In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-02-00023-CR
______________________________
ROBERT GENE JOSEY, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 194th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court No. F01-15039-TM
Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Grant*, JJ.
Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
_________________________
*Ben Z. Grant, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
O P I N I O N
Robert Gene Josey appeals his conviction and life sentence for aggravated sexual assault of
a child under fourteen years of age. (1) See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2003).
Josey presents five points of error in the instant case: (1) the trial court erred by permitting witnesses
not listed in the State's pretrial outcry notice to testify about the victim's outcry statements, (2) the
trial court erred by permitting the forensic interviewer to testify as an outcry witness, (3) the trial
court erred by permitting more than one witness to testify to the same outcry of oral contact,
(4) Josey's trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by opening the door to additional harmful
outcry testimony, and (5) the trial court erred by admitting hearsay into evidence over trial counsel's
objection. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment.
A. Factual Background.
During spring break of 2001, the victim, age nine, went to visit his step-grandfather, Josey.
When the victim returned home on Sunday, March 17, 2001, he told his mother there was something
he had to tell her, but he was afraid she would be angry. The victim explained that Josey made the
victim put Josey's penis in the victim's mouth. The victim was also told to put his penis in Josey's
mouth and in the mouth of the victim's stepbrother. (2) The victim further informed his mother that
Josey "fingered" the victim, but the victim did not explain what this term meant or give further
details of the assault. It was not until meeting with Lori Langston, a forensic interviewer with the
Dallas Child Advocacy Center, that the victim explained what he meant by being "fingered."
The victim met with Langston at her Dallas office on Tuesday, March 19, 2001. The victim
explained, in graphic detail, that Josey had "fingered" the victim by inserting his finger inside the
victim's anus. The victim also explained that he had been ordered to insert his finger into Josey's
anus. During the interview, the victim further discussed various acts of oral sex and masturbation
involving Josey, the victim, and the victim's stepbrother.
The trial court ruled that the victim's mother was the outcry witness for the acts of oral sex
and that Langston was the outcry witness for the digital penetration. The trial court believed that,
although the mother may have inferred what the child meant by being "fingered," the child's lack of
explanation at the time of its first reference would be insufficient for an ordinary citizen or juror to
comprehend the term's meaning.
B. Article 38.072 Excepts Outcries from the Hearsay Rule.
Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by statute or by the rules of evidence. Tex. R.
Evid. 802; Long v. State, 800 S.W.2d 545, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Article 38.072 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure creates an exception to the hearsay rule for statements of child abuse
victims if all the requisite conditions are met. Dorado v. State, 843 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. Crim. App.
1992). Article 38.072 provides that, in sexual offense cases committed against a child twelve years
of age or younger, statements that were made by the alleged child victim to the first person, eighteen
years of age or older, other than the defendant, about the offense will not be inadmissible because
of the hearsay rule. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.072 (Vernon Supp. 2003). In order for this
hearsay exception to apply to such a statement, on or before the fourteenth day before the
proceedings begin, the party intending to offer the statement must notify the adverse party of its
intention to do so, and must provide the adverse party with the name of the witness through whom
it intends to offer the statement and also provide a written summary of the statement. Id. Also, the
trial court must find, in a hearing conducted outside the presence of the jury, that the statement is
reliable based on the time, content, and circumstances of the statement. Id. Additionally, the child
must testify or be available to testify at the proceeding in court or in any other manner provided by
law. Id. The trial court has broad discretion to determine whether the child's statement falls within
the hearsay exception. The exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed unless the record shows
a clear abuse of discretion. Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Tear
v. State, 74 S.W.3d 555, 558 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2002, pet. ref'd). Stated differently, we will not
reverse on appeal unless the trial court's decision is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.
Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542; Tear, 74 S.W.3d at 558.
C. Outcry Witnesses Not Listed in State's Pretrial Notice.
In his first point of error, Josey contends the trial court erred by permitting both the victim's
mother and the forensic interviewer to testify as outcry witnesses when neither was listed in the
State's pretrial outcry notice. Josey also believes the trial court erred by allowing Detective Debbie
Rule-Graham to testify about the victim's outcry statements to Langston, which Rule-Graham
witnessed from behind a one-way mirror adjacent to the child interview room at the Dallas Child
Advocacy Center. However, Josey did not raise this issue of lack of proper outcry notice of any
witnesses before the trial court, and it is therefore not preserved for review. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a);
Rosas v. State, 76 S.W.3d 771, 776-77 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet. h.). We
overrule Josey's first point of error.
