Richter v. Oracle America, Inc.

Opinion

1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION 6 7 HAONING RICHTER, Case No. 22-cv-04795-BLF

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS

10 ORACLE AMERICA, INC., [Re: ECF No. 23] 11 Defendant.

12 13 Plaintiff Haoning Richter filed suit in state court against her previous employer, Defendant 14 Oracle America, Inc. (“Oracle”), following her termination. The case was compelled to 15 arbitration. Plaintiff filed in state court to stay the arbitration pending appeal. She was 16 unsuccessful. Plaintiff sought review of the order compelling arbitration, again in state court. She 17 was again unsuccessful. After several discovery disputes in the arbitral proceeding, Plaintiff filed 18 an ex parte application in state court to enjoin the arbitral proceeding. Yet again, Plaintiff was 19 unsuccessful. Having failed to obtain her desired results in state court, Plaintiff filed the instant 20 action in federal court. 21 Now before the Court is Oracle’s motion to dismiss the Complaint under Federal Rules of 22 Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). See ECF No. 23 (“MTD”); see also ECF No. 27 23 (“Reply”). Richter opposes the motion. ECF No. 26 (“Opp.”). For the following reasons, 24 Oracle’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Plaintiff filed suit against Oracle on October 29, 2018 in Santa Clara County Superior 27 Court. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 147. The state court determined that Richter was bound by an 1 Private Attorney General Act to a JAMS arbitral proceeding. Id. ¶¶ 148-150, Ex. C (“Arbitration 2 Agreement); see ECF No. 24 (“RJN”) Ex. C (May 2019 state court order). Plaintiff’s petitions for 3 review of the superior court order were denied by the Court of Appeal and California Supreme 4 Court. RJN Exs. D, E. 5 The Arbitration Agreement states, in relevant part:

6 Mutual Agreement to Arbitrate

7 You and Oracle understand and agree that any existing or future dispute or claim arising out of or related to your Oracle employment, 8 or the termination of that employment, will be resolved by final and binding arbitration and that no other forum for dispute resolution will 9 be available to either party, except as to those claims identified below. The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on both you 10 and Oracle and it shall be enforceable by any court having proper jurisdiction. 11 . . . The arbitrator will have all the powers a judge would have in dealing 12 with any question or dispute that may arise before, during and after the arbitration. 13 See Compl. Ex. C. Also relevant to this matter is a Proprietary Information Agreement (“PIA”) 14 that Richter and Oracle signed as part of her employment. See Compl. Ex. A. The PIA provides 15 that “any legal action or proceeding involving Oracle which is in any way connected with this 16 agreement may be instituted in federal court in San Francisco or San Jose, California or state court 17 in San Mateo County or Santa Clara County, California.” Compl. Ex. A ¶ 12. 18 On November 3, 2020, Oracle propounded its first set of Requests for Production of 19 Documents (“RFP”), including RFP No. 2, which sought: 20 Any and all DOCUMENTS that YOU retained or kept in YOUR 21 possession from YOUR employment at ORACLE . . . . 22 Compl. ¶ 158. On December 15, 2020, Richter responded to the RFP. Id. ¶ 159. 23 During her September 17, 2021 deposition, Richter stated that after learning her 24 employment would be terminated, she had kept Oracle-related documents on her personal 25 computer. Compl. ¶ 163. On a September 20, 2021 conference call with the parties and the 26 arbitrator, Oracle stated that Richter had violated the PIA and may have, as a result, violated 27 federal law. Id. ¶ 165. Based on the deposition, on September 21, 2021, Oracle brought a motion 1 violated the PIA. Id. ¶ 167. The arbitrator set a hearing on September 29, 2021. Id. ¶ 169. The 2 arbitrator granted the request on September 30, 2021. Id. ¶ 174. 3 Also on September 29, 2021, Richter filed an ex parte application in Santa Clara County 4 Superior Court for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) to enjoin the impoundment of her 5 personal computer and to enjoin the arbitral proceeding. Compl. ¶ 173. In her ex parte 6 application, Plaintiff argued she would likely prevail on her claim that she was contractually 7 entitled to litigate all her claims pending in the JAMS proceeding in the Santa Clara Superior 8 Court on the basis that the PIA permitted her to submit all of her claims in court and that the 9 balance of equities heavily favored her because she would be “compelled to participate in a futile 10 arbitration” and that any forensic examination ordered by the Arbitrator would invade her privacy. 11 See RJN Ex. F. Oracle opposed the application. See id. Ex. G. The court denied this application 12 on October 4, 2021. Compl. ¶ 177; see RJN Ex. H (October 2021 state court order). 