This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 MARSHALL RICHEY,
3 Plaintiff-Appellant,
4 v. NO. 32,847
5 HAMMOND CONSERVANCY DISTRICT,
6 Defendant-Appellee.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 William C. Birdsall, District Judge
9 Alexander A. Wold, P.C. 10 Alexander A. Wold, Jr. 11 Albuquerque, NM
12 for Appellant
13 Miller Stratvert, P.A. 14 Timothy R. Briggs 15 Luke A. Salganek 16 Albuquerque, NM
17 for Appellee
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 ZAMORA, Judge. 1 {1} Plaintiff, Marshall Richey, appeals from the district court’s grant of Defendant’s
2 motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant
3 to Rule 1-012(B)(6) NMRA. Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in
4 concluding that the facts alleged in his amended complaint failed to state a claim
5 within the exclusivity exception to the New Mexico Workers’ Compensation Act (the
6 Act), first recognized in Delgado v. Phelps Dodge Chino, Inc., 2001-NMSC-034, 131
7 N.M. 272, 34 P.3d 1148. We hold that the allegations in the amended complaint are
8 sufficient to satisfy Rule 1-008(A) NMRA. We therefore reverse and remand for
9 further proceedings.
10 BACKGROUND
11 {2} Plaintiff was injured while working for Hammond Conservancy District
12 (Defendant), and filed a personal injury claim pursuant to Delgado. Defendant moved
13 to dismiss pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6), arguing that Plaintiff’s claims were barred
14 by the exclusivity provisions of the Act and claiming governmental immunity under
15 the Tort Claims Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 41-1-1 to -30 (1976, as amended through
16 2013). Plaintiff moved to stay Defendant’s Rule 1-012(B)(6) motion pending
17 discovery. The district court held a hearing on Plaintiff’s motion to stay, and Plaintiff
18 was permitted to amend his complaint. The parties completed briefing on Defendant’s
19 motion to dismiss. After conducting a hearing on the motion, the district court
2 1 dismissed Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6). This appeal
2 followed.
4 DISCUSSION
5 The District Court’s Dismissal Pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6)
6 {3} We review motions to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim under
7 Rule 1-012(B)(6) de novo. Healthsource, Inc. v. X-Ray Assocs. of N.M., 2005-NMCA-
8 097, ¶ 16, 138 N.M. 70, 116 P.3d 861. In considering a motion to dismiss, we test “the
9 legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the factual allegations of the pleadings which,
10 for purposes of ruling on the motion, the court must accept as true.” Herrera v.
11 Quality Pontiac, 2003-NMSC-018, ¶ 2, 134 N.M. 43, 73 P.3d 181 (internal quotation
12 marks and citation omitted). Dismissal under Rule 1-012(B)(6) is appropriate only
13 where the non-moving party is “not entitled to recover under any theory of the facts
14 alleged in their complaint.” Delfino v. Griffo, 2011-NMSC-015, ¶ 12, 150 N.M. 97,
15 257 P.3d 917 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). On review, “we accept
16 all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true and resolve all doubts in
17 favor of sufficiency of the complaint.” Id. ¶ 9 (internal quotation marks and citation
18 omitted). The purpose of Rule 1-012(B)(6) “is to test the law of the claim, not the
3 1 facts that support it.” Envtl. Improvement Div. v. Aguayo, 1983-NMSC-027, ¶ 10, 99
2 N.M. 497, 660 P.2d 587.
3 {4} Defendant makes a number of arguments in support of affirmance. However,
4 Defendant’s arguments focus primarily on what is required to prove a Delgado claim,
5 and rely heavily on cases such as May v. DCP Midstream, L.P., 2010-NMCA-087,
6 148 N.M. 595, 241 P.3d 193 and Dominguez v. Perovich Properties, Inc., 2005-
7 NMCA-050, 137 N.M. 401, 111 P.3d 721, where Delgado claims were dismissed at
8 the summary judgment stage. Defendant is essentially arguing the merits of Plaintiff’s
9 Delgado claim, which is premature at the motion to dismiss stage. Madrid v. Vill. of
10 Chama, 2012-NMCA-071, ¶ 17, 283 P.3d 871.
11 {5} New Mexico has not adopted the rigorous federal standard for evaluating a
12 motion to dismiss, which requires courts to “identify those allegations that are not
13 entitled to the assumption of truth,” and to “consider the factual allegations . . . to
14 determine if they plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.” Id. ¶ 16 (omission in
15 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As a result, New Mexico
16 remains a notice-pleading state. Id. ¶ 17. We do not require “[district] courts to
17 consider the merits of a plaintiff’s allegations when deciding a motion to dismiss[.]”