D. Permitting Langston to Testify as an Outcry Witness.
In his second point of error, Josey contends the trial court erred by permitting Langston to
testify as a witness to the digital penetration outcry. The State responds that the trial court correctly
ruled Langston could testify about the digital penetration because the victim had only alluded to the
act during his statement to his mother. The trial court allowed Langston to testify only about the
victim's outcry of digital penetration. The parties had previously agreed the victim's mother was the
proper outcry witness for the act of oral contact.
"To qualify as a proper outcry statement, the child must have described the alleged offense
in some discernible way and must have more than generally insinuated that sexual abuse occurred."
Tear, 74 S.W.3d at 559 (citing Sims v. State, 12 S.W.3d 499, 500 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1999, pet.
ref'd)); see also Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (outcry must be more
than general allusion of sexual abuse). Multiple outcry witnesses can testify about separate instances
of abuse committed by the defendant if each witness is the first person to whom the child victim
relayed information about the separate incidents. Tear, 74 S.W.3d at 559. "If the child victim first
described one type of abuse to one outcry witness, and first described a different type of abuse to a
second outcry witness, the second witness could testify about the different issue of abuse." Id. (citing
Turner v. State, 924 S.W.2d 180, 183 (Tex. App.-Eastland 1996, pet. ref'd) (police officer could
testify about victim's outcry about penile penetration because victim's previous outcry to counselor
was about digital penetration)).
In this case, the victim told his mother on Sunday, March 17, 2001, about being made to put
Josey's penis in the victim's mouth and about being "fingered." The victim went into explicit detail
with his mother about the act of oral contact. He described to his mother where the two were located
when the incident happened, the appearance of Josey's penis, what words Josey said during the act,
and how the victim felt as a result of the sexual assault. In contrast, the victim gave no details about
being "fingered." He did not explain what the term meant, what action(s) occurred to constitute
being "fingered," where the incident occurred, or how the victim felt during or after that particular
act.
The evidence presented at trial shows the victim first provided details about the fingering
incident on Tuesday, March 19, 2001, during Langston's interview. Before that moment, the victim
had only made a general allusion or insinuation that a second sexual assault-digital penetration-had
occurred. The victim's mother did not ask what the child meant by the term, and the child offered
no details. Thus, the trial court properly concluded that the victim's first outcry regarding digital
penetration did not occur until Tuesday, March 19, when the child came forth with more than a
general insinuation of sexual abuse regarding digital penetration. Cf. Schuster v. State, 852 S.W.2d
766, 768 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd) (trial court reasonably determined victim's
statement to mother, that defendant had touched victim, was merely general allusion that something
in area of child abuse was going on rather than clear description of offense; witness other than
mother was proper outcry witness). The trial court did not abuse its discretion, as its ruling on the
outcry testimony of Langston is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. We overrule Josey's
second point of error.
E. Permitting Multiple Outcry Witnesses to Testify.
In his third point of error, Josey contends the trial court erred by permitting multiple
witnesses to testify about the same outcry of oral contact. At trial, the lower court initially limited
Langston's testimony to the outcry of digital penetration. The victim's mother would be permitted
to testify as the outcry witness for the oral contact.
The victim testified first in the State's case in chief. The victim's stepbrother testified second.
Langston testified third, with the victim's mother slated to testify fourth. During Josey's cross-examination of Langston, the following occurred:
- Okay. And through your interviews or your interview, you came to find out that
there was only one night that [the victim] spent the night there, I guess?
A: My understanding, and this is a little confusing to me, but that [the victim] visited
that home and that there - I believed that there was more than one night [the
victim] spent the night there.
Q: Okay. And that he was - you don't know whether that's true or not? If another
witness were to come and testify that [the victim] only spent the night one time,
that would -
[PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, I'm going to object to that question.
COURT: For -
[PROSECUTOR]: Speculation, comparative testimony.
COURT: Sustained. Rephrase the question.
Q: You don't know whether it was one night or five or ten or -
A: I don't know the exact number of nights.