13 In the arbitration proceeding, on October 7, 2021, Oracle disclosed that it had possession 14 of Richter’s work computer. Compl. ¶ 180. Given various discovery issues, the arbitrator vacated 15 the October 2021 hearing dates. Id. ¶ 184. Plaintiff filed a motion for sanctions against Oracle on 16 the basis of documents she discovered on the work computer that allegedly were not handed over 17 in discovery. Id. ¶¶ 185-186. In opposition, Oracle asserted that Richter had unclean hands, as 18 her actions in withholding her personal computer had violated the PIA. Id. ¶¶ 187-188. In Reply, 19 Richter asserted that she had the legal right under the PIA to litigate PIA-related issues in a 20 judicial forum. Id. ¶ 190. The arbitrator issued an order on June 30, 2022 stating, among other 21 things, that Richter’s “copying and retention of Oracle documents” was “improper.” Id. ¶ 192. 22 On August 22, 2022, Plaintiff filed her Complaint in this case in federal court. See Compl. 23 The Complaint has eight causes of action. See generally id. The first cause of action is for 24 declaratory relief seeking “a judicial declaration that [Richter] has the contractual right to litigate, 25 in this Court, (a) the legal issue of whether or not she can be held liable under the PIA, and (b) all 26 of her pending legal claims in the Arbitral Proceeding. Id. ¶¶ 193-195. The remaining causes of 27 action are all identical to causes of action brought by Plaintiff in her state court action. See 1 On September 26, 2022, Oracle filed the instant motion to dismiss. See MTD. 2 II. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 3 Oracle filed a Request for Judicial Notice in support of its Opposition to the motion for 4 preliminary injunction. ECF No. 24 (“RJN”). Defendant seeks judicial notice of ten exhibits, all 5 of which are documents from the state court and arbitration proceedings between these parties. 6 RJN at 1; see Haoning Richter v. Oracle America, Inc., et al., Case No. 18-cv-337194 (Santa 7 Clara Superior Court). Plaintiff opposes the request. See Opp. at 28-29. 8 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of “matters of public 9 record.” Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006). A 10 court may not take judicial notice of a fact that is “subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed. R. Evid. 11 201(b). Public records, including judgments and other court documents, are proper subjects of 12 judicial notice. See, e.g., United States v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007). Rulings in 13 an arbitration are also proper subjects of judicial notice. See Rachford v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 14 Int’l, 284 F. App’x 473, 475 (9th Cir. 2008). 15 Richter opposes the request on the basis that Oracle failed to authenticate the documents, 16 provide a list of the documents, or identify the purpose for which the documents are offered or the 17 facts for which judicial notice is requested. Opp. at 28-29. The authenticity of the documents is 18 not in dispute. Further, Richter refers to many of these documents in her Complaint and briefing 19 on the motion, and she has filed several of the same documents as exhibits to a declaration from 20 her attorney, submitted in conjunction with her opposition to this motion. See ECF No. 26-1. 21 Defendant requests judicial notice of filings and orders in proceedings involving the parties 22 in state court and arbitration, which are properly subject to judicial notice. See RJN. The Court 23 GRANTS Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice. 24 III. LEGAL STANDARD 25 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 26 claim upon which relief can be granted ‘tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.’” Conservation 27 Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240, 1241–42 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 1 as true all well-pled factual allegations and construes them in the light most favorable to the 2 plaintiff. Reese v. BP Expl. (Alaska) Inc., 643 F.3d 681, 690 (9th Cir. 2011). However, the Court 3 need not “accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice” or 4 “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable 5 inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). 6 While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it “must contain sufficient factual 7 matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 8 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A 9 claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 10 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. On a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review is 11 limited to the face of the complaint and matters judicially noticeable. MGIC Indem. Corp. v. 12 Weisman, 803 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1986); N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 13 581 (9th Cir. 1983). 