Rivas v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: July 23, 2025
• Docket: 3:25-cv-03392
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 NORA EDIT RIVAS, Case No. 25-cv-03392-WHO

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. COMPEL

10 CVS PHARMACY, INC., et al., Re: Dkt. No. 10 Defendants. 11

12 Nora Edit Rivas brought this action against CVS Pharmacy, Inc. and Long Drug Stores 13 California, LLC (collectively “CVS”), in state court alleging whistleblower retaliation, wrongful 14 termination, and wage and hour claims. CVS removed the case to this court and now seeks to 15 compel arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement to which Rivas allegedly agreed during the 16 onboarding process in late 2023. I conclude that the arbitration agreement is an enforceable 17 contract, that Rivas failed to opt out of arbitration when given the choice, and that the agreement is 18 not unconscionable. The motion to compel is GRANTED. 19 BACKGROUND 20 Rivas was first employed by CVS from 2013 to 2021. Declaration of Nora Rivas (“Rivas 21 Decl.”) [Dkt. 11-1] ¶ 3. In November 2023, she was re-hired as a pharmacy technician. Id. ¶ 2. 22 As part of standard CVS onboarding process, new hires and re-hires are given access to the 23 WorkDay portal (“Portal”) to review and complete pre-hire forms and review other onboarding 24 materials. Declaration of Christopher Marcel (“Marcel Decl.”) [Dkt. 10-12] ¶ 2. The Portal’s 25 landing page contains a “Review Documents” tab that identifies documents employees need to 26 review and for some, an “acknowledgement statement and checkbox that states ‘I Agree.’” Id. ¶¶ 27 3-5. The “CVS Health Arbitration Agreement” (the “Agreement”) is included in the “Review 1 In order to review the Agreement, an employee must open the document and then 2 affirmatively check the box containing the signature statement: “By checking this box, I agree that 3 I have reviewed this document and my electronic signature will be applied as my acknowledgment 4 of receipt for this form.” Id. ¶ 7. CVS’s records show that Rivas reviewed and acknowledged the 5 Agreement on December 10, 2023 at 10:00 a.m. Id. ¶ 10. 6 Rivas does not recall checking the box. Declaration of Nora Rivas (“Rivas Decl.”) [Dkt. 7 11-1] ¶ 7. She recalls that her onboarding process was “short and rushed” since she was 8 previously employed by CVS. Id. ¶ 3. She claims not to have had the opportunity to read and 9 review the onboarding documents, and that at “the request of the individual who onboarded me, I 10 opened the documents and quickly reviewed them in order to complete the onboarding process.” 11 Id. ¶ 7. Rivas declares that no one at CVS discussed the Agreement with her, including the 12 significance of agreeing to Arbitration. Rivas Decl. ¶¶ 10-11. 13 LEGAL STANDARD 14 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) governs the motion to compel arbitration. 9 U.S.C. 15 §§ 1 et seq. Under the FAA, a district court determines: (i) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate 16 exists and, if it does, (ii) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue. Lifescan, Inc. v. 17 Premier Diabetic Servs., Inc., 363 F.3d 1010, 1012 (9th Cir. 2004). “To evaluate the validity of 18 an arbitration agreement, federal courts should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the 19 formation of contracts.” Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165, 1170 (9th Cir. 2003) 20 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable 21 issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 719 22 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Under the [FAA], parties to a 23 contract may agree that an arbitrator rather than a court will resolve disputes arising out of the 24 contract [including] the threshold arbitrability questions[.]” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White 25 Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 527 (2019). 26 DISCUSSION 27 Rivas opposes the motion to compel arbitration, arguing that she did not “consent” or 1 Agreement is both procedurally and substantively unconscionable under California law. See 2 generally Opposition [Dkt. No. 11]. 