The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hall, J.
The statute, under which the deed from Bly to the plaintiff is sought to be avoided, is founded on the equitable consideration, to which the interest of a party in the possession of land with a claim of right is supposed to be entitled. It provides, chap. 60, sec. 26, that a deed shall be absolutely void and of no effect to convey lands, “ if, at the time of the delivery thereof, such lands shall be in the actual possession of a person, claiming the same by possession, or in any other way, adverse to the grantor.” There can be no doubt, that the language of this statute embraces every case of the adverse possession of land under a claim of title, without regard [160]*160to the character of the possession in other respects, and without reference to the validity or invalidity of the title. The naked possession, under a claim of right, is assumed to furnish sufficient prima facie evidence of title, to justify the legislature in extending their protection to the possessor against the claims of any other person, than him whose right may have been invaded. It enacts, in substance, that no adventurer in land titles shall come into a court of law to disturb such possession, — that the party alone, who has been injured, shall enforce his claim of title against the possessor.
The bill of exceptions states, that Yale, the defendant, had been in the exclusve possession of the land from February, 1839, to the time of trial, cutting wood and timber thereon from year to year, clearing some part, mowing the grass, and selling timber from the premises, claiming to be the owner thereof. This would clearly seem to be a possession and claim adverse to the whole world, and, under ordinary circumstances, would be sufficient to avoid any deed of another, attempting to transfer the title.
It is, however, insisted, that the relation of the defendant to the grantor was such as to preclude him from taking advantage of this statute; and whether he stand in such relation is the principal question in the case.
There can be no doubt, but that the claim of the defendant was sufficiently adverse, provided he could be permitted to make it. He claimed the whole title. The case does not therefore fall within the principle of Selleck v. Starr, 6 Vt. 194, where it was held, that the possession and claim of a less estate under the grantor was not such an adverse claim, as rendered the deed void, the claim being subordinate to and consistent with the superior title of the grantor. Is there any rule of law, that estops the defendant, in this case, from making an adverse claim to the whole title ?
There are, no doubt, certain circumstances, under which a party taking the possession of land from another would not be permitted to set up an adverse claim to it. These circumstances usually exist between landlord and tenant. The doctrine is, indeed, well established and deeply rooted, both in this state and in England, that neither a tenant, nor those claiming by him, can, in general, be allowed to dispute the title of the landlord. Upon- what principle is this doctrine founded 1 The estoppel of the tenant by the ancient [161]*161common law seems to have rested solely on the indenture of lease between the parties. The tenant was estopped by his deed from denying the title of his landlord; but if the lease were by deed poll of the lessor merely, the lessee might plead that the lessor had nothing in the land. Litt. Sec. 58. 1 Co Lit. 47 6.
The doctrine, now so fully admitted, that a tenant and those claiming under him are estopped, without deed, appears to be of modern origin. In Doe v. Smythe, 4 M. & S. 347, in 1816, Dampxek, J., said, “ It has been ruled often, that neither the tenant, nor any one claiming by him, can dispute the landlord’s title. This, I belieye, has been the rule for the last twenty five years ; and I remember it was so laid down by BuLler, J., on the western circuit.” This comparatively modern doctrine cannot rest on the mere fact, that the tenant derived his possession from the lessor. A possession may often be adverse to him from whom it is derived. It was held in Mitchel v. Walker, 2 Aik. 266, that the use of water to turn a mill for fifteen years, accompanied by a claim of right, would give the defendant a title to the easement, though the right was claimed to have been derived from the plaintiff. The grantee in fee derives both his title and possession from the grantor; but his possession is nevertheless adverse. So also is the possession of one claiming under a defective deed, though the title do not pass.
In Massachusetts it is held, that an entry upon land under a parol purchase, payment having been made and the party entitled to a deed, is adverse, and that a possession under such entry, if continued twenty years, will make the possessor a good title; — and also, that the claim of one, entering on land by parol gift, may be adverse to the donor, and that such possession, continued for twenty years, bars the donor’s right of entry and of action. Barker v. Salmon, 2 Metc. 32. Brown v. King et al., 5 Metc. 173. Sumner v. Stevens, 6 Metc. 337. In all these cases the adverse claim is consistent with the terms, upon which the party took possession.
But the lessee of land takes the possession under an agreement, either express, or necessarily implied, that he will hold the land, during the continuance of the lease, in. subordination to the right of the lessor, and that he will surrender to him the possession at the end of the term. He cannot, therefore, be allowed to controvert [162]*162the title of the lessor, or set up against him the title of another, without violating, by a manifest breach of faith, the agreement under which the possession was committed to him. The doctrine, then, that a tenant shall not be permitted to deny his landlord’s title, would seem to rest on the common principle applicable to estoppels in pais, that an admission of a party, upon which another 'has been induced to act, and by which he has acquired an advantage to himself, is of So important .and solemn a character, that he shall not afterwards be allowed to controvert it, — that it shall be conclusive evidence against him. The tenant having obtained the possession of land, which he Would not otherwise have had, by means of an agreement to surrender it, he shall not be permitted to hold the land in violation of that agreement. See Blight’s Lessee v. Rochester, 7 Wheat. 535.