14 IV. EVIDENTIARY OBJECTIONS 15 Both sides state “evidentiary objections.” Richter objects to several portions of a 16 declaration submitted by Oracle’s counsel, Lucky Meinz, in support of Oracle’s motion to dismiss. 17 Opp. at 29-30 (citing ECF No. 23-1). She also argues that Oracle improperly incorporates by 18 reference documents that were filed in association with the motion for a preliminary injunction, as 19 opposed to the motion to dismiss, and requests that such references be stricken. Id. at 28. Oracle 20 objects, on various bases, to the declarations of Richter and her counsel, Gautam Dutta, that were 21 filed in association with the opposition to the motion to dismiss. Reply at 13-14. Oracle also 22 argues that Richter improperly fails to provide citations for many of the factual contentions in her 23 opposition brief. Id. at 13. 24 As stated above, on a motion to dismiss, the Court’s review is limited to the face of the 25 complaint and matters judicially noticeable. MGIC Indem. Corp. v. Weisman, 803 F.2d 500, 504 26 (9th Cir. 1986); N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 1983). The Court 27 therefore declines to consider all declarations submitted in association with this motion or any V. ANALYSIS 1 A. Declaratory Relief as to the Ability to Litigate Potential Future PIA Claims 2 In her first cause of action for declaratory relief, Richter asks the Court for a judicial 3 declaration that Richter has the contractual right to litigate the legal issue of whether she can be 4 held liable under the PIA. Compl. ¶¶ 193-195. Oracle argues that the Court does not have subject 5 matter jurisdiction over this claim because there is no actual controversy. MTD at 9-12. Richter 6 does not argue otherwise. See Opp. While the Court may thus presume Richter has conceded this 7 claim, it will address its jurisdiction regardless. 8 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized 9 by Constitution and statute, which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen v. 10 Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). “A party 11 invoking the federal court’s jurisdiction has the burden of proving the actual existence of subject 12 matter jurisdiction.” Thompson v. McCombe, 99 F.3d 352, 353 (9th Cir. 1996). “Article III of the 13 Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to consideration of actual cases and 14 controversies, and federal courts are not permitted to render advisory opinions.” W. Linn Corp. 15 Park L.L.C. v. City of W. Linn, 534 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir. 2008). “When presented with a 16 claim for a declaratory judgment, therefore, federal courts must take care to ensure the presence of 17 an actual case or controversy.” Rhoades v. Avon Prods., Inc., 504 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9 Cir. 2007). 18 Oracle argues that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because there is no current 19 case or controversy as to whether Plaintiff has violated the PIA or any other issue pertaining to the 20 PIA. MTD at 10. The Court agrees. There are several employment claims against Oracle in the 21 motion to dismiss. And the PIA has come up in the context of discovery disputes. But there is 22 currently no action seeking to hold Richter liable for violation of the PIA. Therefore, any decision 23 by the Court as to Richter’s ability to litigate the legal issue of whether she can be held liable 24 under the PIA would be an improper advisory opinion. This determination is in accordance with 25 “several courts [that] have concluded that a declaratory judgment action concerning the 26 arbitrability of a future, hypothetical conflict is nonjusticiable.” Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Novae 27 Syndicate 2007, No. C18-0585JLR, 2019 WL 3287893, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 22, 2019) 1 (collecting cases); see also, e.g., Sankyo Corp. v. Nakamura Trading Corp., 139 F. App’x 648, 2 652 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that “attempting to take preemptive action by filing a lawsuit to settle 3 the arbitration question in advance . . . is precluded by the Case and Controversy requirement of 4 the United States Constitution”). 5 The Court therefore DISMISSES Richter’s first cause of action as to a judicial declaration 6 that Richter has the contractual right to litigate the legal issue of whether she can be held liable 7 under the PIA. 8 B. Declaratory Relief as to Ability to Litigate Current Claims 9 In her first cause of action for declaratory relief, Richter also asks the Court for a judicial 10 declaration that she can litigate all of her pending legal claims in the arbitral proceeding. Compl. 