Tarbell, J.:
At the July special term of the Scott county circuit court, for 1869, the plaintiff in error was indicted for a violation of the provisions of the Code regulating “ the sale of vinous and spirituous liquors.” At the October term of the same year, the cause came on to he tried, when the defendant submitted a motion to quash the indictment, which being denied, the defendant excepted, and pleaded not guilty. The trial resulting in the conviction of the accused, a motion was made for a new trial, which was overruled, and the defendant excepted. The judgment of the court was that the defendant be fined fifty dollars and costs, and stand committed until paid. Having brought the case to this court, the plaintiff in error submitted the following “ assignment of errors,” viz:
1st. The court erred in overruling the motion of plaintiff in error to quash the indictment.
2d. The court erred in granting instructions asked for the state. -
3d. The court erred in refusing third instruction asked by plaintiff in error, defendant in the court below.
4th. The court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial.
The following is the motion to quasb:
Defendant moves tbe court to quash the indictment herein, because the same is so vague, uncertain, and indefinite that it does not notify the defendant of the nature and cause of . action against him.
1st. Because said indictment does not specify or name the person or persons to whom the defendant sold the spirituous liquor alleged in the indictment to have been sold by him.
The motion for a new trial was on the following grounds:
[403]*4031st. Because the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion to quash the indictment.
2d. Because the court erred in refusing instruction number three, asked for by defendant.
3d. Because the court erred in granting instructions asked by the state.
4th. Because the verdict is contrary to law and evidence.
The third instruction asked by defendant, and refused by the court, was in these words :
“ That if they believe, from the evidence, that the defendant instructed his clerks not to sell liquor otherwise than in good faith for medicinal, culinary, and sacramental purposes, and said clerks did, without his knowledge and consent, violate said instructions, then the defendant is not criminally liable for such acts of his clerks, and they must find the defendant not guilty.”
The following are the instructions asked by the state, and given by the court, to-wit:
1st. That if the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant, J. L. Kiley, or his agent, M. Edwards, being an apothecary, did sell spirituous liquors in any quantity less than one gallon, within two years next before finding this indictment, without requiring from the person who bought, satisfactory evidence that it was for medicinal, sacramental, or culinary purposes, that the defendant, J. L. Kiley, if he owned the liquors, or spirituous liquors, is guilty, and they Avill so find; and further, that the evidence so furnished, must not only be satisfactory to the seller, but it must be such evidence that a reasonable and prudent man would act upon.
2d. In order to constitute a sale of liquors, if the liquors are delivered, and it is understood that they are to be paid for, it is not necessary that there should be actual payment of the money.
3d. That although one of the witnesses, Clack, may bear malice or enmity against Kiley, yet the jury are to decide whether or not the law has been violated; and if there has [404]*404been a violation of law, it will be no cause of acquittal that Clack may have presented the case to the grand j ury, because of his enmity.
Several witnesses were examined, whose testimony tended to show that defendant kept a tippling shop; that he employed a clerk, who usually attended to the liquor trade ; that the clerk had positive instructions from Riley not to sell except in good faith, for medicinal, culinary, or sacramental purposes, But it would seem, and the jury had a right to infer from the testimony before them, that the instructions to the clerk were in bad faith, or intended as a “ subterfuge.” The jury doubtless believed, and the evidence went to show, that liquor was sold, both by defendant and his clerk, by the bottle, without any questions as to its use ; and that liquor was habitually drunk in his store, by the glass, as a mere beverage, and not for medicinal purposes, and charged in account on the books of defendant, and settled thereon by the purchasers, after an accumulation of drinks. It is clear, from an inspection of the record, of which the foregoing synopsis presents the material facts, that the only question to he considered by this court is, whether the indictment is fatally defective in omitting to state the name or names of the person or persons to whom the liquor was sold.
The fundamental test of an indictment is, that it shall set forth the “ nature and cause of the accusation ” against the defendant. Const. of Miss., art. 1, sec. 7.
It is true, that indictments, like pleadings in civil cases, have in late years been greatly simplified, but whether in cases for violation of the law relative to “ the sale of vinous and spirituous liquors” (Rev. Code, ch. 20, pp. 191 to 201), otherwise unobjectionable, would be, without designating the person or persons to whom the liquor is sold, a sufficient statement of the “ nature and cause of the accusation,” has not been distinctly presented to the courts of this state, so far as we are informed.