Q: Okay. And through your interview did you learn - obviously, he told you it
happened more than once, correct?
A: What incident are you referring to?
Q: How many incidents were there, did he tell you?
A: What I just testified about. We - I was talking about one incident with him. He
gave me information that I just testified to with Mr. Reynie was the one incident
that we're referring to, that he talked about with me. That involved -
Q: So there was only one night, is what your testimony is?
A: That involved the incident that I - that happened over a night visit. The incident
that I just testified to about anal penetration.
Q: Okay. Pass the witness.
[BY THE PROSECUTOR]:
Q: Now he just asked you about how many incidences [sic][the victim] told you
about. Remember that question?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: May we approach, Your Honor?
COURT: Denied. Matter has been opened up.
Q: He just asked how many incidences [sic][the victim] told you about, remember
that?
A: Yes.
Q: How many incidences [sic] did he tell you about?
A: Several.
Q: Okay. Did he talk to you about oral sex?
. . . .
Q: What did he tell you about that?
A: That [Josey] was sucking on [the victim's] weiner and that [Josey] would go up
and down with his mouth.
(Emphasis added.) Josey's complaint is that the trial court erred first, by permitting Langston to
testify about oral contact despite its earlier prohibition against such testimony by Langston, and
second, by letting the victim's mother testify regarding the same conduct for which she was the
proper outcry witness. The State asserts that either the rule of optional completeness or the invited
error doctrine supports the trial court's ruling.
If a defendant seeks to introduce evidence of an act, declaration, conversation, writing, or
recorded statement the rule of optional completeness allows the State to inquire into the remainder
of the same subject. Tex. R. Evid. 107. The invited error doctrine provides that, when a defendant
seeks to offer or present the same evidence to which he or she later objects, the defendant is in no
position to complain on appeal. Thacker v. State, 889 S.W.2d 380, 396 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th
Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd) (trial court properly allowed prosecutor to ask witness about checks
introduced into evidence by defendant).
From the testimony preceding Josey's questions about multiple incidents, it seems Langston
was attempting to limit her testimony, per the trial court's pretrial rulings, to the victim's first outcry
of digital penetration. Even after repeated questioning about possible other instances of sexual
abuse, Langston continued to limit her cross-examination testimony to digital penetration. However,
from the interchange during cross-examination, it appears Josey was trying to undermine the
credibility of either Langston or the victim by juxtaposing Langston's testimony of a single incident
of digital penetration against the victim's testimony that the sexual assaults occurred on many nights.
Before Langston's testimony, Josey had been involved in a pretrial hearing governing the
scope of Langston's testimony. Josey had heard the victim testify about several acts of both oral
contact and digital penetration. Josey had viewed the videotape of Langston's forensic interview and
therefore was aware of the potential scope of Langston's knowledge. And Josey's questions make
clear that he was asking Langston to confirm or deny the sexual assaults took place on more than one
night. However, Josey admitted during a hearing outside the jury's presence that he had not
narrowed the scope of his question to sexual assault by digital penetration, and even after the witness
balked at testifying about other nights, Josey continued to seek information about those other
incidents without further limiting his inquiry to just digital penetration assaults. Thus, there is
evidence supporting the trial court's conclusion that Josey opened the door to Langston's testimony
about incidents of sexual abuse beyond the outcry of digital penetration. Cf. Jenkins v. State, 948
S.W.2d 769, 776 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1997, pet. ref'd) (defendant invited error by eliciting
complained-of testimony himself). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling Josey opened
the door to Langston's testimony on the acts of oral contact. And the admission of the mother's
testimony as the outcry witness on the oral contact assault was proper for the reasons previously
stated. We overrule Josey's third point of error.
F. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
In his fourth point of error, Josey contends his trial counsel was ineffective for opening the
door to Langston's testimony about oral contact and for not properly objecting to the State's failure
to list Langston and the victim's mother as potential outcry witnesses before trial.
