The court’s opinion was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
The feigned issue directed to be tried in this case, if we are at liberty to conjecture the object of it, seems not to be formed, so as to meet the design. From the evidence given on the trial it is certain that it was not joined for the purpose of deciding, whether Daniel Rife, who Was the defendant there was chargeable with one single item, amounting to ten,thousand dollars, of the estate of Henry Rife, sf. the deceased testator, where the only [208]*208question was, whether he was to be charged with an indivisablé item of ten thousand dollars, and he was either to be charged with the whole of it, or no part of it. I say, from the Course of the trial, fend the evidence given on it, this could not have been the object of the feigned issue, because there was evidence given on the part of the plaintiff below, of the whole personal estate of the testator, consisting of many articles and items, and the'y claimed to charge Daniel Rife, with the aggregate amohiitof the whole estate of the testator; which fell greatly short of ten thousand dollars. But from the issue as it is joined upon the íécord, the single point to be settled is, whether Daniel Rife received ten thousand dollar's, part of thd estate of Henry Rife the testator, as his surviving executor. From! what was disclosed upon the trial, it is_evident that the plaintiffs below, could never have thought, that Daniel Rife had received any such sum as ten thousand dollars of the estate, because they must have known well, that the whole estate never amounted to but little more than one fourth of that sum¡ Many errors, as well as great injustice, must necessarily grovV out. of not stating the fact or facts contested between the parties specifically, and making the precise points of the issue or issues which are to be settled by á jury. It Would be well if the same precision and minuteness were to he observed in these issues, directed by the Orphans’ Court, to settle an administration account, as is required in forming ad issue before auditors in an action of account render. If this course were observed, every thing that is admitted and agreed on between the parties litigant, would be excluded by the form and terms of the issue or issues, from the consideration of the jury, and leave no ground for mistake or misapprehension afterwards of what was tried, and the extent of the liability Under the finding of the jury. We had another case before us at this term, in which the Orphans’ Court directed an issue in general terms, to try and determine how much of the estate of the intestate had come to the hands of the defendant, who was a co-administrator, and with how much he was chargeable. In the account which he had stated before the register, he had charged himself with Upwards of twelve hundred dollai'S, and on the trial of the feigned issue, it was a question of law upon which the direction of the court below was asked to the jury, whether if the jury should be of opinion, that the defendant was chargeable with nothing more than what he had admitted himself to be, in his administration account, and which iñ. reality was never in dispute, they should find a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs or the defendant, the court in that event directed the jury to find in favor of the defendant, and this was assigned for error in the case. 3 Penn. Rep. 183. Now if the judges, who' had directed the issue in this last case, and who afterwards formed the Court iff which the issue was tried, had died without any further account [209]*209being settled, I am inclined to think, that the finding of the jury, would have presented évidence perhaps conclusive, of an entire acquittal, to the defendant. Yet those who were acquainted with the circumstances of the whole proceeding, could never doubt but that the defendant ought to be accountable for the amount with Which he had charged himself in his account, notwithstanding the finding of the jury in his favor, which was clearly a response to the general question submitted to them, what was he chargeable with? There is also an objection, as it appears to me, to the propriety of the Orphans’ Court directing an issue to be tried by a .jury for the purpose of deciding generally, what sum or amount of money or estate of the deceased, in the hands of the accountant, he is to be charged with. Such issue, unless there be a special direction to the contrary, as there is sometimes in an order of a Court of Chancery for the trial of an issue, on a matter of fact, must be tried according to the course of the common law; and the same rules, in respect to evidence, prevail as in other cases. This would perhaps be in violation of the rights of the accountant, who, as I conceive, according to the universal practice of this state, and that too, I may say, júme out of mind, has been admitted in many cases to discharge himself by his own oath or affirmation, from certain items or claims, as well as to entitle himself to certain credits, in part at least, by the like testimony. It does appear to me, that accuracy, convenience and justice all join in pointing out a different course to be pursued in these cases, from that of the present or the one alluded to, In the present case the single fact put in issue is, did the plaintiff in error, receive ten thousand dollars of the estate of the testator, as the surviving exéCutor, if he did, then according to his promise, he was bound to pay five dollars to the plaintiffs below, and a verdict ought to have been given against him, but if not, then the event had not taken place, upon which he had promised to pay, and he stood acquitted or discharged from the plaintiff’s claim. It is obvious, as I have already said, that this was not the end for which this issue was intended or directed, but most likely, the same with that in the case already alluded to, that is, to ascertain what amount, if any, of the estate of the testator had come into the hands of the plaintiff in error, and with how much he was chargeable. The foregoing observations- have been made, in hopes that they may cause the attention of the judges of bur Orphans’ Courts to this subject, so that more care and precision may be observed in directing such issues, than seems to prevail. The first error assigned is, that the court erred in charging the jury what the facts were, and instructing them to find accordingly. The judge told the jury, that “the witnesses say that after the death of Henry Rife, sr. the two sons, (meaning Henry and Daniel, the executors named in the will,) took possession [210]*210(meaning of the personal property of the testator,) and afterwards Daniel sold his moiety to his brother Henry, for a large consideration. This establishes his possession, and his transfer for a full consideration. Each executor having taken one-half of the personal estate in his own right as devisee, and Daniel having converted his half into money, it leaves him liable to that extent, both to legatees and creditors.” Now although the witnesses in giving testimony in chief, did say that the personal property went into the possession of Henry and Daniel, upon the death of the testator, yet in their cross-examination, they also said that they saw no difference in the use of the property before the testator’s death and after it. That Henry and Daniel both lived with him — that they knewnothing ofDaniel's taking particularpossession of any part of it. That Henry Rife acted as executor and managed things and collected money. They never saw Daniel make any contract or purchases or
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The court’s opinion was delivered by
Kennedy, J.
