USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11310 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
RILEY MITCHELL, Petitioner-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:19-cv-00457-MSS-TGW USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Riley Mitchell appeals the district court’s denial of his federal habeas petition. During his state court trial, the government intro- duced Mitchell’s testimony that was obtained in violation of his Mi- randa rights, see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), but his counsel did not pursue a motion to suppress that testimony. The district court held that although Mitchell’s counsel’s performance was deficient, Mitchell could not establish that deficiency preju- diced him under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The district court granted a certificate of appealability for Mitchell’s ar- gument that the state court unreasonably applied Miranda and Strickland under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) by denying his claim for inef- fective assistance of counsel. We agree with the district court that Mitchell cannot establish that any of his counsel’s deficiencies were prejudicial. Accordingly, we affirm. I.
Riley Mitchell was arrested and questioned on two separate occasions in late 2010. He was first arrested on November 13 for dealing in stolen property. He was questioned in relation to that arrest on December 1, invoked his Miranda rights during that ques- tioning, and was released from jail on December 12. He was again arrested on December 15 and charged with burglary of a dwelling and grand theft. Detectives brought Mitchell to an interview room USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 3 of 9
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and attempted to read him his Miranda rights, but Mitchell inter- rupted the detectives and stated that he had gone into abandoned homes to collect metal to scrap and that he knew it was wrong to break into those abandoned buildings. At Mitchell’s trial for the burglary and grand theft charges, the government introduced Mitchell’s statements after the Decem- ber 15 arrest. The government also introduced evidence that Mitchell’s blood and flesh were found on the exterior of a broken window of the house the copper tubing was stolen from and that Mitchell did not have permission to enter the home. And the de- tectives who interviewed Mitchell after his arrest testified that they noticed and photographed scars on Mitchell’s arms. The jury found Mitchell guilty on both counts and he was sentenced to thirty years. Mitchell appealed his conviction and sentence to the Florida Second District Court of Appeal, which affirmed his conviction and sentence for burglary of an unoccupied dwelling but vacated his conviction and sentence for grand theft. The court of appeals di- rected the trial court to enter a judgment and sentence for first-de- gree petit theft instead of grand theft. Mitchell later filed a pro se motion for postconviction relief that argued, among other things, that his trial counsel was ineffec- tive for failing to file a motion to suppress his statements to the police that he said were obtained in violation of his Miranda rights. He argued that because he invoked his Miranda rights during a cus- todial interrogation on December 1, 2010, the police were USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
prohibited from reinitiating an interrogation on December 15, 2010. The state postconviction court denied relief, reasoning that his counsel was not deficient because his first invocation of his Mi- randa rights was in an unrelated case and therefore did not apply to police interrogation related to the offense here. Mitchell appealed that denial, and the Florida Second District Court of Appeal af- firmed. Mitchell filed a pro se habeas petition on February 18, 2019. The district court denied that petition. It held that the state court unreasonably applied Strickland and its progeny when it deter- mined Mitchell’s trial counsel was not deficient, but that Mitchell could not establish prejudice because of that deficiency. The dis- trict court granted a certificate of appealability as to whether Mitch- ell’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to sup- press Mitchell’s statements to police. II.
“We review de novo the denial of a petition for a writ of ha- beas corpus.” Morrow v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 886 F.3d 1138, 1146 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Williamson v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 805 F.3d 1009, 1016 (11th Cir. 2015)). Moreover, “[a]n ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact[,] which we review de novo.” Williams v. Alabama, 73 F.4th 900, 905 (11th Cir. 2023) (quoting Sims v. Singletary, 155 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 1998)). Because these claims were adjudicated in state court, we will not grant habeas relief unless the state court decision “was contrary USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 5 of 9
22-11310 Opinion of the Court 5
to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceed- ing.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A decision is contrary to clearly estab- lished Federal law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion oppo- site to that reached by [the United States Supreme Court] on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the United States Supreme Court] has on a set of materially indis- tinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). A decision is an unreasonable application of clearly established fed- eral law “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme Court’s] decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. To show that a state court decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, the prisoner must show the deci- sion “is so obviously wrong that its error lies ‘beyond any possibil- ity for fairminded disagreement.’” Shinn v. Kayer, 592 U.S. 111, 118 (2020) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)). Mitchell argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress his statements to detectives that were offered at trial.