18 Id. Rather, we require “only that the plaintiff allege facts sufficient to put the
19 defendant on notice of his claims.” Id. See Zamora v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 2014-
4 1 NMSC-___, ¶¶ 1, 10, ___ P.3d ___, (No. 33,770, Sept. 18, 2014) (reaffirming “New
2 Mexico’s longstanding commitment to the nontechnical fair notice requirements”);
3 see also Rule 1-008(A)(2) (stating a claim for relief shall contain “a short and plain
4 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief”).
5 {6} Here, Plaintiff sought relief for a work injury pursuant to the Delgado exception
6 to the Act’s exclusivity. See Delgado, 2001-NMSC-034, ¶ 24 (“We hold that when
7 an employer intentionally inflicts or willfully causes a worker to suffer an injury that
8 would otherwise be exclusively compensable under the Act, that employer may not
9 enjoy the benefits of exclusivity, and the injured worker may sue in tort.”). The
10 worker in Delgado “died following an explosion that occurred at a smelting plant . .
11 ., after a supervisor ordered [the worker] to perform a task that, according to [the
12 plaintiff], was virtually certain to kill or cause [the worker] serious bodily injury.” Id.
13 ¶ 1. The plaintiff alleged that the employer intentionally subjected the worker to that
14 risk, despite its knowledge that by performing the task the worker “would suffer
15 serious injury or death as a result.” Id.
16 {7} Our Supreme Court has set out the following test for Delgado claims:
17 [W]illfulness renders a worker’s injury non-accidental, and therefore 18 outside the scope of the Act, when: (1) the worker or employer engages 19 in an intentional act or omission, without just cause or excuse, that is 20 reasonably expected to result in the injury suffered by the worker; (2) the 21 worker or employer expects the intentional act or omission to result in
5 1 the injury, or has utterly disregarded the consequences; and (3) the 2 intentional act or omission proximately causes the worker’s injury.
3 Id. ¶ 26. In order to survive a pre-trial dispositive motion, “plaintiffs must plead or
4 present evidence that the employer met each of the three Delgado elements through
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 MARSHALL RICHEY,
3 Plaintiff-Appellant,
4 v. NO. 32,847
5 HAMMOND CONSERVANCY DISTRICT,
6 Defendant-Appellee.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 William C. Birdsall, District Judge
9 Alexander A. Wold, P.C. 10 Alexander A. Wold, Jr. 11 Albuquerque, NM
12 for Appellant
13 Miller Stratvert, P.A. 14 Timothy R. Briggs 15 Luke A. Salganek 16 Albuquerque, NM
17 for Appellee
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 ZAMORA, Judge. 1 {1} Plaintiff, Marshall Richey, appeals from the district court’s grant of Defendant’s
2 motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant
3 to Rule 1-012(B)(6) NMRA. Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in
4 concluding that the facts alleged in his amended complaint failed to state a claim
5 within the exclusivity exception to the New Mexico Workers’ Compensation Act (the
6 Act), first recognized in Delgado v. Phelps Dodge Chino, Inc., 2001-NMSC-034, 131
7 N.M. 272, 34 P.3d 1148. We hold that the allegations in the amended complaint are
8 sufficient to satisfy Rule 1-008(A) NMRA. We therefore reverse and remand for
9 further proceedings.
10 BACKGROUND
11 {2} Plaintiff was injured while working for Hammond Conservancy District
12 (Defendant), and filed a personal injury claim pursuant to Delgado. Defendant moved
13 to dismiss pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6), arguing that Plaintiff’s claims were barred
14 by the exclusivity provisions of the Act and claiming governmental immunity under
15 the Tort Claims Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 41-1-1 to -30 (1976, as amended through
16 2013). Plaintiff moved to stay Defendant’s Rule 1-012(B)(6) motion pending
17 discovery. The district court held a hearing on Plaintiff’s motion to stay, and Plaintiff
18 was permitted to amend his complaint. The parties completed briefing on Defendant’s
19 motion to dismiss. After conducting a hearing on the motion, the district court
2 1 dismissed Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6). This appeal
2 followed.
4 DISCUSSION
5 The District Court’s Dismissal Pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6)
6 {3} We review motions to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim under
7 Rule 1-012(B)(6) de novo. Healthsource, Inc. v. X-Ray Assocs. of N.M., 2005-NMCA-
8 097, ¶ 16, 138 N.M. 70, 116 P.3d 861. In considering a motion to dismiss, we test “the
9 legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the factual allegations of the pleadings which,
10 for purposes of ruling on the motion, the court must accept as true.” Herrera v.