11 ¶¶ 193-195. Oracle makes several arguments as to why the Court should dismiss this claim, which 12 the Court will address in turn. 13 1. Rooker-Feldman 14 The Court must address whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over this claim. As 15 stated above, “[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power 16 authorized by Constitution and statute, which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen 17 v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). “A party 18 invoking the federal court’s jurisdiction has the burden of proving the actual existence of subject 19 matter jurisdiction.” Thompson v. McCombe, 99 F.3d 352, 353 (9th Cir. 1996). Oracle argues that 20 the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. MTD at 21 7-9. 22 “Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, ‘a state-court decision is not reviewable by lower 23 federal courts.’” Hooper v. Brnovich, No. 22-16764, 2022 WL 16947727, at *3 (9th Cir. Nov. 15 24 2022) (quoting Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 532 (2011)). And the doctrine bars jurisdiction 25 “not only over an action explicitly styled as a direct appeal, but also over the ‘de facto equivalent’ 26 of such an appeal.” Morrison v. Peterson, 809 F.3d 1059, 1070 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Cooper v. 27 Ramos, 704 F.3d 772, 777 (9th Cir. 2012)). In determining whether an action is a de facto appeal, 1 F.3d at 777-78 (quoting Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 F.3d 895, 900 (9th Cir. 2003)). A case is a de 2 facto appeal “when the plaintiff in federal district court complains of a legal wrong allegedly 3 committed by the state court, and seeks relief from the judgment of that court.” Noel v. Hall, 341 4 F.3d 1148, 1163 (9th Cir. 2003). “If claims raised in the federal court action are ‘inextricably 5 intertwined’ with the state court’s decision such that the adjudication of the federal claims would 6 undercut the state ruling . . . , then the federal complaint must be dismissed for lack of subject 7 matter jurisdiction.” Bianchi, 334 F.3d at 898. The doctrine “does not preclude a plaintiff from 8 bringing an ‘independent claim’ that, though similar or even identical to issues aired in state court, 9 was not the subject of a previous judgment by the state court.” Hooper, 2022 WL 16947727, at *3 10 (quoting Cooper, 704 F.3d at 778). 11 Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that her claims should be litigated under the PIA. 12 See Compl. ¶¶ 193-195. Two state court orders are implicated by this claim: (1) the May 2019 13 state court order compelling arbitration, see RJN Ex. C; and (2) the October 2021 state court order 14 denying to enjoin the arbitral proceedings, see RJN Ex. H. In her ex parte application, Plaintiff 15 argued that, under the PIA, she is entitled to litigate the claims currently in arbitration—the same 16 proposition for which she is seeking a judicial declaration. See RJN Ex. F. The Court thus finds 17 that Richter’s claim for declaratory relief as to her ability to litigate these claims in court is a de 18 facto appeal of the state court’s October 2021 order. Plaintiff is here seeking to move her claims 19 from arbitration to litigation on the basis of the PIA—exactly what she was seeking from the state 20 court, and on the same basis. This claim is “inextricably intertwined” with the ex parte application 21 brought in state court. See Bianchi, 334 F.3d at 898. 22 Richter argues that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply here because she does not 23 assert that the state court order caused her to suffer any injuries. Opp. at 23-24. She also argues 24 that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply because she does not seek any damages Id. at 25 24. Richter points to language from a Supreme Court decision stating that the Rooker-Feldman 26 doctrine applies only to “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by 27 state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting 1 Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). Rooker-Feldman does not apply when an injury “was not 2 caused by the state court,” but instead the state court “failed to rectify” an injury. Henrichs v. 3 Valley View Dev., 474 F.3d 609, 614 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1165 4 (9th Cir. 2003)). The Court finds that the state court’s October 2021 order did not cause Richter 5 any injuries; it instead simply maintained the status quo, failing to rectify an earlier injury: being 6 compelled to arbitration. Cf. KIPP Acad. Charter Sch. v. United Fed’n of Tchrs., AFT NYSUT, 7 AFL-CIO, 723 F. App’x 26 (2d Cir. 2018) (holding Rooker-Feldman did not apply because court 8 order denying a stay of already-occurring arbitration did not cause a new injury, but instead 9 ratified an injury caused by defendant). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine therefore does not apply. 10 2. Preclusion 11 Oracle argues that even if the declaratory relief claim is not barred by Rooker-Feldman, it 12 is barred by the related doctrine of preclusion. MTD at 14-17. The Ninth Circuit has held that 13 “[p]reclusion, not Rooker–Feldman, applies when ‘a federal plaintiff complains of an injury that 14 was not caused by the state court, but which the state court has previously failed to rectify.’” 