensation is tied to the closing of loans or
sale of property. Other evidence shows he and his “partner” decide how much he makes and
“the decision is made when there is money in the account to pay.” Although he argued he
received W-2’s for the services he rendered, that fact alone is not dispositive given the
circumstances presented here. Further, appellant testified that both of their wives are on the
company payroll. Appellant’s wife received a salary of $400,000 in 2012, although she is not an
“active employee” and “doesn’t do anything” for the firm. She is on the payroll “[f]or retirement
purposes, things like that.” Given some of the evidence before the court as well as appellant’s
failure to present evidence on the issue of the right to control, the trial court could have
reasonably questioned whether appellant’s income was earned in the context of a master-servant
relationship as contemplated by the statute.
Having reviewed the evidence and under the circumstances presented, we cannot say the
trial court abused its discretion in determining appellant failed to show his income was exempt
wages. We overrule the second issue.
–5– We affirm the trial court’s order.
/Molly Francis/ MOLLY FRANCIS JUSTICE
131734F.P05
–6– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
ROBERT KARLSENG, Appellant On Appeal from the 192nd Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-13-01734-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. DC-08-14206-K. Opinion delivered by Justice Francis; WELLS FARGO, N.A., Appellee Justices Lang and Stoddart participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we AFFIRM the trial court’s November 25, 2013 Order Granting Plaintiff’s Designation of Assets (Related to Robert Karlseng Income) For Turnover To Receiver And Granting Powers and Duties of Receiver.
It is ORDERED that appellee WELLS FARGO, N.A. recover its costs of this appeal from appellant ROBERT KARLSENG.
Judgment entered this 19th day of December, 2014.
–7–