Adams, J.
The circumstances under which the plaintiff says her intestate suffered death are set out in the complaint and related in the testimony of her witnesses. The injury occurred about three-quarters of a mile from South Rocky Mount. At this place the defendant has two main lines, using the east line for northbound trains and the west line for trains moving southward. To the east of the northbound line is a track known as the lead track or the “Florence Lead,” connecting the north and south freight yards and the Y. D. tower. Between the east and west main lines and between the east main line and the “Florence Lead” the distance is about three feet. Ten feet east of the “Florence Lead” there is a building designated in the record as the “D. I. office.” The roadbed is lower than the adjacent ground, and for this reason the defendant keeps up a bridge extending from the embankment in front of the D. I. office to the lead track and another extending from the west embankment to the southbound line. Near the office were other tracks or switches, the relative situation of which it is not necessary to describe. On 15 March, 1923, to make use of needed space in one of the yards, the defendant pulled down on the lead track a freight train made up for Wilmington and left it standing near the place of the injury. Close to the bridge extending from the east embankment to the lead track there was an open space between two of the cars in this train covering a distance, according to the several estimates of the witnesses, ranging from five to fifty feet. There is evidence that for a number of years this crossing has been used, not only by the employees of the defendant, but by -others, one witness testifying that in his opinion a thousand people cross the track at this place every day.
The plaintiff’s intestate was an employee of the defendant, serving in the capacity of switchman or brakeman. He had been called for the 3 o’clock shift and a short time before his death had been seen cleaning his lantern on the rear porch of the D. I. office. A short time after-wards (about 3:10 p. m.), the defendant’s train with seven or eight cars approached on the northbound track. It had come from Florence and was going in the direction of Rocky Mount. According to the plaintiff’s evidence it was running forty miles an hour; and while it is usual for trains to blow for the crossing (R., p. 14), on this occasion no signal or warning was given by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell. The plaintiff’s intestate, coming from the D. I. office, j>assed through the open space between the box cars and while in the act of crossing the east main line was struck by the engine and killed. Evidence on behalf of the defendant tended to show that the proper signals
were given and that the intestate heedlessly ran upon the track in front of the train and solely by his own negligence caused his injury and death.
The defendant contends that upon.its motion the action should have ■ been dismissed as in case of nonsuit. Exceptions 2 and 4. This position cannot be maintained. It was unquestionably the duty of the defendant in the exercise of due care to give timely warning of the train’s approach by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell, or by both means if reasonably necessary, and if it failed to perform this duty such failure was evidence of negligence, requiring determination by the jury of all matters involved in the first issue.
Costin v. Power Co.,
181 N. C., 196;
Jackson v. R. R., ibid.,
153;
Perry v. R. R.,
180 N. C., 290;
Bagwell v. R. R.,
167 N. C., 611;
Hill v. R. R.,
166 N. C., 592;
Jenkins v. R. R.,
155 N. C., 203;
Norton v. R. R.,
122 N. C., 910;
Hinkle v. R. R.,
109 N. C., 472. The specific contention, that, as a proposition of law, the intestate’s negligence was essentially the sole cause of his injury and death and a consequent bar to the recovery of damages, is not in accord with our decisions. We adhere to the principle that qualifying facts and conditions may so complicate the question of contributory negligence as to make it one for the jury even when there has been a failure to look or listen
(Cooper v. R. R.,
140 N. C., 209); and surely upon the facts disclosed in the case at bar we cannot hold as a legal inference that the intestate’s álleged negligence was such as entitles the defendant to a dismissal of the action. It is incumbent upon the defendant to establish contributory negligence as a matter of affirmative defense.
Jackson v. R. R.,
181 N. C., 153;
Goff v. R. R.,
179 N. C., 216;
Lea v. Utilities Co.,
178 N. C., 509;
Lutterloh v. R. R.,
172 N. C., 116;
Davidson v. R. R.,
170 N. C., 281;
Shepard v. R. R.,
166 N. C., 539. In
Davidson v. R. R., 171
N. C., 634, it is said that where a pedestrian without looking or listening goes in the daytime upon a railroad track, the view of which is unobstructed, and is injured thereby, his own negligence will be deemed the proximate cause of his injury and will preclude his recovery See, also,
Coleman v. R. R.,
153 N. C., 322;
Trull v. R. R.,
151 N. C., 545;
Parker v. R. R.,
86 N. C., 221. But in the present ease there is evidence tending to show that the intestate’s view was obstructed and that he could not have seen the approaching train until he had come within one step of the track, and even then only by “sticking his head around the box car after getting down on the bridge.” Whether he approached the track rapidly or slowly was a matter for the jury. Considering the entire evidence we think the defendant’s motion for nonsuit was properly denied.