I can conceive of no other principle, upon which one, who receives the possession of land from another, should be estopped from claiming title to it, but upon the ground that to make such claim would be a violation of the agreement under which the possession was obtained. If this be correct, the inquiry in ail such cases will be, is the claim, attempted to be set up, consistent with the contract of possession 1 If it be, the claim may well be made. If it be in violation of such contract, the party is estopped from making it.
In the present case the defendant went into possession under an agreement to purchase, having paid forty per cent, of the purchase money, and, on furnishing certain specified security for the residue, he was to have a deed of the land. The object of the contract was the passing of the whole title. The possession was taken under that expectation.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hall, J.
The statute, under which the deed from Bly to the plaintiff is sought to be avoided, is founded on the equitable consideration, to which the interest of a party in the possession of land with a claim of right is supposed to be entitled. It provides, chap. 60, sec. 26, that a deed shall be absolutely void and of no effect to convey lands, “ if, at the time of the delivery thereof, such lands shall be in the actual possession of a person, claiming the same by possession, or in any other way, adverse to the grantor.” There can be no doubt, that the language of this statute embraces every case of the adverse possession of land under a claim of title, without regard [160]*160to the character of the possession in other respects, and without reference to the validity or invalidity of the title. The naked possession, under a claim of right, is assumed to furnish sufficient prima facie evidence of title, to justify the legislature in extending their protection to the possessor against the claims of any other person, than him whose right may have been invaded. It enacts, in substance, that no adventurer in land titles shall come into a court of law to disturb such possession, — that the party alone, who has been injured, shall enforce his claim of title against the possessor.
The bill of exceptions states, that Yale, the defendant, had been in the exclusve possession of the land from February, 1839, to the time of trial, cutting wood and timber thereon from year to year, clearing some part, mowing the grass, and selling timber from the premises, claiming to be the owner thereof. This would clearly seem to be a possession and claim adverse to the whole world, and, under ordinary circumstances, would be sufficient to avoid any deed of another, attempting to transfer the title.
It is, however, insisted, that the relation of the defendant to the grantor was such as to preclude him from taking advantage of this statute; and whether he stand in such relation is the principal question in the case.
There can be no doubt, but that the claim of the defendant was sufficiently adverse, provided he could be permitted to make it. He claimed the whole title. The case does not therefore fall within the principle of Selleck v. Starr, 6 Vt. 194, where it was held, that the possession and claim of a less estate under the grantor was not such an adverse claim, as rendered the deed void, the claim being subordinate to and consistent with the superior title of the grantor. Is there any rule of law, that estops the defendant, in this case, from making an adverse claim to the whole title ?
There are, no doubt, certain circumstances, under which a party taking the possession of land from another would not be permitted to set up an adverse claim to it. These circumstances usually exist between landlord and tenant. The doctrine is, indeed, well established and deeply rooted, both in this state and in England, that neither a tenant, nor those claiming by him, can, in general, be allowed to dispute the title of the landlord. Upon- what principle is this doctrine founded 1 The estoppel of the tenant by the ancient [161]*161common law seems to have rested solely on the indenture of lease between the parties. The tenant was estopped by his deed from denying the title of his landlord; but if the lease were by deed poll of the lessor merely, the lessee might plead that the lessor had nothing in the land. Litt. Sec. 58. 1 Co Lit. 47 6.
The doctrine, now so fully admitted, that a tenant and those claiming under him are estopped, without deed, appears to be of modern origin. In Doe v. Smythe, 4 M. & S. 347, in 1816, Dampxek, J., said, “ It has been ruled often, that neither the tenant, nor any one claiming by him, can dispute the landlord’s title. This, I belieye, has been the rule for the last twenty five years ; and I remember it was so laid down by BuLler, J., on the western circuit.” This comparatively modern doctrine cannot rest on the mere fact, that the tenant derived his possession from the lessor. A possession may often be adverse to him from whom it is derived. It was held in Mitchel v. Walker, 2 Aik. 266, that the use of water to turn a mill for fifteen years, accompanied by a claim of right, would give the defendant a title to the easement, though the right was claimed to have been derived from the plaintiff. The grantee in fee derives both his title and possession from the grantor; but his possession is nevertheless adverse. So also is the possession of one claiming under a defective deed, though the title do not pass.