The feigned issue directed to be tried in this case, if we are at liberty to conjecture the object of it, seems not to be formed, so as to meet the design. From the evidence given on the trial it is certain that it was not joined for the purpose of deciding, whether Daniel Rife, who Was the defendant there was chargeable with one single item, amounting to ten,thousand dollars, of the estate of Henry Rife, sf. the deceased testator, where the only [208]*208question was, whether he was to be charged with an indivisablé item of ten thousand dollars, and he was either to be charged with the whole of it, or no part of it. I say, from the Course of the trial, fend the evidence given on it, this could not have been the object of the feigned issue, because there was evidence given on the part of the plaintiff below, of the whole personal estate of the testator, consisting of many articles and items, and the'y claimed to charge Daniel Rife, with the aggregate amohiitof the whole estate of the testator; which fell greatly short of ten thousand dollars. But from the issue as it is joined upon the íécord, the single point to be settled is, whether Daniel Rife received ten thousand dollar's, part of thd estate of Henry Rife the testator, as his surviving executor. From! what was disclosed upon the trial, it is_evident that the plaintiffs below, could never have thought, that Daniel Rife had received any such sum as ten thousand dollars of the estate, because they must have known well, that the whole estate never amounted to but little more than one fourth of that sum¡ Many errors, as well as great injustice, must necessarily grovV out. of not stating the fact or facts contested between the parties specifically, and making the precise points of the issue or issues which are to be settled by á jury. It Would be well if the same precision and minuteness were to he observed in these issues, directed by the Orphans’ Court, to settle an administration account, as is required in forming ad issue before auditors in an action of account render. If this course were observed, every thing that is admitted and agreed on between the parties litigant, would be excluded by the form and terms of the issue or issues, from the consideration of the jury, and leave no ground for mistake or misapprehension afterwards of what was tried, and the extent of the liability Under the finding of the jury. We had another case before us at this term, in which the Orphans’ Court directed an issue in general terms, to try and determine how much of the estate of the intestate had come to the hands of the defendant, who was a co-administrator, and with how much he was chargeable. In the account which he had stated before the register, he had charged himself with Upwards of twelve hundred dollai'S, and on the trial of the feigned issue, it was a question of law upon which the direction of the court below was asked to the jury, whether if the jury should be of opinion, that the defendant was chargeable with nothing more than what he had admitted himself to be, in his administration account, and which iñ. reality was never in dispute, they should find a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs or the defendant, the court in that event directed the jury to find in favor of the defendant, and this was assigned for error in the case. 3 Penn. Rep. 183. Now if the judges, who' had directed the issue in this last case, and who afterwards formed the Court iff which the issue was tried, had died without any further account [209]*209being settled, I am inclined to think, that the finding of the jury, would have presented évidence perhaps conclusive, of an entire acquittal, to the defendant. Yet those who were acquainted with the circumstances of the whole proceeding, could never doubt but that the defendant ought to be accountable for the amount with Which he had charged himself in his account, notwithstanding the finding of the jury in his favor, which was clearly a response to the general question submitted to them, what was he chargeable with? There is also an objection, as it appears to me, to the propriety of the Orphans’ Court directing an issue to be tried by a .jury for the purpose of deciding generally, what sum or amount of money or estate of the deceased, in the hands of the accountant, he is to be charged with. Such issue, unless there be a special direction to the contrary, as there is sometimes in an order of a Court of Chancery for the trial of an issue, on a matter of fact, must be tried according to the course of the common law; and the same rules, in respect to evidence, prevail as in other cases. This would perhaps be in violation of the rights of the accountant, who, as I conceive, according to the universal practice of this state, and that too, I may say, júme out of mind, has been admitted in many cases to discharge himself by his own oath or affirmation, from certain items or claims, as well as to entitle himself to certain credits, in part at least, by the like testimony. It does appear to me, that accuracy, convenience and justice all join in pointing out a different course to be pursued in these cases, from that of the present or the one alluded to, In the present case the single fact put in issue is, did the plaintiff in error, receive ten thousand dollars of the estate of the testator, as the surviving exéCutor, if he did, then according to his promise, he was bound to pay five dollars to the plaintiffs below, and a verdict ought to have been given against him, but if not, then the event had not taken place, upon which he had promised to pay, and he stood acquitted or discharged from the plaintiff’s claim. It is