This point is, therefore, before the court of last resort, for the first time in Mississippi. General rules, however, appli[405]*405cable to indictments generally, founded upon statutes, have been stated by our predecessors, substantially in the language of authoritative authors. Several cases arising under the laws to suppress trade with slaves, have also been considered, and though quoted, are not regarded as conclusive, because of the peculiarity of those statutes.
Boyd v. the State, 1 How., 168, involved several questions not bearing upon the case at bar, but in the course of the opinion, the court expressed the sentiment, believed to be correct in theory and sound in practice, that, “ courts of justice are disposed to release the rigor of the ancient forms, when no injury can possibly result to the liabilities or rights of the accused.” Ainsworth v. the State, 5 How., 242, was a case of felony, but in relation to indictments, the court held that they should “ describe the offense in the substantial language of the statute.” Citing Ch. Or. L. and Starkie’s Or. Pleadings, the court further say: “ It is, in general, necessary, not only to set forth on the record all the circumstances which make up the statutable definition of the offense, but also to pursue the precise and technical language in which they are expressed.”
To the same effect are the cases of Scott v. the State, 31 Miss., 473; Anthony v. the State, 13 S. & M., 263; Sarah v. the State, 28 Miss., 267; Ike v. the State, 23 Miss., 525; Williams v. the State, 42 Miss., 328.
The case of Miller v. the State, 5 How., 250, was an indictment under the statute against retailing. There were three counts in the indictment. The first count charged defendant with selling in less quantities than one gallon, and also with suffering the liquor so sold to be drank on his premises. The second count charged the defendant with giving away liquor to his guests without charge therefor. The third count contained a. genera] charge of a violation of the act, but specified no instance.
On error, the first count was held bad for duplicity and uncertainty, but the second count was held good. It does • not appear that the guests were designated by name, or that [406]*406objection was made on that ground. The defendant having been convicted, the verdict was sustained.
The case of Johnston v. the State, 7 S. & M., 58, was an indictment under the statute to suppress gaming, charging generally the playing of a game of cards, etc., without specifying the game. Mr. Franklin Smith, counsel -for defendant, urged strenuously that the indictment did not identify the offense, and insisted that, “ if the statute dispenses with all identification of the offense it is unconstitutional.” The court sustained the indictment and the statute, and affirmed the verdict of guilty.
The case of Noonan v. the State, 1 S. & M., 562, was an indictment under section 5 of the act of 1842, for the regulation of the sale of vinous and spirituous liquors, etc. Though it alleged in general terms sale of liquor to a slave, etc., neither the hind of liquor sold, the name of the slave to whom sold, nor the name of the master or overseer, were given in the indictment. Counsel for defendant conceded the sufficiency of the indictment under the aet, but urged that the statute was a violation of the constitutional guaranty that the accused shall be informed of the “nature and cause of the accusation,” and of another provision of the constitution that no person can “ be deprived of his life, liberty, or property but by due course of law.” The report of this case gives the arguments of counsel, Messrs. George Calhoun and John G. Ott, at length, and they are earnest and almost vehement appeals in behalf of personal rights, alleged to be imperiled by law like the one upon which the indictment in that case was framed. The court sustained the constitutionality of the statute, saying, among other things, that the personal rights and privileges secured by the clauses of the constitution quoted, were not infringed by the statute in question; that the constitution everywhere allows, and in some places exacts the enactment of laws directly contravening the long established rules of the common law; and when it enjoins that the rights of persons shall be “ ascertained by law,” and protected “ by the com[407]*407mon law,” it intends to sanction only that species of legislation which shall in its assertion in criminal cases, be equal and not partial and particularthat “ many of the rules of the common law are now vexatious, and have become unnecessary, and unfitted to our occasions, and are properly repealed when they are found to obstruct the current of justice, or the interests of the whole people,” * * * “ The statute runs against several mala prohibit®, which were unknown to the common law. The substance of the offense is the selling of vinous or spirituous liquors to a slave, without the master’s permission, and not necessarily the selling of a particular hind of liquor to the slave of a particular individual. Every offense consists of the omission, or commission of certain acts, under certain circumstances, and all which are its necessary ingredients, and must be stated. It certainly is not material to the proof of spirituous liquors to define its particular kind by name, or to the proof of a person being a slave to show his master’s name. Nor is this a parallel case with those uncertain charges enumerated in being ‘ common thieves,’ ‘ common evil-doers,’ and such like. It cannot well be said, that no one can well know how to defend himself from so general a charge, as it is deemed, when the statute provides it in the permit of the master of the slave to whom the article is sold, nor that he cannot plead the charge at bar, in abatement of a subsequent prosecution.”