A witness for tbe plaintiff, after testifying as to tbe character, tbe babits, and tbe earning capacity of tbe intestate, said: “It is not my opinion that be spent much money on bimself as distinguished from bis family.” To this tbe defendant excepted. In ascertaining net earnings tbe rule requires tbe jury to deduct only tbe reasonably necessary personal expenses of tbe deceased and not tbe amount spent for bis family or those dependent upon him.
Carter v. R. R.,
139 N. C., 500;
Roberson v. Lumber Co.,
154 N. C., 328. Tbe evidence excepted to must be considered in its relation to tbe preceding testimony of tbe witness, and when so considered it is not objectionable as a mere expression of opinion. It is apparent that this clause was an estimate based upon observation and knowledge of tbe intestate’s industry and babits.
Taylor v. Security Co.,
145 N. C., 383. Tbe first exception, then, must be overruled.
Tbe third exception also is without merit. Tbe engineer, testifying on behalf of tbe defendant, offered to repeat a remark be bad made to tbe fireman, probably concerning tbe ringing of tbe bell, although tbe substance of tbe remark is not set out in tbe record.
Snyder v. Asheboro,
182 N. C., 708. But if tbe purpose was to show that tbe bell bad in fact been rung and was still ringing, this circumstance was afterwards related by tbe engineer and tbe fireman. R., pp. 37, 52.
Tbe fifth exception is addressed to an instruction which is a literal excerpt from tbe opinion in
Cooper v. R.
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Adams, J.
The circumstances under which the plaintiff says her intestate suffered death are set out in the complaint and related in the testimony of her witnesses. The injury occurred about three-quarters of a mile from South Rocky Mount. At this place the defendant has two main lines, using the east line for northbound trains and the west line for trains moving southward. To the east of the northbound line is a track known as the lead track or the “Florence Lead,” connecting the north and south freight yards and the Y. D. tower. Between the east and west main lines and between the east main line and the “Florence Lead” the distance is about three feet. Ten feet east of the “Florence Lead” there is a building designated in the record as the “D. I. office.” The roadbed is lower than the adjacent ground, and for this reason the defendant keeps up a bridge extending from the embankment in front of the D. I. office to the lead track and another extending from the west embankment to the southbound line. Near the office were other tracks or switches, the relative situation of which it is not necessary to describe. On 15 March, 1923, to make use of needed space in one of the yards, the defendant pulled down on the lead track a freight train made up for Wilmington and left it standing near the place of the injury. Close to the bridge extending from the east embankment to the lead track there was an open space between two of the cars in this train covering a distance, according to the several estimates of the witnesses, ranging from five to fifty feet. There is evidence that for a number of years this crossing has been used, not only by the employees of the defendant, but by -others, one witness testifying that in his opinion a thousand people cross the track at this place every day.
The plaintiff’s intestate was an employee of the defendant, serving in the capacity of switchman or brakeman. He had been called for the 3 o’clock shift and a short time before his death had been seen cleaning his lantern on the rear porch of the D. I. office. A short time after-wards (about 3:10 p. m.), the defendant’s train with seven or eight cars approached on the northbound track. It had come from Florence and was going in the direction of Rocky Mount. According to the plaintiff’s evidence it was running forty miles an hour; and while it is usual for trains to blow for the crossing (R., p. 14), on this occasion no signal or warning was given by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell. The plaintiff’s intestate, coming from the D. I. office, j>assed through the open space between the box cars and while in the act of crossing the east main line was struck by the engine and killed. Evidence on behalf of the defendant tended to show that the proper signals
were given and that the intestate heedlessly ran upon the track in front of the train and solely by his own negligence caused his injury and death.
The defendant contends that upon.its motion the action should have ■ been dismissed as in case of nonsuit. Exceptions 2 and 4. This position cannot be maintained. It was unquestionably the duty of the defendant in the exercise of due care to give timely warning of the train’s approach by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell, or by both means if reasonably necessary, and if it failed to perform this duty such failure was evidence of negligence, requiring determination by the jury of all matters involved in the first issue.