obvious, as I have already said, that this was not the end for which this issue was intended or directed, but most likely, the same with that in the case already alluded to, that is, to ascertain what amount, if any, of the estate of the testator had come into the hands of the plaintiff in error, and with how much he was chargeable. The foregoing observations- have been made, in hopes that they may cause the attention of the judges of bur Orphans’ Courts to this subject, so that more care and precision may be observed in directing such issues, than seems to prevail. The first error assigned is, that the court erred in charging the jury what the facts were, and instructing them to find accordingly. The judge told the jury, that “the witnesses say that after the death of Henry Rife, sr. the two sons, (meaning Henry and Daniel, the executors named in the will,) took possession [210]*210(meaning of the personal property of the testator,) and afterwards Daniel sold his moiety to his brother Henry, for a large consideration. This establishes his possession, and his transfer for a full consideration. Each executor having taken one-half of the personal estate in his own right as devisee, and Daniel having converted his half into money, it leaves him liable to that extent, both to legatees and creditors.” Now although the witnesses in giving testimony in chief, did say that the personal property went into the possession of Henry and Daniel, upon the death of the testator, yet in their cross-examination, they also said that they saw no difference in the use of the property before the testator’s death and after it. That Henry and Daniel both lived with him — that they knewnothing ofDaniel's taking particularpossession of any part of it. That Henry Rife acted as executor and managed things and collected money. They never saw Daniel make any contract or purchases or transact any business as executor. It was all done by Henry so far as they knew, and tho.property left icith Henry when Daniel went away. Darnel sold nothing, attended to nothing as they knew of. After this testimony was given to the jury, it does appear to me that the court in charging the jury as above, withdrew the facts from them, and substituted their notion of the facts in its place. The transfer which the court speak of made by Daniel to his brother Henry, co-executor in the will, was merely a transfer of Daniel’s right and interest under the will, as devisee or legatee. To enable him to make such a transfer, it was not necessary that he should have taken possession of any part of the estate. So that notwithstanding this transfer, the jury taking into consideration the whole of the parol testimony that was given, had it been left to them to decide the facts, might have found that Daniel never had intermeddled with the estate, by taking possession of any part of it.; or at most, not more of it than perhaps a plough and team of horses, and even these, they, from the testimony, might have thought were under the immediate direction and control of his brother Henry. Unless then he took the actual possession of the property, he was not liable; and in that case liable only for the value of what he did so take possession of. Indeed it is most probable that the finding of the jury would have been in favor of Daniel, as the exonerating testimony came from the same witnesses that gave testimony which went to charge him. It however, was a matter exclusively for their determination, and ought to have been submitted to them, to say whether, from the whole of the testimony Daniel had taken possession of any of the property, and if any, to what ampunt. There was error committed by the court below, in not so leaving it to the jury.
The second error is, that the court instructed the jury, that the plaintiff in erro*, was chargeable with one-half of the inventory and [211]*211interest, and was not to be credited with one-half of the credits in Henry’s account.
It appeared in evidence that Henry had settled his administration account of the estate, in which he had charged himself with the whole of the personal estate, amounting to two thousand six hundred and eleven dollars and fourteen and a half cents, and got credits amounting to one thousand six hundred and thirty-threft dollars and seventy-one and a half cents, leaving only a balance unadministered of nine hundred and seventy-seven dollars and forty-three cents. I here confess, that I do not comprehend or see, upon what principle the court below could, after this testimony was given, and which does not appear to have been contradicted, have directed the jury to charge Daniel with one-half of the estate. Henry having received the whole of it, had voluntarily charged himself with the whole of it. The justice and correctness of this, is not disputed by his representatives. He has accounted for and administered considerably more than the one-half of it; now in the worst probable state of things that can be imagined for Daniel, even if he had had the whole of the estate in his exclusive possession, and had delivered it over afterwards to Henry, he could not be charged with more than that portion of it which remained unaccounted for, and unadministered by Henry. Suppose Henry had administered and accounted for the whole of it, will it be said that Daniel would be chargéable still with the one-half of it? Surely not. There was error in this part of the charge also.
There is.nothing in the third error. The will was admissible to show that Daniel was a co-executor and what were the duties enjoined upon him by it. If this were unnecessary, giving it in evidence could do him no possible injury.
Judgment reversed