The standard of testing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is set out in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and adopted for Texas constitutional claims in Hernandez v. State,
726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). To prevail on such a claim, an appellant must prove by
a preponderance of the evidence (1) that his or her counsel's representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced his or her defense.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Rosales v. State, 4 S.W.3d 228, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To meet
this burden, an appellant must prove that his or her attorney's representation fell below the standard
of prevailing professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for his or her
attorney's deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707,
712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Under this standard, a claimant must prove that counsel's
representation so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot
be relied on as having produced a just result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
Our review of counsel's representation is highly deferential, and we indulge a strong
presumption that counsel's conduct falls within a wide range of reasonable representation.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712. We will not second-guess through hindsight
the strategy of counsel at trial, nor will the fact that another attorney might have pursued a different
course support a finding of ineffectiveness. Blott v. State, 588 S.W.2d 588, 592 (Tex. Crim. App.
1979). That another attorney, including appellant's counsel on appeal, might have pursued a different
course of action does not necessarily indicate ineffective assistance. Harner v. State, 997 S.W.2d
695, 704 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1999, no pet.). Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly
founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
In this case, Josey's trial counsel opened the door to Langston's testimony about oral contact
by asking a broadly phrased question concerning sexual assaults that occurred on evenings other than
the single night to which she had testified. The victim had already testified the assaults occurred
over several nights during the week of spring break 2001. Counsel's inquiry represents an attempt
to undermine the credibility of either the victim, Langston, or both: Langston's testimony regarded
digital penetration on a single night per the victim's outcry, yet the victim had testified the assaults
occurred on several nights; clearly, Josey's counsel was attempting to illuminate the conflict between
the victim's initial outcry and the victim's testimony at trial. We cannot say attempting to discredit
one or both of the State's primary witnesses is improper trial strategy or otherwise falls below the
level of an objectively reasonable standard of conduct.
Josey also contends his counsel was ineffective for not objecting to the State's failure to list
Langston and the mother as outcry witnesses in the State's pretrial notice.
"An appellate court should be especially hesitant to declare counsel ineffective based
upon a single alleged miscalculation during what amounts to otherwise satisfactory
representation, especially when the record provides no discernible explanation of the
motivation behind counsel's actions-whether those actions were of strategic design
or the result of negligent conduct."
Id. at 814. In the absence of direct evidence of counsel's reasons for the challenged conduct, an
appellate court will assume a strategic motivation if any can be imagined. Garcia v. State, 57
S.W.3d 436, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We will not conclude the challenged conduct constitutes
deficient performance unless the conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney would have
engaged in it. Id.
In this case, the record is silent on why Josey's counsel did not object to Langston's and the
mother's outcry testimony based on the State's failure to list them in the pretrial outcry notice.
Accordingly, the record before us is insufficient to discern whether counsel's conduct was the
product of reasonable trial strategy. Josey has failed to meet his affirmative burden on the first prong
of Strickland.
Alternatively, a reasonable hypothesis exists to explain counsel's actions. A close reading
of the reporter's record reveals the following facts suggesting Josey's counsel had advance knowledge
the State would call Langston and the victim's mother as outcry witnesses: counsel had watched a
copy of the Child Advocacy Center interview before trial and therefore knew the extent and limits
of Langston's testimony, counsel appeared prepared to cross-examine both the mother and Langston
during the pretrial hearing and at trial, and there is no evidence in the record of the defense being
surprised by the State's witnesses. Objecting to the written outcry notice might have given the State
cause for a continuance of the trial (and therefore extra time to prepare its witnesses or investigate
other cases against Josey, including the one for which the jury voted to acquit). Under the
circumstances, counsel may have believed the better course of action was not to object but go to trial
with the State having no additional time to prepare its cases or the witnesses. Such an approach
might constitute a reasonable trial strategy under the circumstances.
Josey has failed to satisfy the first prong of Strickland. We overrule his fourth point of error.
G. Admission of a Third Witness' Testimony about the Victim's Outcry.
In his final point of error, Josey contends the trial court erred by permitting Rule-Graham to
testify, over objection, about the outcry of the victim. The State responds the objectionable
testimony highlighted Rule-Graham's personal observations, or, alternatively, was not offered for
the truth of the matters asserted by the children to Langston. Rule-Graham's testimony about that
interview appears on a single page of the seven-volume reporter's record and is as follows:
Q: Is there anything in particular that stood out in those interviews - that sticks
out in your mind?
A: Other than the actual offenses that took place?
[BY THE DEFENDANT]: I object to hearsay, Your Honor.
COURT: Overruled.