15 Henrichs, 474 F.3d at 614 (quoting Noel, 341 F.3d at 1165). 16 The Full Faith and Credit Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, “directs all courts to treat a state court 17 judgment with the same respect that it would receive in the courts of the rendering state.” 18 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Epstein, 516 U.S. 367, 373 (1996). “Federal courts are compelled 19 by the ‘full faith and credit’ statute to give collateral estoppel and res judicata effects to the 20 judgments of state courts.” Se. Res. Recovery Facility Auth. v. Montenay Int’l Corp., 973 F.2d 21 711, 712-13 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1738 (1988)). A “court must treat a state court 22 judgment with the same respect it would receive in the courts of the rendering state.” Moreno v. 23 UtiliQuest, LLC, 29 F.4th 567, 578 (9th Cir. 2022). The Court therefore applies California law to 24 determine the preclusive effect of a state court order. Id. (citing Manufactured Home Cmtys. Inc. 25 v. City of San Jose, 420 F.3d 1022, 1031 (9th Cir. 2005)). Under California law, “[c]ollateral 26 estoppel bars ‘relitigation of an issue decided at a previous proceeding if (1) the issue necessarily 27 decided at the previous [proceeding] is identical to the one which is sought to be relitigated; (2) 1 whom collateral estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party at the prior 2 [proceeding].’” Wabakken v. California Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 801 F.3d 1143, 1148 (9th Cir. 3 2015) (quoting People v. Carter, 36 Cal. 4th 1215, 1240 (2005)) (alterations in original). 4 The Court finds that all three elements of collateral estoppel are satisfied here with respect 5 to the October 2021 state court order. As to the first prong, as discussed above, the issue decided 6 before the state court on the ex parte application is identical to the one at issue here: whether the 7 PIA allows Richter to move her claims from arbitration to litigation. See RJN Ex. F (state court 8 application). As to the second prong, the Ninth Circuit has previously held that, under California 9 law, “an order compelling arbitration is the final order in a special proceeding,” and it is thus 10 “entitled to full faith and credit.” Se. Res. Recovery Facility Auth., 973 F.2d at 713. The Ninth 11 Circuit further held that “the denial of an injunction against arbitration is an order compelling 12 arbitration,” and it is thus entitled to preclusive effect. Id. And the October 2021 state court order 13 is precisely that—the denial of an injunction against arbitration. Finally, as to the third prong, the 14 parties here are identical to those in the state court proceeding. 15 Richter argues that the full faith and credit statute does not apply here because collateral 16 estoppel does not apply to a state court arbitration order from which an appeal may still be taken, 17 despite the Ninth Circuit’s ruling in Southeast Resource Recovery Facility Authority. Opp. at 24- 18 26. Richter relies on Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. Estate of Lhotka ex rel. Lhotka, 599 F.3d 19 1102 (9th Cir. 2010). In that case, Lhotka brought suit against Geographic Expeditions, Inc. 20 (“GeoEx”) in state court, and GeoEx filed a motion to compel arbitration in the state court action. 21 Id. at 1105. While the state court motion to compel arbitration was pending, GeoEx filed a 22 petition in federal district court to compel arbitration. Id. at 1105-06. The district court dismissed 23 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the amount in controversy did not exceed $75,000. 24 Id. at 1106. GeoEx appealed. Id. By the time the Ninth Circuit made a decision, the California 25 Court of Appeal had already held the arbitration agreement to be unenforceable. Id. at 1105 n.3. 26 The Ninth Circuit stated in a footnote that the California Court of Appeal’s decision did not 27 prevent the federal suit from proceeding. Id. It stated that “[u]nder California law, a judgment is 1 i.e. until no further direct appeal can be taken,” and that the state court judgment was not yet final 2 “because GeoEx filed a petition for review in the California Supreme Court, which petition 3 remains pending.” Id. (citing Abelson v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 28 Cal. App. 4th 776, 787 4 (1994)). The Ninth Circuit’s statement in the footnote in Lhotka did not implicate its holding as to 5 the preclusive effect of a motion to compel arbitration in Southeast Resource Recovery Facility 6 Authority. 7 Richter argues more generally that the language in Lhotka, coming from Abelson, that a 8 judgment is not final for the purposes of collateral estoppel until no further direct appeal can be 9 taken, means that a motion to compel arbitration does not have preclusive effect. Reply at 11-12. 