Murphy v. the State, 24 Miss., 590; and same v. same, 28 Miss., 637, were indictments under the act of March 6,1850, “ to suppress trade and barter with slaves.” In the first námed case the court, the very discriminating and learned Mr. Justice Yerger delivering the opinion, observes : “ The indictment ought, in our opinion, to describe and identify the offense with such a degree of certainty that the accused and the court may know that the offense for which he is put upon trial is the same offense with that for which he stands indicted, in order that he may plead in bar a previous conviction or acquittal. An indictment which does not contain [408]*408this degree of certainty does not communicate to the-accused 'the nature and cause of the accusation,’ against him in the manner contemplated and designed by the bill of rights.” * * * * * “We do not think it absolutely necessary to state in the indictment the name of the slave, or of his owner, etc. But it is necessary, where the name of the owner, employer, etc., is not given, that the article or commodity should be stated.” * * * * "Of course, where the name of the owner, employer, etc., of the slave is given, there would not be any necessity to name the commodity, or on the trial to confine the state to the day named in the indictment, as the offense would thereby be sufficiently identified to enable the party to make his defense. In the present case the specific article sold is named in the indictment, and the court did not err, therefore, in refusing to quash the indictment or arrest the judgment.”
In the second case, the counsel hurled against the statute upon which the indictment was based, an argument, which for invective, eloquent and patriotic denunciation, would have done honor to the great Athenian orator of history. In fact, the rarest illustrations are culled by the counsel from literature, the classics, law and history to prove the statute oppressive, dangerous to the liberty of the citizen, and unconstitutional. The court sustained the law, and affirmed the verdict of guilty.
The case of Haynie v. the State, 32 Miss., 400, was an indictment for selling liquor within five miles of the University of Mississippi, contrary to the law of February 28,1848. Sec. 1 enacts that it shall not be lawful for any persons to sell by retail, vinous or spirituous liquors in quantities less than five gallons, within five miles, etc. "Provided, however, Nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the sale of vinous and spirituous liquors in less quantities from drugstores for medical purposes.” The following instruction given by the court below was sustained on error as "unquestionably correct,” by the high court of errors and appeals, to-wit:
"If the jury believe the defendant sold the liquor to Drigg, [409]*409on his representation that it was for medicinal purposes, it devolves on the defendant to prove that the liquor was for medicinal purposes; and if he has failed to do this, the jury will find him guilty.”
The case of McGuire v. the State, 37 Miss, 370, like that of Haynie v. State, just referred to, was an indictment under the law of February 28,1848, for selling liquor, etc., within five miles of the State University. Defendants asked instructions, in substance, that “ if the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant sold the liquor to the witness, in good faith, for medicinal purposes, then he is not guilty, although the jury may believe the witness imposed upon the defendant, as to the object for which the liquor was in fact bought.” Which were refused, and on writ of error, the refusal and verdict were sustained, though' the then very accomplished attorney general confessed error on another point; the court, opinion by the very able and learned Mr. Justice Handy, observing: “ It is clear, from the evidence, that some of the liquor, in this case, was purchased for other than medicinal purposes; and hence the instructions which rely asa justification upon the belief of the defendant, founded on the statements of the purchaser, that the liquor was for medicinal purposes, were properly refused. But in addition to this, it is quite apparent, from the testimony, that these representations of the purchaser were mere matters of form, and the manner in which they were made, clearly showed that they were understood not to show the real purpose of the purchase, and the defendant could not have been deceived as to its real purpose.”
In the case of Miazza v. State, 36 Miss., 613, the indictment, which was for retailing without license, does not set forth the customers Of the accused, but no objection to the omission was taken by counsel, and the point is not discussed by the court.