A: The two boys were interviewed separately and almost in an embarrassed, a
giggly manner when Mr. Josey lifted [the victim] up over him, [the victim's]
boxer shorts came down and [the victim] talked about that. And then [the
victim's stepbrother], whenever he was being interviewed, kind of giggled,
embarrassed, and said they dropped all the way to his knees. That for some
reason just stuck out in my mind, as well as whenever [Langston]
interview[ed] [the victim] and he explained that, yes, he was to stick his
finger in Mr. Josey's rectum, that [the victim] says, no, I had to stick two.
Q: So [the victim] is describing where his boxers fell off?
A: Right.
Q: And then [the victim's stepbrother] in a separate interview without [the
victim] in the room, it's just [the victim's stepbrother], and he described the
incident where [the victim's] boxers fell off?
A: Exactly.
(Emphasis added.)
Hearsay is "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Tex. R. Evid. 801(d); see also
Long, 800 S.W.2d at 547. Unless it falls within an exception created by statute or rule, hearsay is
inadmissible. Tex. R. Evid. 802. Contrary to the State's suggestion, Rule-Graham's highlighted
testimony is not merely limited to her observations of the victim's demeanor; it also includes the
victim's out-of-court statement. The lower court's pretrial ruling makes clear that Rule-Graham was
not identified as an outcry witness in this case. There is no indication the statement falls within any
exception to the hearsay rule. Therefore, the statement is hearsay, and the trial court erred by
admitting the statement into evidence. See Long, 800 S.W.2d at 548. This conclusion, however,
does not end our review; we must analyze the error for harm. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2.
The admission of hearsay over proper objection, though error, is nonconstitutional error.
Broderick v. State, 35 S.W.3d 67, 74 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd). The reviewing court
must deem the error harmless if, after reviewing the entire record, the court is reasonably assured
the error did not influence the jury's verdict or had but a slight effect. Id.; Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
If the same or similar evidence is admitted without objection at another point during the trial,
improper admission of the evidence will not constitute reversible error. Broderick, 35 S.W.3d at 74.
Rule-Graham testified to statements the victim made during his interview with Langston,
even though she was not designated as an outcry witness and her testimony falls within none of the
exceptions to the hearsay rule. However, a videotape of the victim's interview was admitted into
evidence and played to the jury. The videotape contained the same victim statements to which Rule-Graham had earlier testified. Josey did not object to the videotape or to playing its contents before
the jury. Where testimony is admitted over objection, and the same testimony or testimony to the
same effect is thereafter admitted without objection, the objection in the first instance is waived.
Davis v. State, 516 S.W.2d 157, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974); Beheler v. State, 3 S.W.3d 182, 187
(Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref'd). Such is the case here. By failing to object to the testimony
contained in the videotape, Josey waived his objection to Rule-Graham's inadmissible hearsay
testimony regarding the victim's outcry. Additionally, we cannot say after examining the record as
a whole that Rule-Graham's hearsay testimony had an effect on Josey's substantial rights or
improperly influenced the jury, because that testimony was very brief and the jury had an opportunity
to watch the interview for itself. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Broderick, 35 S.W.3d at 74 (improper
admission of hearsay is nonconstitutional error reviewed under Rule 44.2(b)). The error, even had
it been preserved, would have been harmless. We overrule Josey's final point of error.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: October 10, 2002
Date Decided: January 8, 2003
Publish
1. Josey was charged with aggravated sexual assault in three separate cases involving two
different victims. The jury heard all three cases simultaneously, convicting Josey in two and
acquitting him in one. The indictment in this case alleged the aggravated sexual assault of a child
under the age of fourteen years by digital penetration. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)
(Vernon Supp. 2003). Josey's other conviction is for oral contact with the same victim and is also
before this Court in a separate appeal styled Josey v. State, No. 06-02-00024-CR.
2. There is nothing in the record to suggest Josey was charged, tried, or convicted for sexual
performance of a child.
See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 43.25 (Vernon Supp. 2003).
with Rule 42.2(a) of the Texas Rules of
Appellate Procedure. See Tex.
R. App. P. 42.2(a). As authorized
by Rule 42.2, we grant the motion. See Tex.
R. App. P. 42.2.
Accordingly,
we dismiss the appeal.
Jack
Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: January
5, 2011
Date Decided: January
6, 2011
Do Not Publish