10 She cites to a California case recognizing that “[o]rders granting motions to compel arbitration are 11 generally not immediately appealable” and instead “are normally subject to review only on appeal 12 from the final judgment.” Nelsen v. Legacy Partners Residential, Inc., 207 Cal. App. 4th 1115, 13 1121-22 (2012). 14 The Court is unpersuaded by Richter’s argument as to a motion to compel arbitration. The 15 Ninth Circuit decision in Southeast Resource Recovery Facility Authority is directly on point, and 16 the Court declines to find that it no longer applies in light of Abelson. The Court also notes that 17 other district courts in California, decided after Abelson, have held that a state court order 18 compelling arbitration has preclusive effect in federal court under California law, relying on 19 Southeast Resource Recovery Facility Authority. See Smith v. Nerium Int’l, LLC, No. SACV 18- 20 1088-JVS(PLAx), 2019 WL 4282901, at *6 (C.D. Cal. June 20, 2019); Brown v. Gen. Steel 21 Domestic Sales, LLC, No. CV 08-00779 MMM (SHx), 2008 WL 2128057, at *4-5 (C.D. Cal. May 22 19, 2008). 23 In her opposition to the motion to dismiss, Richter raises a new argument: that an order on 24 a TRO does not have preclusive effect. Opp. at 25. Richter cites two cases in support of this 25 proposition, neither of which addresses this question head-on. See Thomas v. Quintero, 126 Cal. 26 App. 4th 635 (2005); Adler v. Vaicius, 21 Cal. App. 4th 1770 (1993). In Thomas v. Quintero, the 27 California Court of Appeal was considering an appeal of a denial of a motion to strike. 126 Cal. 1 defendant under California’s civil harassment statute, and the defendant filed a special motion to 2 strike under California’s anti-SLAPP statute. Id. at 641-44. A superior court judge granted a TRO 3 on the civil harassment petition; a different superior court judge denied the special motion to 4 strike; and then the first superior court judge denied an injunction on the civil harassment petition. 5 Id. The defendant appealed the denial of the special motion to strike. Id. Under California’s anti- 6 SLAPP statute, a cause of action is subject to a special motion to strike unless a court decides the 7 plaintiff in the underlying action “has established that there is a probability that [they] will prevail 8 on the claim.” Id. at 644 (quoting Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 425.16). The court decided that the fact 9 that the superior court judge denied the injunction on the civil harassment petition indicated that 10 there was no probability that plaintiff would prevail on that petition, and it therefore overturned 11 the denial of the special motion to strike. Id. at 664-65. The court, in a footnote, made clear that 12 the fact that the superior court judge granted a temporary restraining order on the civil petition 13 prior to denying the injunction did not change its determination as to plaintiff’s probability of 14 prevailing for the purposes of the anti-SLAPP motion to strike. Id. at 664 n.21. The court noted 15 that the underlying cause of action was for an injunction, not a TRO, and that the TRO was issued 16 ex parte. Id. The court thus stated that “granting of a TRO does not reflect on the merits of the 17 underlying dispute, and does not qualify the enjoining party to ‘prevailing party’ status.” Id. 18 In so stating, the court of appeals cited to Adler v. Vaicius, the other case relied on by 19 Richter, which also involved a civil harassment petition. 21 Cal. App. 4th 1770. In that case, the 20 plaintiff filed a petition for an injunction under California’s civil harassment statute. Id. at 1773. 21 The superior court issued a TRO, and the plaintiff filed a request for dismissal with prejudice prior 22 to a hearing on an injunction. Id. at 1773-74. Plaintiff requested an award of attorney fees and 23 costs as prevailing party pursuant to statute. Id. at 1774. The court decided that the defendant, not 24 the plaintiff, was the prevailing party, despite the issuance of the TRO, because the plaintiff then 25 dismissed the action. Id. at 1776-77. 26 Neither of these cases stands for the proposition that Richter asserts: that a TRO does not 27 1 have preclusive effect.1 Further, the Court again finds the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Southeast 2 Resource Recovery Facility Authority. In that case, a party made a similar argument—that “its 3 state court action to enjoin the arbitration proceedings was simply a preliminary injunction action” 4 that that the state court decision was therefore “entitled to no more preclusive effect than any 5 ordinary denial of a preliminary injunction.” 