In the case of Rocco v. the State, 37 Miss., 367, the customers are set out — the indictment being for retailing, etc. The questions contested were mainly under pleas of former convictions.
[410]*410In the case of Shabe Williams v. the State, 42 Miss., 328, Ch. J. Peyton, then associate justice, delivered an opinion, marked by his usual conciseness and precision. The rules laid down by him for drawing indictments, and his carefully condensed reasons therefor, are as follows, the indictment in that case being for a felony: “ It is necessary to specify on the face of the indictment the criminal nature and degree of the offense, which are conclusions of the law from the facts; and also the particular facts and circumstances which render the defendant guilty of that offense, for the following reasons:
1st. In order to identify the charge, lest the grand jury should find a bill for one offense, and the defendant be put on trial for another, without any authority.
2d. That the defendant’s conviction or acquittal may inure to his subsequent protection, should he again be questioned on the same grounds ; the offense, therefore, should be defined by such circumstances as will, in such case, enable him to plead a previous conviction or acquittal of the same offense.
3d. To warrant the court in granting or refusing any particular right or indulgence which the defendant might claim as an incident to the nature of the case.
4th. To enable the defendant to prepare for his defense in the particular case ; or if he prefer, to submit to the court by demurrer, whether facts alleged (supposing them to be true), so support the conclusion in law as to render it necessary for him to make an answer to the charge.
5th. Finally, to enable the court, looking at the record, after conviction, to decide whether the facts charged are sufficient to support a conviction of the particular crime, and to warrant their judgment.”
We have now briefly referred to most, if not all the cases in this State bearing directly or remotely upon the question under consideration, and we have found the uniform rule as to indictments for offenses created by statute to be, that the indictments in such cases shall pursue the precise and technical language of the statute. This is especially the rule, [411]*411with limited exceptions, even as to highly penal offenses. If, therefore, the language of the statute is the proper guide in the higher grades of crime, it follows that as 'to misdemeanors, the ancient forms ought to be less rigorously adhered to, and, certainly, as to these, an indictment pursuing the language of the statute creating them ought to be sufficient.
There is another test, however, developed in the cases referred to which cannot be overlooked either by this court or by the pleader, viz : that the indictment shall be sufficiently explicit to enable the defendant to plead it in bar of another prosecution, autrefois acquit or convict.
This point has been discussed in several cases by our predecessors, and it is well settled that the plea may be sustained partly by the record and partly by parol, and that it need not necessarily be wholly sustained by the record, or, in the language of the court in the case of Noonan v. the State, 1 S. & M., 574:
“ The evidence under a plea of autrefois, acquit or convict, is not exclusively of the record, but may be oral to the extent repaired in the circumstances. ” In fact, it is not merely the right, but the duty of the party tendering this plea to support it by proof aliunde, the record. .On this subject, vide Rocco v. State, 37 Miss., 357, and numerous cases cited therein; State v. Smith, 22 Vt., 74; State v. Wentworth, 35 N. H., 444; Com. v. McAfee, 8 Dana, Ky. R., 28; 1 S. & M., 562; 33 Miss., 374; 30 ib., 613; 37 ib., 357.
Art. 8, Rev. Code, p. 198, reads thus: “ It shall not be lawful for druggists, apothecaries, or physicians to sell any vinous or spirituous liquors in less quantity than one gallon, except for medicinalj sacramental, or culinary purposes only; and they shall in all cases require satisfactory evidence from the party offering to purchase, that the liquor is required for one of the purposes above stated; provided, that every druggist and apothecary, before he shall sell for the purposes aforesaid, shall make an affidavit and file the same in the office of the clerk of probate, that he will not sell such spirituous or vinous liquors for the purposes aforesaid without being him[412]*412self fully satisfied from the evidence furnished him by thi purchaser that the liquors are intended to be used for the purposes, and no other, above enumerated.”
So much of art. 9, p. 199, as bears upon this case, is as follows: * * *' * “If any druggist, apothecary, or physician shall sell any vinous or spirituous liquor in a quantity less than one gallon, except for medicinal, sacramental, oi culinary purposes, or shall permit the drinking of such liquors in his store, or upon his premises,” * * * “or if any person shall directly, or by any subterfuge, violate any provision of this act,” etc., etc.