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USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11310 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
RILEY MITCHELL, Petitioner-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:19-cv-00457-MSS-TGW USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Riley Mitchell appeals the district court’s denial of his federal habeas petition. During his state court trial, the government intro- duced Mitchell’s testimony that was obtained in violation of his Mi- randa rights, see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), but his counsel did not pursue a motion to suppress that testimony. The district court held that although Mitchell’s counsel’s performance was deficient, Mitchell could not establish that deficiency preju- diced him under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The district court granted a certificate of appealability for Mitchell’s ar- gument that the state court unreasonably applied Miranda and Strickland under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) by denying his claim for inef- fective assistance of counsel. We agree with the district court that Mitchell cannot establish that any of his counsel’s deficiencies were prejudicial. Accordingly, we affirm. I.
Riley Mitchell was arrested and questioned on two separate occasions in late 2010. He was first arrested on November 13 for dealing in stolen property. He was questioned in relation to that arrest on December 1, invoked his Miranda rights during that ques- tioning, and was released from jail on December 12. He was again arrested on December 15 and charged with burglary of a dwelling and grand theft. Detectives brought Mitchell to an interview room USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 3 of 9
22-11310 Opinion of the Court 3
and attempted to read him his Miranda rights, but Mitchell inter- rupted the detectives and stated that he had gone into abandoned homes to collect metal to scrap and that he knew it was wrong to break into those abandoned buildings. At Mitchell’s trial for the burglary and grand theft charges, the government introduced Mitchell’s statements after the Decem- ber 15 arrest. The government also introduced evidence that Mitchell’s blood and flesh were found on the exterior of a broken window of the house the copper tubing was stolen from and that Mitchell did not have permission to enter the home. And the de- tectives who interviewed Mitchell after his arrest testified that they noticed and photographed scars on Mitchell’s arms. The jury found Mitchell guilty on both counts and he was sentenced to thirty years. Mitchell appealed his conviction and sentence to the Florida Second District Court of Appeal, which affirmed his conviction and sentence for burglary of an unoccupied dwelling but vacated his conviction and sentence for grand theft. The court of appeals di- rected the trial court to enter a judgment and sentence for first-de- gree petit theft instead of grand theft. Mitchell later filed a pro se motion for postconviction relief that argued, among other things, that his trial counsel was ineffec- tive for failing to file a motion to suppress his statements to the police that he said were obtained in violation of his Miranda rights. He argued that because he invoked his Miranda rights during a cus- todial interrogation on December 1, 2010, the police were USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
prohibited from reinitiating an interrogation on December 15, 2010. The state postconviction court denied relief, reasoning that his counsel was not deficient because his first invocation of his Mi- randa rights was in an unrelated case and therefore did not apply to police interrogation related to the offense here. Mitchell appealed that denial, and the Florida Second District Court of Appeal af- firmed. Mitchell filed a pro se habeas petition on February 18, 2019. The district court denied that petition. It held that the state court unreasonably applied Strickland and its progeny when it deter- mined Mitchell’s trial counsel was not deficient, but that Mitchell could not establish prejudice because of that deficiency. The dis- trict court granted a certificate of appealability as to whether Mitch- ell’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to sup- press Mitchell’s statements to police. II.
