NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 22 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
EDGAR ENRIQUE RIVERA-GALEANO, No. 22-1828 Agency No. Petitioner, A088-173-405 v.
PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted April 18, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: CLIFTON, H.A. THOMAS, and DESAI, Circuit Judges. Partial Dissent by Judge DESAI.
Edgar Enrique Rivera-Galeano petitions for review of an order from the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a decision by an Immigration
Judge (“IJ”) denying his requests for withholding of removal and protection under
the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). § 1252. We deny the petition.
“Where, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s order pursuant to
Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872, 874 (BIA 1994), . . . we review the IJ’s
order as if it were the BIA’s.” Chuen Piu Kwong v. Holder, 671 F.3d 872, 876 (9th
Cir. 2011). We review the agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence. Iman
v. Barr, 972 F.3d 1058, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020). Under this “highly deferential”
standard, the agency’s factual findings are “conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Salguero Sosa v.
Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1217–18 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Nasrallah v. Barr, 590
U.S. 573, 583–84 (2020)); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). We review constitutional
claims de novo. Reyes-Melendez v. INS, 342 F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th Cir. 2003).
1. Rivera-Galeano has forfeited the opportunity to challenge the agency’s
denial of his withholding of removal claim. The IJ concluded that Rivera-
Galeano’s claim for withholding of removal failed because he had not established
“that the government condoned the private actions or demonstrated the inability to
protect [Rivera-Galeano] or his father-in-law.” See Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales,
458 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir. 2006) (recognizing that a withholding of removal
claim requires persecution inflicted “by the government or by persons or
organizations which the government is unable or unwilling to control” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). Rivera-Galeano failed to challenge this conclusion
2 22-1828 before the BIA, and he does not “specifically and distinctly” raise it before us.
Hernandez v. Garland, 47 F.4th 908, 916 (9th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks
omitted). He has therefore forfeited this dispositive issue. Id.
2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that Rivera-
Galeano did not qualify for CAT protection. The IJ concluded that there was “no
evidence in the record, whether [Rivera-Galeano]’s testimony is found credible or
not, to show that the government of Honduras condoned the actions of [the alleged
killer] . . . or that the government of Honduras demonstrated an inability to protect”
Rivera-Galeano. Although this finding pertained specifically to the withholding of
removal claim, it reveals that the IJ considered the entire evidentiary record,
including Rivera-Galeano’s testimony. The IJ also reviewed the documentary
evidence and concluded that it did “not establish that government officials would
acquiesce or exhibit willful blindness to any possible torture.” Rivera-Galeano has
not identified evidence that compels a different conclusion.
3. To the extent that Rivera-Galeano argues that his due process rights were
violated because the IJ failed to act as a neutral arbiter, his claim fails. Rivera-
Galeano fails to establish that any error by the IJ caused him to suffer prejudice or
affected the outcome of the proceedings. See Larita-Martinez v. INS, 220 F.3d
1092, 1095 (9th Cir. 2000).
DENIED.
3 22-1828 FILED Rivera-Galeano v. Bondi, No. 22-1828 APR 22 2025 DESAI, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in the majority’s holding that Rivera-Galeano’s due process claim
fails, and I concur in the judgment denying Rivera-Galeano’s withholding of
removal claim on forfeiture grounds. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s denial
of Rivera-Galeano’s claim for CAT relief.
A petitioner can establish a claim for CAT protection based on his credible
testimony alone, based on his credible testimony plus other corroborating evidence,
or based solely on documentary evidence even without credible testimony. 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c)(2), (3); see also Mukulumbutu v. Barr, 977 F.3d 924, 927 (9th Cir.
2020). Here, the IJ rejected Rivera-Galeano’s CAT claim because he was not
credible. The IJ and BIA also reviewed other evidence in the record “independently
from” Rivera-Galeano’s discarded testimony and held that the other evidence did not
establish his CAT claim. But that conclusion assumes the IJ and BIA properly
disregarded Rivera-Galeano’s testimony. Thus, whether Rivera-Galeano is entitled
to CAT relief turns on the IJ’s and BIA’s adverse credibility findings.
The majority tries to sweep this error under the rug by claiming that the IJ’s
findings for Rivera-Galeano’s withholding of removal claim extended to his CAT
claim. Maj. at 3. The majority unpersuasively reasons that because the IJ reviewed
Rivera-Galeano’s testimony and the evidentiary record for his withholding claim,
1 we can somehow infer that the IJ considered both for his CAT claim as well. Maj. at
3. Not only is the majority’s assertion unsupported by the law, Garland v. Ming Dai,
593 U.S. 357, 369 (2021), it is directly contradicted by the IJ’s express statements
that he reviewed the evidentiary record “independently” from Rivera-Galeano’s
testimony. The IJ also solely relied on documentary evidence to deny Rivera-
Galeano’s CAT claim.
Unable to confront the agencies’ erroneous adverse credibility determinations,
the majority pretends that the issue does not exist and refuses to address it altogether.
But the majority cannot run away from the key evidence in the record that makes
plain that at least one of the two grounds underlying the agencies’ adverse credibility
determinations is not supported by substantial evidence. Rivera-Galeano testified
that he and his brother-in-law went to the morgue to identify his father-in-law’s body.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 22 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
EDGAR ENRIQUE RIVERA-GALEANO, No. 22-1828 Agency No. Petitioner, A088-173-405 v.
PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted April 18, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: CLIFTON, H.A. THOMAS, and DESAI, Circuit Judges. Partial Dissent by Judge DESAI.
Edgar Enrique Rivera-Galeano petitions for review of an order from the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a decision by an Immigration
Judge (“IJ”) denying his requests for withholding of removal and protection under
the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). § 1252. We deny the petition.
“Where, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s order pursuant to
Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872, 874 (BIA 1994), . . . we review the IJ’s
order as if it were the BIA’s.” Chuen Piu Kwong v. Holder, 671 F.3d 872, 876 (9th
Cir. 2011). We review the agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence. Iman
v. Barr, 972 F.3d 1058, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020). Under this “highly deferential”
standard, the agency’s factual findings are “conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Salguero Sosa v.
Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1217–18 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Nasrallah v. Barr, 590
U.S. 573, 583–84 (2020)); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). We review constitutional
claims de novo. Reyes-Melendez v. INS, 342 F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th Cir. 2003).
1. Rivera-Galeano has forfeited the opportunity to challenge the agency’s
denial of his withholding of removal claim. The IJ concluded that Rivera-
Galeano’s claim for withholding of removal failed because he had not established
“that the government condoned the private actions or demonstrated the inability to
protect [Rivera-Galeano] or his father-in-law.” See Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales,
458 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir. 2006) (recognizing that a withholding of removal
claim requires persecution inflicted “by the government or by persons or
organizations which the government is unable or unwilling to control” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). Rivera-Galeano failed to challenge this conclusion
2 22-1828 before the BIA, and he does not “specifically and distinctly” raise it before us.
Hernandez v. Garland, 47 F.4th 908, 916 (9th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks
omitted). He has therefore forfeited this dispositive issue. Id.
2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that Rivera-
Galeano did not qualify for CAT protection. The IJ concluded that there was “no
evidence in the record, whether [Rivera-Galeano]’s testimony is found credible or
not, to show that the government of Honduras condoned the actions of [the alleged
killer] . . . or that the government of Honduras demonstrated an inability to protect”
Rivera-Galeano. Although this finding pertained specifically to the withholding of
removal claim, it reveals that the IJ considered the entire evidentiary record,
including Rivera-Galeano’s testimony. The IJ also reviewed the documentary
evidence and concluded that it did “not establish that government officials would
acquiesce or exhibit willful blindness to any possible torture.” Rivera-Galeano has
not identified evidence that compels a different conclusion.
3. To the extent that Rivera-Galeano argues that his due process rights were
violated because the IJ failed to act as a neutral arbiter, his claim fails. Rivera-
Galeano fails to establish that any error by the IJ caused him to suffer prejudice or
affected the outcome of the proceedings. See Larita-Martinez v. INS, 220 F.3d
1092, 1095 (9th Cir. 2000).
DENIED.
3 22-1828 FILED Rivera-Galeano v. Bondi, No. 22-1828 APR 22 2025 DESAI, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in the majority’s holding that Rivera-Galeano’s due process claim
fails, and I concur in the judgment denying Rivera-Galeano’s withholding of
removal claim on forfeiture grounds. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s denial
of Rivera-Galeano’s claim for CAT relief.
A petitioner can establish a claim for CAT protection based on his credible
testimony alone, based on his credible testimony plus other corroborating evidence,
or based solely on documentary evidence even without credible testimony. 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c)(2), (3); see also Mukulumbutu v. Barr, 977 F.3d 924, 927 (9th Cir.
2020). Here, the IJ rejected Rivera-Galeano’s CAT claim because he was not
credible. The IJ and BIA also reviewed other evidence in the record “independently
from” Rivera-Galeano’s discarded testimony and held that the other evidence did not
establish his CAT claim. But that conclusion assumes the IJ and BIA properly
disregarded Rivera-Galeano’s testimony. Thus, whether Rivera-Galeano is entitled
to CAT relief turns on the IJ’s and BIA’s adverse credibility findings.
The majority tries to sweep this error under the rug by claiming that the IJ’s
findings for Rivera-Galeano’s withholding of removal claim extended to his CAT
claim. Maj. at 3. The majority unpersuasively reasons that because the IJ reviewed
Rivera-Galeano’s testimony and the evidentiary record for his withholding claim,
1 we can somehow infer that the IJ considered both for his CAT claim as well. Maj. at
3. Not only is the majority’s assertion unsupported by the law, Garland v. Ming Dai,
593 U.S. 357, 369 (2021), it is directly contradicted by the IJ’s express statements
that he reviewed the evidentiary record “independently” from Rivera-Galeano’s
testimony. The IJ also solely relied on documentary evidence to deny Rivera-
Galeano’s CAT claim.
Unable to confront the agencies’ erroneous adverse credibility determinations,
the majority pretends that the issue does not exist and refuses to address it altogether.
But the majority cannot run away from the key evidence in the record that makes
plain that at least one of the two grounds underlying the agencies’ adverse credibility
determinations is not supported by substantial evidence. Rivera-Galeano testified
that he and his brother-in-law went to the morgue to identify his father-in-law’s body.
The IJ and BIA found that this testimony contradicted Rivera-Galeano’s brother-in-
law’s declaration, which did not place Rivera-Galeano at the morgue. Not so. The
declaration states: “My mother, brother-in-law Edgar, and I immediately went to the
company to demand to know what happened to my father.” It then describes events
that unfolded at the company. Next it states: “We then went to the morgue to identify
my father’s body.” The reference to “we” in the declaration confirms Rivera-
Galeano’s testimony that he went to the morgue with his brother-in-law. And there
is no evidence indicating that Rivera-Galeano left at some point between the time
2 they went to the company and went to the morgue. Because this alleged
“inconsistency” involved a key event and is one of only two inconsistencies the IJ
and BIA identified, it “all but gut[s] the BIA’s adverse credibility determination.”
Kumar v. Garland, 18 F.4th 1148, 1156 (9th Cir. 2021).
Thus, “[b]ecause so little remains in support of the adverse credibility
finding”—on which the agencies’ denial of CAT relief turns—I would grant the
petition and remand to the BIA to determine whether the single remaining
inconsistency is sufficient to support an adverse credibility finding. See Kumar, 18
F.4th at 1153, 1155–56; see also Barseghyan v. Garland, 39 F.4th 1138, 1141 (9th
Cir. 2022) (explaining we must remand for the agency “to determine in the first
instance whether the remaining inconsistency is sufficient to support the adverse
credibility determination.”). I would also remand to the BIA to determine whether
Rivera-Galeano is eligible for CAT protection after it reassesses his credibility and
considers the totality of the circumstances. See Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901,
914–15 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining that the agency must consider “all evidence
relevant to the possibility of future torture,” including “the petitioner’s testimony”
(citation omitted)).
I respectfully dissent in part.