11 Quality Pontiac, 2003-NMSC-018, ¶ 2, 134 N.M. 43, 73 P.3d 181 (internal quotation
12 marks and citation omitted). Dismissal under Rule 1-012(B)(6) is appropriate only
13 where the non-moving party is “not entitled to recover under any theory of the facts
14 alleged in their complaint.” Delfino v. Griffo, 2011-NMSC-015, ¶ 12, 150 N.M. 97,
15 257 P.3d 917 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). On review, “we accept
16 all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true and resolve all doubts in
17 favor of sufficiency of the complaint.” Id. ¶ 9 (internal quotation marks and citation
18 omitted). The purpose of Rule 1-012(B)(6) “is to test the law of the claim, not the
3 1 facts that support it.” Envtl. Improvement Div. v. Aguayo, 1983-NMSC-027, ¶ 10, 99
2 N.M. 497, 660 P.2d 587.
3 {4} Defendant makes a number of arguments in support of affirmance. However,
4 Defendant’s arguments focus primarily on what is required to prove a Delgado claim,
5 and rely heavily on cases such as May v. DCP Midstream, L.P., 2010-NMCA-087,
6 148 N.M. 595, 241 P.3d 193 and Dominguez v. Perovich Properties, Inc., 2005-
7 NMCA-050, 137 N.M. 401, 111 P.3d 721, where Delgado claims were dismissed at
8 the summary judgment stage. Defendant is essentially arguing the merits of Plaintiff’s
9 Delgado claim, which is premature at the motion to dismiss stage. Madrid v. Vill. of
10 Chama, 2012-NMCA-071, ¶ 17, 283 P.3d 871.
11 {5} New Mexico has not adopted the rigorous federal standard for evaluating a
12 motion to dismiss, which requires courts to “identify those allegations that are not
13 entitled to the assumption of truth,” and to “consider the factual allegations . . . to
14 determine if they plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.” Id. ¶ 16 (omission in
15 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As a result, New Mexico
16 remains a notice-pleading state. Id. ¶ 17. We do not require “[district] courts to
17 consider the merits of a plaintiff’s allegations when deciding a motion to dismiss[.]”
18 Id. Rather, we require “only that the plaintiff allege facts sufficient to put the
19 defendant on notice of his claims.” Id. See Zamora v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 2014-
4 1 NMSC-___, ¶¶ 1, 10, ___ P.3d ___, (No. 33,770, Sept. 18, 2014) (reaffirming “New
2 Mexico’s longstanding commitment to the nontechnical fair notice requirements”);
3 see also Rule 1-008(A)(2) (stating a claim for relief shall contain “a short and plain
4 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief”).
5 {6} Here, Plaintiff sought relief for a work injury pursuant to the Delgado exception
6 to the Act’s exclusivity. See Delgado, 2001-NMSC-034, ¶ 24 (“We hold that when
7 an employer intentionally inflicts or willfully causes a worker to suffer an injury that
8 would otherwise be exclusively compensable under the Act, that employer may not
9 enjoy the benefits of exclusivity, and the injured worker may sue in tort.”). The
10 worker in Delgado “died following an explosion that occurred at a smelting plant . .
11 ., after a supervisor ordered [the worker] to perform a task that, according to [the
12 plaintiff], was virtually certain to kill or cause [the worker] serious bodily injury.” Id.
13 ¶ 1. The plaintiff alleged that the employer intentionally subjected the worker to that
14 risk, despite its knowledge that by performing the task the worker “would suffer
15 serious injury or death as a result.” Id.
16 {7} Our Supreme Court has set out the following test for Delgado claims:
17 [W]illfulness renders a worker’s injury non-accidental, and therefore 18 outside the scope of the Act, when: (1) the worker or employer engages 19 in an intentional act or omission, without just cause or excuse, that is 20 reasonably expected to result in the injury suffered by the worker; (2) the 21 worker or employer expects the intentional act or omission to result in
5 1 the injury, or has utterly disregarded the consequences; and (3) the 2 intentional act or omission proximately causes the worker’s injury.
3 Id. ¶ 26. In order to survive a pre-trial dispositive motion, “plaintiffs must plead or
4 present evidence that the employer met each of the three Delgado elements through
5 actions that exemplify a comparable degree of egregiousness as the employer in
6 Delgado.” Morales v. Reynolds, 2004-NMCA-098, ¶ 14, 136 N.M. 280, 97 P.3d 612.
7 {8} Defendant suggests that the requirements for pleading a Delgado claim should
8 be heightened because of Delgado’s high threshold of culpability. We disagree. A
9 plaintiff must plead sufficient allegations to put the defendant on notice of the claims.