“We review de novo the denial of a petition for a writ of ha- beas corpus.” Morrow v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 886 F.3d 1138, 1146 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Williamson v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 805 F.3d 1009, 1016 (11th Cir. 2015)). Moreover, “[a]n ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact[,] which we review de novo.” Williams v. Alabama, 73 F.4th 900, 905 (11th Cir. 2023) (quoting Sims v. Singletary, 155 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 1998)). Because these claims were adjudicated in state court, we will not grant habeas relief unless the state court decision “was contrary USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 5 of 9
22-11310 Opinion of the Court 5
to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceed- ing.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A decision is contrary to clearly estab- lished Federal law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion oppo- site to that reached by [the United States Supreme Court] on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the United States Supreme Court] has on a set of materially indis- tinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). A decision is an unreasonable application of clearly established fed- eral law “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme Court’s] decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. To show that a state court decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, the prisoner must show the deci- sion “is so obviously wrong that its error lies ‘beyond any possibil- ity for fairminded disagreement.’” Shinn v. Kayer, 592 U.S. 111, 118 (2020) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011)). Mitchell argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress his statements to detectives that were offered at trial. A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel requires the defendant to establish his counsel was deficient and that deficiency resulted in prejudice to the defendant. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
The state court held that Mitchell did not establish that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek suppression of his statements to police. It reasoned that Mitchell’s counsel was not deficient because his first invocation of his Miranda rights was in an unrelated case and therefore did not apply to police interrogation related to the offense here. We disagree and hold that the state court unreasonably ap- plied Supreme Court caselaw in holding that Mitchell’s counsel was not deficient. A suspect who has invoked his Miranda rights during a custodial interrogation is not subject to further interroga- tion until counsel has been made available or the suspect initiates further communication. See Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484– 85 (1981). This rule prevents an interrogation for 14 days after the suspect’s release from custody. See Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. 98, 110 (2010). And the rule prevents reinitiating interrogation about any crime, even if the new questioning relates to a different crime than the suspect was originally questioned about. See Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 682–83 (1988). Mitchell invoked his Miranda rights on December 1, 2010, in an unrelated case. He was released from custody on December 12, 2010, and detectives reinitiated interrogation on December 15, 2010, when he was rearrested in relation to the burglary and stolen copper tubing. Because Mitchell’s interrogation regarding the bur- glary took place within 14 days of his release from custody, and because Mitchell invoked his Miranda rights during that custody, his trial counsel—who knew of these facts—should have filed a USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 7 of 9
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motion to suppress the statements he gave to the detectives. His failure to do so was deficient, and the state court unreasonably ap- plied Supreme Court precedent when it determined the counsel was not deficient. However, the state court was correct to reject Mitchell’s in- effective assistance of counsel claim because Mitchell’s counsel’s deficient performance did not prejudice Mitchell. To prove preju- dice, Mitchell must show “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. The errors must be “so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687. The state court did not engage in a prejudice analysis because it determined Mitchell’s counsel was not deficient, so we review Strickland’s prejudice element de novo. The evidence presented at trial establishes there is no rea- sonable probability that Mitchell would have been acquitted if the jury had not heard Mitchell’s statements to police about scrapping copper. Thus, even though Mitchell’s counsel was deficient, Mitch- ell was not prejudiced by that deficiency. Mitchell was charged with burglary under Florida law, which requires the government to prove he unlawfully entered or remained in a dwelling with the intent to commit an offense therein. Fla. Stat. § 810.02(1)(b)(3)(b). A dwelling includes a home’s curtilage, and a fenced-in back yard is part of the curtilage of the home. See id. § 810.011(2); Baker v. State, 636 So.2d 1342, 1343 (Fla. 1994). And under Florida law, “[s]tealthy entry, together with the USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 8 of 9
8 Opinion of the Court 22-11310
absence of owner or occupant consent, is an evidentiary tool with which to establish prima facie proof of intent to commit an of- fense.” Baker, 636 So.2d at 1344. The government offered evidence that the backyard of the burglarized home was fenced in, that Mitchell’s blood and flesh were found on a broken window used to gain entry into the home, that the detectives observed scrapes and scars on Mitchell’s arms, and that Mitchell did not have permission to enter the home. Thus, even though Mitchell’s counsel erred by not filing a motion to suppress his statements to police, that error was not serious enough to deprive Mitchell of a fair trial with a re- liable result. Instead, the evidence was sufficient for a jury to find Mitchell guilty of burglary under Florida law. Mitchell separately argues that he was prejudiced because he might have elected to testify had his counsel filed a motion to sup- press his statements to police. But Mitchell does not explain why the suppression of those statements would have made him decide to testify at trial or how his testimony could have overcome the weight of the evidence against him. At Mitchell’s postconviction hearing Mitchell’s trial attorney explained that Mitchell admitted to him that he burglarized the home. Because of that admission, the attorney could not have advised Mitchell to take the stand and perjure himself. See Scott v. Dugger, 891 F.2d 800, 803 (11th Cir. 1989). Moreover, had Mitchell testified contrary to the statements that he made to the police, the prosecution could have impeached him with those statements even if they had been excluded from the prosecution’s case-in-chief. See Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 USCA11 Case: 22-11310 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 03/21/2024 Page: 9 of 9
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(1971). There is no connection between the suppression of these statements and Mitchell’s right to testify. III.
The district court is AFFIRMED.