973 F.2d at 713. The Ninth Circuit disagreed, 6 stating that the party did not “provide any authority for the proposition that a refusal to enjoin 7 arbitration is treated as an ordinary denial of a preliminary motion instead of an order compelling 8 arbitration” and deciding that “the better view is that a denial of an injunction against arbitration is 9 an order compelling arbitration.” Id. The same reasoning applies here. Further, the Court notes 10 that Oracle here had the opportunity to, and actually did, file an opposition to the TRO application, 11 and further, the TRO application was denied. See RJN Exs. G, H. 12 The Court also notes that its decision furthers the comity purposes of the full faith and 13 credit doctrine. See Se. Res. Recovery Facility Auth., 973 F.2d at 714. The decision to stay the 14 arbitration rests of state contract law. And “[a] federal court cannot reexamine arguments that 15 already have been considered and rejected by a state court because such review of a state court 16 decision creates needless friction between the state and federal forums.” Id. Further, it would not 17 be a good use of judicial resources to “reexamin[e] the state court order.” Id. 18 The cases cited by Plaintiff give the Court no reason to decline to give preclusive effect to 19 the October 2021 state court order. The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Southeast Resource Recovery 20 Facility Authority suggests that giving preclusive effect to the state court order is proper. But 21 acknowledging that it is a close call based on Richter’s new argument, the Court will also address 22 Oracle’s argument that the claim should be dismissed under the Anti-Injunction Act. 23

24 1 The Court notes that the opinion submitted by Richter in her Statement of Recent Decision also does not address the issue here. See ECF No. 46. Richter points the Court to White v. Davis, a 25 decision from the California Court of Appeal. See --- Cal. App. 5th ---, No. E077320 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 5, 2023). The court in that case discussed the portion of the Thomas v. Quintero 26 decision that addressed whether an anti-SLAPP motion to strike can be brought against a civil harassment petition and that discussed the trial court’s discretion in using case management tools 27 to ensure that anti-SLAPP motions do not interfere with the efficacy of civil harassment 3. Anti-Injunction Act 1 Oracle argues that the Court should dismiss the declaratory relief claim under the Anti- 2 Injunction Act. MTD at 20-21. The Anti-Injunction Act “prohibits the federal courts from 3 interfering with proceedings in state courts.” Monster Beverage Corp. v. Herrera, 650 F. App’x 4 344, 346 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp., 486 U.S. 140, 145 (1988)). It 5 provides that “[a] court of the United States may not grant an injunction to stay proceedings in a 6 State court except as expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its 7 jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments.” 28 U.S.C. § 2283. The Act also “prohibits 8 courts from issuing declaratory judgments that interfere with state court proceedings.” Monster 9 Beverage Corp., 650 F. App’x at 346 (citing California v. Randtron, 284 F.3d 969, 975 (9th Cir. 10 2001)). 11 The Act “bars federal courts from enjoining ongoing state court proceedings except in 12 specific and narrow circumstances.” Prudential Real Est. Affiliates, Inc. v. PPR Realty, Inc., 204 13 F.3d 867, 878 (9th Cir. 2000). “Injunctions must be denied when they are sought for 14 impermissible purposes, such as ‘an attempt to seek appellant review of a state decision in the 15 federal district court.’” Flanagan v. Arnaiz, 143 F.3d 540, 545 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Atl. Coast 16 Line R.R. Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Eng’rs, 398 U.S. 281, 293 (1970)). “Any doubts as 17 to the propriety of a federal injunction against state court proceedings should be resolved in favor 18 of permitting the state courts to proceed in an orderly fashion to finally determine the 19 controversy.” Atl. Coast Line, 398 U.S. at 297. 20 The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a]n arbitration is a ‘state proceeding’ for purposes of the 21 Act if it has been ordered . . . by a state court in judicial (as opposed to merely ministerial) 22 proceedings.” Prudential, 204 F.3d at 879 (citing Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield v. Janet 23 Greeson’s a Place for Us, Inc., 985 F.2d 459, 461-62 (9th Cir. 1993)). The Court thus determines 24 that the arbitration between these parties is clearly a state proceeding for purposes of the Act. 25 Richter argues that the Anti-Injunction Act does not apply here because the “necessary in 26 aid of jurisdiction” exception applies. Opp. at 26-28. In discussing that exception, the Supreme 27 Court explained that “a federal court does not have the inherent power to ignore the limitations of 1 [the Act] and to enjoin state court proceedings merely because those proceedings interfere with a 2 protected federal right.” Atl. Coast Line, 398 U.S. at 294. Further, the Act applies regardless of 3 whether the federal court has jurisdiction; even if it does, “it is not enough that the requested 4 injunction is related to that jurisdiction, but it must be ‘necessary in aid of’ that jurisdiction.” Id. 5 at 294-95. The Supreme Court explained that the necessary in aid prong “implies something 6 similar to the concept of injunctions to ‘protect or effectuate’ judgments,” as they both “imply that 7 some federal injunctive relief may be necessary to prevent a state court from so interfering with a 8 federal court's consideration or disposition of a case as to seriously impair the federal court's 9 flexibility and authority to decide that case.” Id. at 295. 