In Massachusetts it is held, that an entry upon land under a parol purchase, payment having been made and the party entitled to a deed, is adverse, and that a possession under such entry, if continued twenty years, will make the possessor a good title; — and also, that the claim of one, entering on land by parol gift, may be adverse to the donor, and that such possession, continued for twenty years, bars the donor’s right of entry and of action. Barker v. Salmon, 2 Metc. 32. Brown v. King et al., 5 Metc. 173. Sumner v. Stevens, 6 Metc. 337. In all these cases the adverse claim is consistent with the terms, upon which the party took possession.
But the lessee of land takes the possession under an agreement, either express, or necessarily implied, that he will hold the land, during the continuance of the lease, in. subordination to the right of the lessor, and that he will surrender to him the possession at the end of the term. He cannot, therefore, be allowed to controvert [162]*162the title of the lessor, or set up against him the title of another, without violating, by a manifest breach of faith, the agreement under which the possession was committed to him. The doctrine, then, that a tenant shall not be permitted to deny his landlord’s title, would seem to rest on the common principle applicable to estoppels in pais, that an admission of a party, upon which another 'has been induced to act, and by which he has acquired an advantage to himself, is of So important .and solemn a character, that he shall not afterwards be allowed to controvert it, — that it shall be conclusive evidence against him. The tenant having obtained the possession of land, which he Would not otherwise have had, by means of an agreement to surrender it, he shall not be permitted to hold the land in violation of that agreement. See Blight’s Lessee v. Rochester, 7 Wheat. 535.
I can conceive of no other principle, upon which one, who receives the possession of land from another, should be estopped from claiming title to it, but upon the ground that to make such claim would be a violation of the agreement under which the possession was obtained. If this be correct, the inquiry in ail such cases will be, is the claim, attempted to be set up, consistent with the contract of possession 1 If it be, the claim may well be made. If it be in violation of such contract, the party is estopped from making it.
In the present case the defendant went into possession under an agreement to purchase, having paid forty per cent, of the purchase money, and, on furnishing certain specified security for the residue, he was to have a deed of the land. The object of the contract was the passing of the whole title. The possession was taken under that expectation. If the defendant performed the contract on his paid, there was no agreement, either express or implied, that he should surrender the possession. On the contrary, on such performance, he was to have a perfect title in fee; — his possession was to be perpetual. He did perform the contract on his part. He furnished the required security, but Bly refused to deed. But for this refusal, the defendant would now be the owner of the land. There can be no breach of faith in his claiming precisely what, by the terms of the contract, he was to have. There is, therefore, nothing in the relation in which the defendant stood to Bly, under the contract of purchase, performed as it was on his part, to prevent him from setting up a claim of title in himself, adverse to Bly.
[163]*163The claim of the defendant is not, that Bly had no title at the time of the contract, but that, by the contract, the title has passed to him. It may be true, and doubtless is, that the defendant’s claim of title is so far unfounded, that it could not prevail in an action of ejectment brought by Bly against him. By the contract of purchase he admitted that Bly was the owner of the land, and would now be estopped from denying his original title. He is in the situation of one claiming under a defective deed, or by parol gift. His title is imperfect; but there is nothing in his condition to prevent him from claiming title in himself; and such claim, with the possession, if continued for fifteen years, would bar the title of the original owner.
If the defendant is to be treated as having been, a tenant at will to Bly on his original entry upon the land, as is claimed on the part of the plaintiff, his tenancy must be considered as having been so far thrown off by his notice to Bly that he should hold the land, as to enable him from that time to commence a possession adverse to his landlord, upon the doctrine decided in Hall v. Dewey, 10 Vt. 593. This notice appears to have been given prior to Bly’s deed to the plaintiff; and, upon every' view of the case, we think the deed must be held void under the statute, by reason of the adverse possession of the defendant at the time of its delivery.
It may be observed, that there seems a peculiar propriety in giving effect to the statute in this case. The defendant, although he has acquired no legal title, has certainly some equitable claim upon the land, — a claim which a court of chancery might, perhaps, enforce by a decree for a specific performance of the contract. If the deed of Bly passes the title to the plaintiff, the defendant’s remedy in equity is either destroyed, or greatly embarrassed; and there are therefore strong reasons, why the title to the land should be adjudicated between the parties to the original transaction, and why Bly should not be permitted to transfer his side of the controversy to another.
The decision now made does not conflict with that of the court at the former hearing of this case. 18 Vt. 220. The bill of exceptions did not then show the terms of the contract of purchase by the defendant, nor any performance of it by him. It was then treated as an unperformed executory contract. Nor was there any notice proved to Bly, of the adverse claim of the defendant. The defend[164]*164ant being considered as holding in subservience to Bly, it was then held, upon such view of the case, as it would be now, that his possession could not be adverse.
The result is, that the ruling of the county court, against the mo- - tion of the plaintiff to set aside the nonsuit, is affirmed.