3 CVS argues, first, that under both the plain language of the Agreement and under the AAA 4 Rules governing the Agreement, the dispute over whether Rivas agreed to the Agreement or 5 whether it is unenforceable as unconscionable are issues reserved to the arbitrator and not me. 6 Motion [Dkt. No. 10] at 16-18; Reply [Dkt. No. 13] at 3-4. I need not reach this issue because 7 assuming I have jurisdiction to review the consent and unconscionability arguments, I GRANT the 8 motion to compel for the reasons discussed below. 9 I. PLAINTIFF VOLUNTARILY CONSENTED TO ARBITRATION 10 Rivas argues that she is not bound to the Agreement because she did not understand or 11 voluntarily consent to it. Oppo. at 6, 9; Rivas Decl. ¶ 8. She contends that she was not aware of 12 what arbitration was at the time and that she would not have agreed to binding arbitration had she 13 known she would be relinquishing her right to a jury trial. Oppo. at 3; Rivas Decl. ¶¶ 8, 11-12. 14 However, Rivas manifested assent to the Agreement in two different ways. First, she 15 affirmatively clicked the Agreement’s acknowledgment box. Agreement at 1, 6; Marcel Decl. ¶ 16 10. “A cardinal rule of contract law is that a party’s failure to read a contract, or to carefully read 17 a contract, before signing it is no defense to the contract’s enforcement.” Desert Outdoor Advert. 18 v. Superior Court, 196 Cal.App.4th 866, 872 (2011).1 Although Rivas does not recall clicking any 19 “acknowledge” or “I agree” boxes during the onboarding process, CVS’s WorkDay Portal shows 20 that on December 10, 2023, at 10:30 a.m. using credentials available only to her, Rivas 21 affirmatively agreed that she reviewed the Agreement and that her electronic signature served as 22 her acknowledgment. Marcel Decl. ¶¶ 3, 10, 11. 23 In addition, and fatal to Rivas’s consent argument, CVS provided her with 30 days to opt 24 out of the Agreement. Agreement ¶ 2. CVS shows that after an employee is onboarded, the 25 1 Rivas relies on Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 771 F.3d 559, 569 (9th Cir. 2014) to argue that 26 she did not voluntarily consent to arbitration. Oppo. at 9. But Knutson is inapposite. There, plaintiff was unaware he was entering into a contract and did not provide any indication of his 27 assent. Knutson, 771 F.3d at 569. Here, by contrast, Rivas knew she was entering into 1 employee may review any of the documents in the WorkDay portal using their unique credentials. 2 Marcel Decl. ¶¶ 4, 12. Therefore, Rivas could have accessed the documents she claims she was 3 “rushed” to agree to. Had she done so, she would have seen that the Agreement contained the 4 following instructions to opt out of arbitration:

5 Opting-Out. Arbitration is not a mandatory condition of employment at CVS Health. If a Colleague wishes, that Colleague can opt out of this Agreement for a limited 6 time and, by doing so, not be bound by its terms. To opt out, a Colleague must mail a written, signed and dated letter stating clearly that they wish to opt out of this 7 Agreement to: CVS Health, P.O. Box 969, Woonsocket, RI 02895. The Colleague’s opt out notice must include their employee identification number, the colleague’s 8 return address, and be signed, mailed, and postmarked no later than 30 days after the date the Colleague signs this Agreement, or views the Agreement during the new 9 hire onboarding process, and it must be received by CVS Health. 10 Agreement ¶ 2. 11 By signing the Agreement on December 10, 2023, Rivas acknowledged the following 12 “Statement of Assent and Understanding”:

13 By signing below, I acknowledge that I have carefully read this Agreement, that I understand its terms, that I have had the chance to ask questions about the 14 Agreement, and that I have had or will have the chance to consult with my own legal counsel before the end of the opt out period described above in Paragraph 2 of this 15 Agreement.. I acknowledge that I am signing this Agreement voluntarily and not in reliance on any promises or representations made by CVS Health other than those in 16 the Agreement itself. . . . I understand that by signing this Agreement, if I do not opt out in the manner set forth in Paragraph 2 of this Agreement, both CVS 17 Health and I are giving up the right to go to court to resolve Covered Claims . . . and giving up the right to bring or participate in a class, collective or representative 18 action brought on behalf of or regarding others on Covered Claims. I further acknowledge that by continuing my employment after being presented with this 19 Agreement, regardless of whether I sign this Agreement, I will be bound by this Agreement unless I opt out in the manner described above. 20 Agreement at 6 (emphasis added); Marcel Decl. ¶ 10. Rivas did not opt out of the 21 Agreement. See Declaration of Emily McFaul [Dkt. No. 10-14] ¶ 6. 22 Because Rivas failed to exercise her option to opt out of the arbitration agreement, she 23 became bound by the Agreement. See Johnmohammadi v. Bloomingdale's, Inc., 755 F.3d 1072, 24 1074 (9th Cir. 2014) (“By not opting out within the 30–day [opt-out] period, [the employee] 25 became bound by the terms of the arbitration agreement.”); see also Castro v. Macy’s, Inc., C16- 26 5991 CRB, 2017 WL 344978, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2017) (finding plaintiff’s failure to opt out 27 as implicit agreement); Aquino v. Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc., 15-CV-05281-JST, 2016 WL 1 3055897, at *4 (N.D. Cal. May 31, 2016) (same). Multiple courts have agreed that failure to 2 exercise CVS’s 30 day opt-out provision binds employees to CVS’s arbitration agreement.2 3 II. THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IS NOT UNCONSCIONABLE 4 To successfully raise unconscionability as a defense to contract enforcement, California 5 law requires Rivas to bear the burden of proving both procedural and substantive 6 unconscionability. Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc., 62 Cal.4th 1237, 1243 (2016); Sanchez v. 7 Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal.4th 899, 911 (2015). Procedural unconscionability focuses on 8 “oppression” or “unfair surprise,” while substantive unconscionability focuses on overly harsh, 9 one-sided terms. Sanchez, 61 Cal.4th at 910. The two elements need not be present in the same 10 degree: “[T]he more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural 11 unconscionability is required to [find the term] unenforceable, and vice versa.” Armendariz v. 12 Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc., 24 Cal.4th. 83, 114 (2000). 13 Rivas argues that the Agreement is procedurally unconscionable because: (1) she was 14 rushed and deprived of a meaningful onboarding process; (2) she did not understand or receive a 15 reasonable opportunity to opt out of the Agreement; and (3) she was not given a copy of the 16 Arbitration Agreement or AAA Arbitration Rules. Oppo. at 5, 6, 8. 17 CVS responds that Rivas has not shown that she was impermissibly “rushed” through the 18 onboarding process. Reply at 4. CVS notes that Rivas solely relies on the timestamps from the 19 Portal showing she agreed to each of the documents within a matter of minutes and points out that 20 she does not address when she was given access to the Portal or what she was told by a CVS 21 employee that rushed her through her review and agreement to the documents. Oppo. at 5; Reply 22 at 4. CVS also points out that the timestamps show only when documents were signed/agreed to, 23 but does not show when the documents were opened for review. Oppo. at 6; Reply at 4; Marcel 24 Decl. ¶ 8.3 25 2 See, e.g., Mohammed Shams v. CVS Health Corp., 2019 WL 1959576 (C.D. Cal. May 2, 2019) 26 (finding that by failing to invoke opt out option, employee became bound to arbitration agreement); Cabrera v. CVS Rx Srvs., Inc., 2018 WL 1367323 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2018) (same). 27 1 Even assuming that Rivas has adequately shown she was rushed – and she has not – that 2 slight degree of procedural unconscionability is extinguished by the opt out process offered by 3 CVS. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 283 F.3d 1198, 1199 (9th Cir. 2002) (finding 4 arbitration agreement not procedurally unconscionable when plaintiff could opt out within 30 days 5 by mail-in form); see also Johnmohammadi, 755 F.3d at 1077 (plaintiff’s ability to opt out made 6 arbitration agreement voluntary); Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Najd, 294 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 7 2002) (same). Fundamentally, even if some elements of procedural unconscionability are present 8 because Rivas was “rushed” or did not have a “typical” onboarding process, she was able to opt 9 out of the Agreement. She did not exercise that option. 10 Rivas argues that “even assuming [she] somehow read and understood the opt-out 11 instructions at the time of onboarding, the process required her to remember complex and specific 12 details” and that because she “was never given a copy [of the Agreement or the AAA Rules], nor 13 is there evidence that she was given a copy or could print the onboarding documents, it is clear 14 that there was almost no way for her to opt out[.]” Oppo. at 8. CVS has shown, however, that 15 employees are able to access all onboarding documents through the WorkDay Portal at any time, 16 including the Agreement. The Agreement itself disclosed that AAA Rules were available online 17 or by phone. Marcel Decl. ¶ 12; Agreement ¶ 7 (“The AAA Rules can be found at the AAA 18 website (www.adr.org), or by calling the AAA’s general contact number at 800-778-7879.”). That 19 is sufficient to defeat procedural unconscionability. See Wiseley v. Amazon.com, Inc., 709 F. 20 App’x 862, 864 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding incorporation by reference of AAA rules is not 21 unconscionable); In re BAM Trading Servs. Inc. Sec. Litig., 733 F. Supp. 3d 854, 868 (N.D. Cal. 22 Agreement makes it procedurally unconscionable. Oppo. at 7. But Rivas’s declaration is 23 conclusory, asserting only that she was rushed. Neither side addresses when Rivas was given access to the Portal or how long the documents were open for Rivas’s review. More 24 fundamentally, Rivas had full access to the documents after signing them and a clear opportunity to opt out. Any procedural unconscionability from being rushed is nullified by her subsequent 25 opportunity to opt out. Rivas also relies on Hasty v. American Automobile Assn., 98 Cal.App.5th 1041 (2023) to support her procedural unconscionability argument. Oppo. at 7. In Hasty, the 26 arbitration agreement was a mandatory condition of employment that the plaintiff may not have had to open before proceeding with employment. Hasty, 98 Cal.App.5th at 1046-47, 1050. Here, 27 however, consent to arbitration was not a condition of employment, Rivas had to open the 1 2024) (failure to attach the AAA rules is not, in and of itself, procedurally unconscionable). Rivas 2 || has failed to prove any substantial procedural unconscionability, even if she was truly “rushed” 3 through the onboarding process. 4 As for substantive unconscionability, Rivas argues that the opt out process is itself 5 substantively unconscionable. Oppo. at 8. She relies on the fact that after an employee mails an 6 || opt out letter, the employee is forced to wait 45 days for CVS to mail back an “acknowledgement 7 letter,” and if no letter comes, the employee must then email LELawTeam @CVSHealth.com 8 within 60 days of originally mailing her opt-out letter. /d. That process, according to Rivas, puts 9 || an “unfair burden” on an employee and shows that CVS “deliberately makes the opt-out process 10 || onerous” by requiring physical mailing of letters and monitoring by the employee, while CVS 11 “retain[s] all the benefits of default arbitration.” Jd. at 8-9. She submits that the provided opt out 12 || process is confusing, burdensome, and that the “antiquated process [requiring the mailing of a 13 letter] was hidden and presented without explanation or alternatives.” Oppo. at 6, 7. 14 That said, the opt out provisions are clearly identified at the very beginning of the 15 Agreement and referenced again in the Statement of Assent and Understanding. Agreement 4 2 & 16 || pg. 6. The Agreement is not confusing or burdensome. It states the basic steps necessary to opt 3 17 out and provides the opportunity to ask questions and consult with legal counsel before the end of S 18 the opt out period. Rivas has not shown that the presentation of or requirements of the opt out 19 || provision are substantively unconscionable. 20 CONCLUSION 21 CVS’s motion to compel arbitration is GRANTED and proceedings in this case are 22 STAYED. The Clerk shall administratively close the file. The administrative closing shall not be 23 || considered a dismissal or disposition of this action against any party. If further proceedings 24 || become necessary, any party may initiate them in the same manner as if this case had not been 25 administratively closed. 26 IT IS SO ORDERED. | . 27 Dated: July 23, 2025 am H."Or itk 28 United States District Judge