The indictment in this case, omitting the formal parts, is as follows :
“ That J. L. Riley, late of the county aforesaid, on the 18th day of July, A. D. 1868, with force and arms, in the county aforesaid, and within the jurisdiction of this court, being then and there a druggist, apothecary, or physician, and having a license as required by law’ to retail vinous and spirituous liquors in quantities less than one gallon for medicinal, sacramental and culinary purposes, did then and there sell spirituous liquors in a quantity less than one gallon, otherwise than in good faith for medicinal, sacramental, or culinary purposes, contrary to the form of the statute,” etc.
Upon careful analysis of the record, and a lengthy review of the principles laid down by our predecessors as to indictments upon statutes, we are conducted to the conclusion that for offenses under the laws regulating the sale of vinous and spirituous liquors, the indictment is not defective if it fails to set forth the names of the persons to whom the liquors are sold.
Impelled by the earnest argument of counsel in behalf of the rights of citizens, and by an anxiety to determine this question with the rights of the community on the one hand, and of individuals on the other, constantly in view, we haver given this case more consideration, if possible, than is usually bestowed upon cases “apparently unimportant. We say apparently unimportant, but counsel have invested it with [413]*413vast magnitude by involving the sacred question of personal rights. With the importance of these rights and the necessity of their protection, underlying our investigations, we are still of the opinion that an indictment for an offense of this land omitting the names of the persons to whom the liquors are sold, otherwise unobjectionable, is in accordance with the practice, and within the spirit of the criminal jurisprudence of Mississippi, as expressed in her code and expounded by her most distinguished jurists. And hence, that the indictment in this case is not amenable to the objection interposed by counsel.
In consideration however, of the question of personal rights which the counsel for the accused urge will be endangered by the rule sought to be enforced by the prosecution, a reference to authorities other than of our own state, may serve to establish the future pratice in Mississippi in this respect, upon a permanent basis. From authors and courts of recognized authority, therefore, we quote a few general principles.
1st. It is a well settled rule, that in an indictment for an offense created by statute, it is sufficient to describe the offense in the words of the statute ; and if, in any case, the defendant insists upon a greater particularity, it is for him to •show that from the obvious intention of the legislature, or the known principles of law, the case falls within some exception to such general rule. But few exceptions to this ¥ule are recognized. Wharton’s Am. Cr. Law, vol. 1, sec. 364, and cases; Whiting v. State, 14 Conn., 487. This rule is more briefly stated in Romp v. the State, 3 Iowa, G. Green’s R., 276: “ When an offense is charged in the the language of the statute, it is sufficient.” So in N. H.: “ In indictments for misdemeanors, it is generally sufficient to describe the offense in the words of the statute.” State v. Rust, 35 N. H., 4th Fogg., 438. In Georgia, the practice is as simple, as the rule is briefly stated: “ It is sufficient if the offense be stated in the indictment in the language of the code. ” Hines v. the State, 26 Ga., 614. Archibold says, “ it is better to pursue strictly the words of the statute.”
[414]*4142d. A sale is not constituted by mere agreement to sell; there must be a delivery of the liquor. But the payment need not actually be made; for a sale on credit is within the prohibition of selling, though the law would not enforce the payment. 1 Bishop on Cr. L., p. 610, sec. 1135, and cases; Banchor v. Warren, 33 N. H., 183; Pulse v. the State, 5 Humph., 108; Emerson v. Noble, 32 Me., 380; Com. v. Barnes, 8 Gray, 482; Mason v. Lathrop, 7 Gray, 354.
3d. The courts will not suffer a defendant to escape the charge for selling, by resorting to any artifice, when in fact, a sale is made. 1 Bishop on Cr. L., p. 611 and cases; State v. Redden, 5 Harring. Del., 505; Com. v. Thayer, 8 Met., 525; Gloucester v. Bridgham, 28 Me., 60; Kober v. State of Ohio, 11 O. S., 444; Kimball v. People, 20 Ill., 348; State v. Hopkins, 4 Jones N. C., 305; State v. Wright, 4 Jones N. C., 308; Murphy v. State, 1 Ind., 336; State v. Kirkham, 1 Ire., 384; State v. Bell, 2 Jones N. C., 337.