10 Madrid, 2012-NMCA-071, ¶ 17. We decline Defendant’s invitation to require more
11 of Delgado plaintiffs. The New Mexico Supreme Court’s discussion of Delgado
12 claims in Salazar v. Torres is particularly instructive:
13 In Delgado, we made clear, based in part on the policy of treating 14 both the employer and worker equally, that the legislature never intended 15 that employers causing intentional harm to their employees would be 16 protected by the Act’s exclusivity provisions, just as workers who 17 intentionally harm themselves are not protected by the Act. Implicit in 18 this policy of evenhandedness is an understanding that both employers 19 and workers must be given equal opportunity to investigate, explore, and 20 eventually decide whether the injury was accidental, falling exclusively 21 under the Act, or intentional, falling outside of the Act. Workers must 22 have an opportunity to seek recourse from employers who willfully 23 injure their employees, just as employers can question whether a 24 worker’s injury was self-inflicted. In many instances, the answer may not 25 be clear-cut, depending, as it may, upon the interpretation of evidence, 26 which in some cases only a jury can resolve. This process of
6 1 investigation may take considerable time to complete, a consequence that 2 is especially true for tort claims under Delgado.
3 Delgado established a high threshold of culpability that should 4 eliminate many claims before trial. . . . In light of this high threshold, 5 injured workers must be afforded a reasonable time to investigate, 6 including pre-trial discovery, whether they have a sustainable Delgado 7 claim. . . . It may not be until the summary judgment stage, or even trial, 8 that a worker has the answer.
9 Salazar v. Torres, 2007-NMSC-019, ¶¶ 13-14, 141 N.M. 559, 158 P.3d 449 (citations
10 omitted). With this in mind, we turn to Plaintiff’s amended complaint to determine
11 whether Defendant has met its burden by showing that Plaintiff failed to state a claim
12 upon which relief could be granted.
13 {9} The following factual allegations were plead by Plaintiff in his amended
14 complaint. In 2010, Plaintiff worked for Employee Connections, Inc., as a temporary
15 employee. On October 18, 2010, Employee Connections “loaned” Plaintiff to
16 Hammond Conservancy District (Defendant) as a temporary employee. At
17 Defendant’s direction, Plaintiff used a small-diameter, short-nozzle, high-pressure
18 water hose to clean culverts used for flood control.
19 {10} Prior to that date, several employees, including Plaintiff, had advised Defendant
20 that the hose was very difficult to control and had reported “near misses of serious
21 injury or death.” The employees warned Defendant that injury from using the hose to
22 clean out culverts was “certain to result.” Nonetheless, Defendant directed Plaintiff
7 1 to use the hose to clean the culvert. The hose “failed to prevent the loss of control”
2 and, as a result, water from the high-pressure hose was “injected directly into
3 Plaintiff,” causing severe injuries. Plaintiff alleged Defendant knew the assigned task
4 was virtually certain to cause injury or death and that compelling him to perform the
5 task in spite of the numerous employee complaints and objections was egregious.
6 Plaintiff also alleged that Defendant’s egregious conduct was the direct, natural, and
7 proximate cause of his injuries.
8 {11} Taking these well-pleaded facts as true and construing them in a light most
9 favorable to Plaintiff, we conclude that Plaintiff’s amended complaint states a claim
10 under Delgado upon which relief may be granted. The amended complaint sets forth
11 allegations of the incident giving rise to Plaintiff’s claim and gives Defendant
12 adequate notice of the legal claims asserted against it. The district court’s dismissal
13 of the amended complaint was in error.
14 Defendant’s Governmental Immunity Defense
15 {12} In its motion to dismiss, Defendant claims that because it is a statutorily created
16 conservancy district, it is an arm of the state and enjoys immunity under the Tort
17 Claims Act. Plaintiff argues that immunity was waived pursuant to NMSA 1978,
18 § 41-4-6 (2007). The district court found that Defendant’s Rule 1-012(B)(6) motion
19 to dismiss was well taken, and ordered that Plaintiff’s complaint be dismissed with
8 1 prejudice pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6). Because the district court did not reach the
2 issue of governmental immunity, we leave it for determination on remand.
3 CONCLUSION
4 {13} For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
5 {14} IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 _______________________________ 7 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
8 WE CONCUR:
9 ___________________________________ 10 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge
11 ___________________________________ 12 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge