Holcomb, J.
— In a prior action in wbieb these same appellants were defendants, respondent recovered judgment for two thousand dollars against J. H. Griffith, solely, for a surety debt, the other spouse being dismissed. In that action it was alleged that the note had been executed for and on behalf of the community composed of appellants.
Appellants each there appeared separately, and each answered the allegation of the plaintiff therein
that the note was a community obligation, by denying tbe same, and it was alleged, on tbe contrary, tbat tbe obligation was a separate one of the husband. It was also alleged, in tbe separate answer of tbe wife, tbat her husband was a stockholder in a certain mining corporation, and bad become security for tbat corporation on certain- indebtedness, and, in order to settle bis liability therein, gave tbe promissory note in question.
"When tbat ease was tried in tbe superor court, tbe only issue was whether the note was tbe separate obligation of tbe husband or tbe community obligation of himself and wife, as claimed by plaintiff. In support of bis claim tbat it was bis separate and individual obligation, the husband took tbe stand and testified, in substance, tbat be bad married Beatrice Griffith in 1905; tbat, at tbe time of bis marriage, be was tbe owner of a plumbing and beating supply business in which bis interest was worth $40,000, or more; tbat bis interest in the mining corporation, for which be bad become surety, and which later resulted in giving the note sued upon, was acquired with bis individual money, and not with community funds. On cross-examination, be further testified tbat all tbe property be then bad was acquired with property owned before bis marriage, or from tbe proceeds and gains of such property, and tbat be bad no community property at tbat time, and tbat be bad been in no business earning a substantial income since be sold bis plumbing business.
There being no testimony to controvert tbat offered by him in tbat case, the court rendered judgment against him on the promissory note, upon findings tbat tbe indebtedness represented by tbe note was tbe separate indebtedness of tbe husband. Tbat decree was entered in November, 1923.
In September, 1923, after tbe suit in tbat case bad been begun, but before judgment, tbe husband made a
transfer to Ms wife of all Ms real estate in Spokane county. Thereafter, the present action was commenced to set aside the conveyance of the real estate as being in fraud of creditors and, particularly, in fraud of the rights of respondent.
The complaint in tMs case alleges that the transfer of the real estate was made wMle the former suit was pending, without consideration, and for the purpose of placing the property beyond the reach of respondent, and with intent to Mnder, delay and embarrass respondent in the collection of its debt. This allegation was not denied by appellants. Likewise, it was not denied that the property transferred comprised substantially all the property and assets of J. H. Griffith, and that, by the conveyance to his wife, he was left without property or funds sufficient to pay the indebtedness due respondent, and that, unless the transfer was set aside, respondent would be without means to collect its judgment.
For answer, appellants in this action denied that the property conveyed by Griffith to his wife was, or had been, the sole and separate property of the former, and alleged that the property was all community property, with the exception of certain lots wMch had been re-conveyed to the husband.
Upon the trial of the case, the trial court held that the property in question was the separate property of the husband, and entered judgment setting aside the conveyance theretofore made by him to his wife as in fraud of the rights of respondent.
At the trial of the case, pursuant to a written stipulation between the parties through their counsel, the testimony of appellant, the husband, at the trial of the former case in November, 1923, was introduced by a transcription thereof prepared by the official court reporter who reported the case. It was stipulated that
the transcription should be introduced and read in evidence -without the necessity of producing the reporter, subject to the same objections on the part of appellants as if the reporter were personally present in court testifying as to the testimony given by the husband in the former trial.
Upon the offer of the transcript of the testimony, objection was made by appellants on the grounds that the record of the testimony was incompetent and immaterial, in the nature of impeaching evidence, and, also, that it was secondary evidence.
The first error urged by appellants on appeal is that the reception of that evidence was erroneous. It is now contended that this evidence was received under Rem. Comp. Stat. §1247 [P. C. §7770], which provides:
“The testimony of any witness, deceased, or out of the.state, or for any other sufficient cause unable to appear and testify, given in a former action or proceeding . . . may be given in evidence in the trial of any civil action or proceeding, where it is between the same parties and relates to the same matter.”
It is asserted that there was no showing that J. H. Griffith was absent from the state, or deceased, and that, on the contrary, the record shows that he was in the court room attending the trial.
This evidence was not offered or received under that provision of the statute. That statute authorizes the introduction by litigants of the testimony of any deceased or absent witness in a former action, as direct evidence. This evidence was offered by respondent as statements amounting to declarations against interest. The fact that it was in the nature of sworn testimony in court does not change the rule.
Declarations and admissions against interest may always be offered, whether made in court or out of court.
The effect- of the- evidence' of., .the husband,. in. thát former trial, was to. over come-the presumption that the property he- owned in November, 1923, was 'community property, and established the status of the property as separate- property. • He- testified that the property he then owned was acquired by the proceeds of his business, which was separate property acquired-before his marriage to his present wife, and the proceeds and gains of other property which-had been acquired after the sale of his business. He testified that he had not had any substantial earnings after he had sold 'out his plumbing and heating business. •
The record of that evidence in the former trial was relevant, material and competent, and both appellants being parties to that action and contending for the same thing, are now bound by it.
Appellants also contend that there was no other evidence to overcome the presumption that the property in controversy is community property of the parties, and that therefore the court erred in not granting their motion for judgment at the close of respondent’s case, in granting any judgment.
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Holcomb, J.
— In a prior action in wbieb these same appellants were defendants, respondent recovered judgment for two thousand dollars against J. H. Griffith, solely, for a surety debt, the other spouse being dismissed. In that action it was alleged that the note had been executed for and on behalf of the community composed of appellants.
Appellants each there appeared separately, and each answered the allegation of the plaintiff therein
that the note was a community obligation, by denying tbe same, and it was alleged, on tbe contrary, tbat tbe obligation was a separate one of the husband. It was also alleged, in tbe separate answer of tbe wife, tbat her husband was a stockholder in a certain mining corporation, and bad become security for tbat corporation on certain- indebtedness, and, in order to settle bis liability therein, gave tbe promissory note in question.
"When tbat ease was tried in tbe superor court, tbe only issue was whether the note was tbe separate obligation of tbe husband or tbe community obligation of himself and wife, as claimed by plaintiff. In support of bis claim tbat it was bis separate and individual obligation, the husband took tbe stand and testified, in substance, tbat be bad married Beatrice Griffith in 1905; tbat, at tbe time of bis marriage, be was tbe owner of a plumbing and beating supply business in which bis interest was worth $40,000, or more; tbat bis interest in the mining corporation, for which be bad become surety, and which later resulted in giving the note sued upon, was acquired with bis individual money, and not with community funds. On cross-examination, be further testified tbat all tbe property be then bad was acquired with property owned before bis marriage, or from tbe proceeds and gains of such property, and tbat be bad no community property at tbat time, and tbat be bad been in no business earning a substantial income since be sold bis plumbing business.
There being no testimony to controvert tbat offered by him in tbat case, the court rendered judgment against him on the promissory note, upon findings tbat tbe indebtedness represented by tbe note was tbe separate indebtedness of tbe husband. Tbat decree was entered in November, 1923.
In September, 1923, after tbe suit in tbat case bad been begun, but before judgment, tbe husband made a
transfer to Ms wife of all Ms real estate in Spokane county. Thereafter, the present action was commenced to set aside the conveyance of the real estate as being in fraud of creditors and, particularly, in fraud of the rights of respondent.
The complaint in tMs case alleges that the transfer of the real estate was made wMle the former suit was pending, without consideration, and for the purpose of placing the property beyond the reach of respondent, and with intent to Mnder, delay and embarrass respondent in the collection of its debt. This allegation was not denied by appellants. Likewise, it was not denied that the property transferred comprised substantially all the property and assets of J. H. Griffith, and that, by the conveyance to his wife, he was left without property or funds sufficient to pay the indebtedness due respondent, and that, unless the transfer was set aside, respondent would be without means to collect its judgment.
For answer, appellants in this action denied that the property conveyed by Griffith to his wife was, or had been, the sole and separate property of the former, and alleged that the property was all community property, with the exception of certain lots wMch had been re-conveyed to the husband.
Upon the trial of the case, the trial court held that the property in question was the separate property of the husband, and entered judgment setting aside the conveyance theretofore made by him to his wife as in fraud of the rights of respondent.
At the trial of the case, pursuant to a written stipulation between the parties through their counsel, the testimony of appellant, the husband, at the trial of the former case in November, 1923, was introduced by a transcription thereof prepared by the official court reporter who reported the case. It was stipulated that
the transcription should be introduced and read in evidence -without the necessity of producing the reporter, subject to the same objections on the part of appellants as if the reporter were personally present in court testifying as to the testimony given by the husband in the former trial.
Upon the offer of the transcript of the testimony, objection was made by appellants on the grounds that the record of the testimony was incompetent and immaterial, in the nature of impeaching evidence, and, also, that it was secondary evidence.
The first error urged by appellants on appeal is that the reception of that evidence was erroneous. It is now contended that this evidence was received under Rem. Comp. Stat. §1247 [P. C. §7770], which provides:
“The testimony of any witness, deceased, or out of the.state, or for any other sufficient cause unable to appear and testify, given in a former action or proceeding . . . may be given in evidence in the trial of any civil action or proceeding, where it is between the same parties and relates to the same matter.”
It is asserted that there was no showing that J. H. Griffith was absent from the state, or deceased, and that, on the contrary, the record shows that he was in the court room attending the trial.
This evidence was not offered or received under that provision of the statute. That statute authorizes the introduction by litigants of the testimony of any deceased or absent witness in a former action, as direct evidence. This evidence was offered by respondent as statements amounting to declarations against interest. The fact that it was in the nature of sworn testimony in court does not change the rule.
Declarations and admissions against interest may always be offered, whether made in court or out of court.
The effect- of the- evidence' of., .the husband,. in. thát former trial, was to. over come-the presumption that the property he- owned in November, 1923, was 'community property, and established the status of the property as separate- property. • He- testified that the property he then owned was acquired by the proceeds of his business, which was separate property acquired-before his marriage to his present wife, and the proceeds and gains of other property which-had been acquired after the sale of his business. He testified that he had not had any substantial earnings after he had sold 'out his plumbing and heating business. •
The record of that evidence in the former trial was relevant, material and competent, and both appellants being parties to that action and contending for the same thing, are now bound by it.
Appellants also contend that there was no other evidence to overcome the presumption that the property in controversy is community property of the parties, and that therefore the court erred in not granting their motion for judgment at the close of respondent’s case, in granting any judgment. in favor of respondent against appellants, and in subjecting certain described real estate- in Spokane, Washington, to the judgment of respondent in the former case.
Although we are satisfied that the record and sworn testimony produced in court in the former case estops them from now contending to the contrary, nevertheless, there was other evidence produced in the present case.
No other deduction can be made from the testimony of appellant, the wife, than that all this property was acquired from the proceeds of property through several transitions and gains that the husband acquired from the sale of his former business, which was incontrovertibly separate property. These proceeds and the
gains thereof were clearly traceable from the transactions testified to by the wife. Nor does the circumstance that, in purchasing the most valuable piece of property acquired by the husband after the sale of his business, a mortgage was given signed by both himself and his wife to the vendor for a portion of the purchase price render the property community property. It is well known that vendors, when dealing with purchasers who are married at the time, generally require both spouses to join in the conveyances and incumbrances for safety, by estopping the other spouse from after-wards attacking the transactions.
The record is clear that the husband’s separate funds purchased these properties, notwithstanding the fact that the mortgage was executed by both the husband and the wife. The community, as such, contributed nothing to its acquisition.
United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Lee,
58 Wash. 16, 107 Pac. 870;
Dobbins v. Dexter Horton & Co.,
62 Wash. 423, 113 Pac. 1088;
Graves v. Columbia Underwriters,
93 Wash. 196, 160 Pac. 436;
In re Finn’s Estate,
106 Wash. 137, 179 Pac. 103;
In re Brown’s Estate,
124 Wash. 273, 214 Pac. 10.
The judgment is right and it is affirmed.
Tolman, C. J., and Mackintosh, J., concur.
Fullerton, and Bridges, JJ., concur in the result.