10 In that case, the Supreme Court held that the Act applied. It noted that “the state and 11 federal courts had concurrent jurisdiction . . . , and neither court was free to prevent either party 12 from simultaneously pursuing claims in both courts.” Id. at 295. Thus, the fact that the state court 13 assumed jurisdiction over the state law claims and the federal preclusion issue “did not hinder the 14 federal court’s jurisdiction so as to make an injunction necessary to aid that jurisdiction.” Id. at 15 296. The Supreme Court also reiterated that “lower federal courts possess no power whatever to 16 sit in direct review of state court decisions.” Id. 17 The Court here finds that an injunction is not “necessary to aid its jurisdiction.” Richter 18 argues that the exception applies “because the PIA granted this Court jurisdiction to adjudicate any 19 proceeding that is ‘in any way connected with’ the PIA.” Opp. at 28. But the PIA is not specific 20 to federal court. And the fact that this Court may have jurisdiction over the claims is not enough 21 to show that an injunction of the state court action is necessary to aid in the Court’s jurisdiction. 22 The state court also has jurisdiction over the state law claims at issue here, as well as the state law 23 contract issue of whether the PIA applies. The Court recognizes that “[i]njunctions must be 24 denied when they are sought for impermissible purposes, such as ‘an attempt to seek appellant 25 review of a state decision in the federal district court.’” Flanagan, 143 F.3d at 545 (quoting Atl. 26 Coast Line R. Co., 398 U.S. at 293). The Court determines that is exactly what is happening here. 27 One of the cases that Richter points to, Flanagan v. Arnaiz, provides a useful comparison. 1 apply. 143 F.3d at 545-46. There, the parties had entered a settlement agreement in which the 2 federal court had expressly retained jurisdiction. Id. The Ninth Circuit determined that litigation 3 in state court was not reasonable given the federal district court’s “explicit retention of 4 jurisdiction.” Id. at 546. That case is thus clearly distinguishable from the situation at issue here. 5 The parties here did not agree that the federal district court would resolve any employment 6 disputes between the parties, or even that it alone would decide any disputes related to the PIA. 7 Instead, both the state and federal courts have jurisdiction over the claims, and Richter chose state 8 court as her forum. Allowing Richter to now pursue the same claims and arguments in federal 9 court that she already brought and lost in state court would encourage the forum shopping that the 10 Act was designed to prevent and would create “needless friction between state and federal courts." 11 See Atl. Coast Line R. Co., 398 U.S. at 286 (quoting Oklahoma Packing Co. v. Oklahoma Gas & 12 Elec. Co., 309 U.S. 4, 9 (1940)). 13 The Court determines that the Anti-Injunction Act applies here, and therefore dismissal of 14 the claim for declaratory relief as to Richter’s ability to litigate all of her pending legal claims in 15 the arbitral proceeding is proper. See Prometheus Dev. Co. v. Everest Props., 289 F. App’x 211, 16 213 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Because the Anti-Injunction Act bars the sole remedy Plaintiffs seek, they 17 have therefore ‘fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.’”). The Court therefore 18 GRANTS Oracle’s motion to dismiss Richter’s claim for declaratory relief. 19 C. All Remaining Claims 20 The remaining claims, causes of action 2-8, are all claims that Richter brought against 21 Oracle in the state court action that has been compelled to arbitration. The Court has denied 22 Plaintiff’s claim for a judicial declaration that these claims can now be brought in this Court. The 23 Court therefore GRANTS Oracle’s motion to dismiss these claims.2 24 25 2 By this Order the Court is not deciding whether Richter has a contractual right to litigate in court 26 claims “in any way connected” to the PIA. Compl. Ex. A, ¶ 12. In fact, Richter has exercised her right under Paragraph 12 of the PIA—she elected state court. Nowhere in the PIA does she have 27 the option of selecting state court until she loses, and then jumping to federal court in the hopes of VI. ORDER For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Oracle’s motion to dismiss is 2 GRANTED. 3 4 Dated: January 31, 2023

6 BETH LABSON FREEMAN 5 United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 a 12

15 16

it

Z 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28