4th. Whatever a man does through an agent or servant or clerk, whether he is himself absent or present, may be understood in law as done by himself; and he is therefore indictable in the same measure as if his own hand performed the act. 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, sec. 430-432-616-618-1001; 1 Bishop on Cr. L., p. 621, sec. 1155, and cases; Com. v. Park, 1 Gray, 555; Thompson v. State, 5 Humph., 138; Com v. Major, 6 Dana, 293; Com. v. Nichols, 10 Met, 259; Schmidt v. the State, 14 Mo., 259; State v. Bowen, 31 Me., 520; State v. Stewart, 31 Me., 515; State v. Dow, 21 Vt., 484; Parker v. State, 4 Ohio State Rep., 563; Com. v. Park, 1 Gray, 544; (1854). According to the authorities, the servant, clerk, or agent is also responsible personally the same as if he violated the law on his own account or for his own profit. Bishop on Cr. L., p. 621, sec. 1155 and cases; State v. Bugbee, 22 Vt., 32; State v. Haines, 35 N. H., 4th Fogg., 207.
5th. In N. Y., Vt., N. J., Ky., Va., Tenn., Ill., Ark., and other states, apparently North Carolina included, State v. Shaw, 2 Dev., 198, an indictment against a person for selling sjnrituous liquors by small measure, without a license, need [415]*415not aver to whom they were sold, though in Missouri, Delaware, South Carolina, and perhaps some other states, it has been held that the name of the person to whom sold, must be specified, if known. 2 Archbold’s Cr. Pr., and Pl., p. 1004.
In Indiana, not only a given quantity, but the price for which the liquor is sold, must be averred, as well as the names of the persons to whom sales are made, or state that they are unknown. 16 Ind., 355; 2 Blackf., 289; 4 ib., 40.
The statutes of Masscahusetts define two offenses, with different penalties; one against “ common sellers,” and the other against persons selling in a single instance, without license. In the first class of cases, the person to whom sales are made need not be averred, but in the second the persons must be specified, yet in an indictment in that state for the sale of spirituous liquors, the court say, “ the law does not require the conditions and stipulations, or the precise condition paid for the thing purchased,” but that it “ only requires a direct allegation of a sale of liquor, leaving the circumstances to be disclosed by the evidence offered to support the charge.” Com. v. Thayer, 8 Met., 525 (1844); Com. v. Kimball, 7 ib., 304, (1843); Com. v. Clark, 14 Gray, 367; Com. v. Glumlow, 24 Pick., 374; Com. v. Hendric, 2 Gray, 503; Com. v. Grey, 2 Gray, 501 (1854); 4ib., 18, (1855); Com. v. Odlin, 23 Pick., 275, (1839); Com. v. Conanth, 6 Gray, 482, (1856); Com. v. Conanth, 14 ib., 374. Similar laws and rules prevail in Maine.
Although the point was not presented nor discussed, yet if we correctly interpret the case of Zumhoff v. the State, 4 G. Greene’s Iowa R., 526, the courts of that state do not consider it at all necessary to set forth in an indictment for an illegal sale of liquor the names of the persons to whom the sale is made.
In Com. v. Baird, 4 Sergt. & Rawle’s Penn. R., 141, the indictment charged that James Baird, with “force and arms,” etc., “ without any licens.e so to do, first had and obtained, according to law, and then and there, without such license, commonly and publicly, did sell and utter, and cause to be [416]*416sold and uttpred to sundry persons, divers quantities of rum, brandy and whisky, and other spirituous liquors, by less measure than one pint, contrary to the form of the act of the Assembly,” etc., and “ against the peace, dignity,” etc. ' The court say: “ This form of indictment having prevailed for eighty years; been adopted by successive attorney generals ; the provisions of several acts being nearly, if not altogether in the same words, the court will not say that all the prosecutions during that long time are erroneous, for it is admitted that this has been the only form. A continued and cotemporaneous practice under a statute, in a matter merely formal, ought not to be lightly disturbed.”
In the case of Sharp v. the State, 17 Ga. R., 291, it is briefly stated that the accused “ was'put upon his trial under an indictment charging him with the offense of retailing without license.” And further, that “ counsel for defendant moved to quash, on the ground that it should have charged him with misdemeanor.’ The court overruled the motion,” and observe: “ The indictment stated the offense in the terms and language of the Code, or so plainly that the nature of the offense might be easily understood by the jury; and that is all the law requires.”
In the case of the State v. Rust, 4 Fogg., 35 N. H., 438, the indictment was for the illegal sale of two glasses of intoxicating liqu'or, contrary to the act,” etc. A motion to quash on the ground that the charge was not made with sufficient certainty, nor so plainfy and fully described as was required by the constitution and laws of the state, was overruled.
In the case of the State v. Wentworth, 35 N. H., 442, which was an indictment for sellng liquor without license, the court say: “ If the policy of the statute were directed to the prohibiting of such contracts, the selling which it punishes might properly be construed to mean the making a contract of sale, and under that construction the indictment might be required, in describing the offense, to set forth the party who was in the law the purchaser, if it undertook to allege the person to whom the sale was made. ” * * * [417]*417But it is clear that the object of the statute is not to prohibit the making of such sales as contracts, but to suppress the unlicensed selling. ” * * “ The whole force of the statute is directed against the act of selling, without regard to the qualities, or incidents of the act, as a contract.”
In the case of Canady v. The People, 17 Ill., 15, the court say: “ The only question is whether an indictment for selling whisky in a less quantity than one gallon, without legal license to keep a grocery, is substantially defective for want of the name of the purchaser or an allegation that he was unknown. We think not. The general averment of an illegal sale is in this respect sufficient, and this we think warranted, not only by the authorities but the good sense of requiring only substantial facts necessary to enable the defendant to know the charge and to prepare his defense.
The rule is abundantly sustained by the American decisions, as collected, Wharton’s Cr. L., 815, though a contrary rule is adopted in some of the states. * * *
These great niceties and strictness in pleading, should only be countenanced and supported when it is apparent that the defendant may be surprised on the trial, or unable to meet the charge, or make preparation for his defense, for want of greater certainty or particularity in the charge. Beyond this, it tends more to the evasion than the investigation of the charge, and becomes rather a means of escaping punishment for crime, than of defense against the. accusation.”
In the case of the State v. Ladd, Swann’s Tenn. R., vol 2, p. 226, the court held that, “ In the description of offenses created by statute, or such as are defined, and the punishment of them enlarged by statute, the safest and preferable mode is, to set forth the crime in the words ‘ of the statute, as the only effect of too much particularity in the description, except so far as is necessary for the end of a proper defense, by a substantial description of the essentials of the .crime imputed, is to facilitate the escape of offenders from the just punishment of their crimes, and should not be favored.”
Caruthers, J., delivering the opinion, remarked: “ In times [418]*418past, the adherance to strict and. unnecessary technicalities to rescue criminals, has been a reproach to the administration of justice, brought the law into contempt, and encouraged crime.” And he asks, “ shall we go any further, then, in shielding offenders, when they have, as in this case, upon a fait trial, been pronounced guilty by a jury, by opening another avenue to them for escape, upon what must be regarded as a technicality?”
In the case of the People v. Adams, 17 Wend., 475, Ch. J. Nelson, apure man and an able judge, in the earlier, if not in the better days of the New York bench, in a brief, yet comprehensive opinion, filling only a single page of the reports, yet embracing all the law on the subject, settles, beyond all controversy, the material point under consideration, as follows: “ It is to be remarked that the offense upon the tatute consists in the act of selling the spirituous liquors without the license; and, therefore the designation of the persons to whom sold is in no way material to constitute it. The question is simply one of pleading whether certainty to a common intent requires the names of the persons to be given to whom the liquor was sold. The precedents seem to be all the other way. Our statutes on this subject, appear to correspond, substantially, with the English acts of parliament, and were undoubtedly taken from them, forbidding the sale of distilled spirituous liquors, or strong water, as will be seen from a collection of them in 2 Burns’ Justice, 185, and onward. 4 Wentworth, 504, contains the form of information upon these statutes, for selling without license, in which the mere act of retailing the liquor without license is averred; the persons to whom it was sold are not mentioned, or in any way referred to.
The same remark is applicable to an information and complaint before the justices for selling ale without license. 1 Burns’, 23-25. There is a precedent in 2 Chit. Cr. Law, 434, for selling ale or beer on Sundays, in which the sale is charged as made to divers idle and ill-disposed persons, whose names to the jurors aforesaid are yet unknown. Here, [419]*419though the persons are mentioned as unknown, yet from the manner in which it is stated, it is, I think, to be inferred that the names were not deemed material, as in the precedents, when they are so considered, it is indicated by the form. In 4 Went., 525, a precedent is given for selling hard soap in a shape different from that required by the statute, of 24 Geo., 3 c., 48, § 14, in which the names of the persons are not mentioned, or in any way referred to. The case is strictly analogous to the one under consideration, so far as respects the questions involved. The precedents are clearly with the pleader in this case, and, upon a question, the decision of which, depends so much of the opinion of the courts as to what amounts to certainty to a common intent, these afford perhaps as safe a guide as can be found. ”
The general rule already repeated in a variety of forms, is still differently expressed in 2 Burr., 1036, viz: “ It is enough for the prosecutor to bring the case within the general purview of the statute upon which the indictment is founded, if that statute has general prohibitory words in it; for when an indictment is brought upon a statute which has general prohibitory words in it, it is sufficient to charge the offense generally in the words of the statute.”
Sir Matthew Hale, whose fame as an enlightened, humane, and Christian judge, has become the property of the bench and bar of the civilized world, observes in 2 P. C., 193, “ that in favor of life, great strictness has been in all times required in point of indictments; and the truth is, that it is grown to a blemish and inconvenience in the law and the administration thereof. More offenders escape by the over-easy ear given to exceptions in indictments than by their own innocence; and many times, gross murders, burglaries, robberies, and other heinous and crying offenses, escape by these unseemly niceties to the reproach of the law, to the shame of the government and to the encouragement of villainy, and to the dishonor of God; and it were very fit, that by some law, this overgrown curiosity and nicety, were reformed, which is now become [420]*420the disease of the law, and will, I fear, in time grow mortal, without some timely remedy.”
That the illegal traffic in, and immoderate use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage, are evils of great magnitude, every impartial man will admit. Acts in violation of the statute on the subject, are committed in secret, frequently at night, and-generally in the absence of the owners of the liquor, by a servant or clerk, in hypocritical disregard of pretended instructions. The history of the legislation on this subject and of the criminal jurisprudence, furnish unmistakable evidence of the difficulty encountered in the detection and punishment of offenders of this sort. The impunity with • which the illegal traffic is carried on, not less than its ruinous consequences, forbids that a construction shall obtain, which, instead of advancing the objects of law and order, would narrow the means of detection and consequent suppression of the evils complained of.
Bishop on Cr. L., sec. 1128, well remarks: “ Whoever takes the trouble to read the old English statutes on this subject, learns from recitation of facts therein made, that the enforcement of this class of laws was already difficult. And all who understand the doings of offenders and of courts of the present time, know that the same fact exists now.
“ The question of the constitutionality of the enactments has been put forward, in this country, as an obstruction in -their way; the question of their expediency has also been urged against them; and the question of their intrinsic rightfulness has entered largely into the matter.”
And he might have truthfully added, that there is no law which is as resolutely resisted by the utmost ingenuity of the human mind and by the ablest legal talent, as the statutes regulating the traffic in intoxicating liquor. In considering a recent statute of Michigan, the supreme court of that state observed, in regard to that statute: “ It assumes the traffic is hazardous to the morals and to the best interests of society, and, therefore, only grants immunities from fines which are [421]*421denounced against offenders upon condition of providing adequate security for compensation to those who may suffer from an unbridled and iniquitous exercise ,of the right.” 3 Mich., 314.
Finally, we are of the opinion that the indictment in this case so far as it omits to set forth the persons to whom the liquor was sold is not only justified by precedent but is in accordance with the strictest principles of justice to all parties. The character of the offense and the object of the law would justify the most rigid rules, but fortunately the conclusion at which we have arrived, neither violates nor endangers personal rights. The indictment in this case pursues the precise language of the statute; it presents the issue fairly; and is commendable for discarding technicalities, which, having long since ceased to serve any useful purpose, cannot be otherwise than mischievous, although honored monuments in the progress of the jurisprudence of the world.
Let the judgment of the court below be affirmed.