Costin v. Power Co.,
181 N. C., 196;
Jackson v. R. R., ibid.,
153;
Perry v. R. R.,
180 N. C., 290;
Bagwell v. R. R.,
167 N. C., 611;
Hill v. R. R.,
166 N. C., 592;
Jenkins v. R. R.,
155 N. C., 203;
Norton v. R. R.,
122 N. C., 910;
Hinkle v. R. R.,
109 N. C., 472. The specific contention, that, as a proposition of law, the intestate’s negligence was essentially the sole cause of his injury and death and a consequent bar to the recovery of damages, is not in accord with our decisions. We adhere to the principle that qualifying facts and conditions may so complicate the question of contributory negligence as to make it one for the jury even when there has been a failure to look or listen
(Cooper v. R. R.,
140 N. C., 209); and surely upon the facts disclosed in the case at bar we cannot hold as a legal inference that the intestate’s álleged negligence was such as entitles the defendant to a dismissal of the action. It is incumbent upon the defendant to establish contributory negligence as a matter of affirmative defense.
Jackson v. R. R.,
181 N. C., 153;
Goff v. R. R.,
179 N. C., 216;
Lea v. Utilities Co.,
178 N. C., 509;
Lutterloh v. R. R.,
172 N. C., 116;
Davidson v. R. R.,
170 N. C., 281;
Shepard v. R. R.,
166 N. C., 539. In
Davidson v. R. R., 171
N. C., 634, it is said that where a pedestrian without looking or listening goes in the daytime upon a railroad track, the view of which is unobstructed, and is injured thereby, his own negligence will be deemed the proximate cause of his injury and will preclude his recovery See, also,
Coleman v. R. R.,
153 N. C., 322;
Trull v. R. R.,
151 N. C., 545;
Parker v. R. R.,
86 N. C., 221. But in the present ease there is evidence tending to show that the intestate’s view was obstructed and that he could not have seen the approaching train until he had come within one step of the track, and even then only by “sticking his head around the box car after getting down on the bridge.” Whether he approached the track rapidly or slowly was a matter for the jury. Considering the entire evidence we think the defendant’s motion for nonsuit was properly denied.
A witness for tbe plaintiff, after testifying as to tbe character, tbe babits, and tbe earning capacity of tbe intestate, said: “It is not my opinion that be spent much money on bimself as distinguished from bis family.” To this tbe defendant excepted. In ascertaining net earnings tbe rule requires tbe jury to deduct only tbe reasonably necessary personal expenses of tbe deceased and not tbe amount spent for bis family or those dependent upon him.
Carter v. R. R.,
139 N. C., 500;
Roberson v. Lumber Co.,
154 N. C., 328. Tbe evidence excepted to must be considered in its relation to tbe preceding testimony of tbe witness, and when so considered it is not objectionable as a mere expression of opinion. It is apparent that this clause was an estimate based upon observation and knowledge of tbe intestate’s industry and babits.
Taylor v. Security Co.,
145 N. C., 383. Tbe first exception, then, must be overruled.
Tbe third exception also is without merit. Tbe engineer, testifying on behalf of tbe defendant, offered to repeat a remark be bad made to tbe fireman, probably concerning tbe ringing of tbe bell, although tbe substance of tbe remark is not set out in tbe record.
Snyder v. Asheboro,
182 N. C., 708. But if tbe purpose was to show that tbe bell bad in fact been rung and was still ringing, this circumstance was afterwards related by tbe engineer and tbe fireman. R., pp. 37, 52.
Tbe fifth exception is addressed to an instruction which is a literal excerpt from tbe opinion in
Cooper v. R. R., supra.
It is perfectly evident that bis Honor intended merely to state an established principle of law to be applied by tbe jury to tbe evidence relating to tbe second issue. He did not assume or intimate that tbe intestate’s view was in fact obstructed, as contended by tbe plaintiff, and herein tbe instruction excepted to differs from that which was disapproved in
Withers v. Lane,
144 N. C., 184.
Tbe prayer for instruction which is tbe subject of tbe sixth exception runs counter to recognized principles in this class of cases. It was not tbe absolute duty of tbe intestate to stop, look, and listen simply because tbe defendant’s track is a place of danger. There is no authority for bolding that tbe law imposed upon tbe intestate tbe unqualified duty to
stop
before going upon tbe track.
Jackson v. R. R., supra,
and cases therein cited. The prayer is objectionable for tbe further reason that it disregards tbe alleged negligence of tbe defendant as a factor tending to explain tbe conditions under which tbe intestate-approached tbe track.
Johnson v. R. R.,
163 N. C., 431. Upon tbe same principle, and for tbe additional reason that tbe prayer omits all reference to tbe question of proximate cause, tbe seventh exception must be overruled. So likewise as to tbe eighth and ninth. 'Whether tbe crossing is technically a highway is immaterial. It was used by tbe
public as well as by tbe defendant’s employees and whether the defendant exercised due care in the operation of its train at the place of the injury was a matter to be considered by the jury in connection with the character of the crossing and the defendant’s knowledge of its use. The remaining exception is formal and requires no discussion.
We find
No error.