NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1323-17T2
RICHARD PALOTI, JR.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
ERIC LYGHT,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Argued October 24, 2018 – Decided November 5, 2018
Before Judges Reisner and Mawla.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Docket No. SC-001128-17.
Dominick Ciallella argued the cause for appellant (Gregory P. Helfrich & Associates, attorneys; Dominick Ciallella, on the briefs).
Richard Paloti, Jr., respondent, argued the cause pro se.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Eric Lyght appeals from an October 17, 2017 judgment against
him for $3000 in favor of plaintiff Richard Paloti. We reverse. The following facts are taken from the trial record. Plaintiff appeared pro
se and testified he parked his newly purchased vehicle in front of defendant's
property. He stated the weather was clear, not stormy, windy, or rainy. The
next day, in the early morning hours, plaintiff awoke to find a branch from a tree
on defendant's property had fallen onto his car. Plaintiff showed the trial judge
photos of the evidence.
After plaintiff rested, defendant moved for an involuntary dismissal
pursuant to Rule 4:37-2. In support of the motion, defendant's counsel cited
case law to the judge, and argued plaintiff had not established a prima facie case
of liability because defendant had no notice of the dangerous condition. The
trial judge recessed to review the case cited, which pertained to reversal of a
jury verdict in favor of a plaintiff who had tripped and fallen over a raised
sidewalk slab caused by the root of a tree growing between the curb and sidewalk
in front of a defendant's property.
The trial judge returned, reopened plaintiff's case, and permitted him to
testify that defendant had removed the tree after the incident. The judge then
denied defendant's motion and found the facts here distinguishable from the law
cited because the tree was on defendant's property. The judge concluded "that
means . . . either [defendant] or his predecessors had planted the tree. And . . .
A-1323-17T2 2 may very well make him liable for the damages to the plaintiff's property." The
judge reasoned:
[T]he tree was on [defendant's] property and, subsequently fell. The plaintiff stated that there was no wind. It was a nice day. . . . [Plaintiff has] testified that the tree has subsequently been cut down, although remedial measures [do not] necessarily mean that the person is liable, but the tree was cut down.
Following the denial of defendant's motion, defendant offered limited
testimony, namely, the tree was located on his front lawn, and there were no
complaints of branches falling from it, or other problems associated with it.
Defendant rested. Plaintiff did not cross-examine defendant. However, the
judge inquired about remedial measures taken by defendant after the incident.
Specifically, the judge asked if defendant "ever [had] a tree expert come out and
see whether the tree was alive or dead[.]" Defendant responded:
When we had the tree branch removed that fell, [the expert1] said the tree was alive. If you look in the tree branches that fell, or the tree branches that were still up in the tree, they were all green. There were no dead branches or no dead leaves anywhere. So it was deemed to be a healthy tree.
1 We do not utilize the term "expert" in the literal sense because no expert testimony was provided on defendant's behalf. Instead, we adopt the trial judge's use of the term because it was not objected to by either party, and we have no alternative means of reference in the record. A-1323-17T2 3 Defendant offered photos of the tree to corroborate his testimony.
The judge then asked plaintiff if he had proof of his vehicle's value.
Plaintiff offered the invoice for the purchase of the vehicle twenty-one days
prior to the incident.
The judge recited his findings, beginning with the facts surrounding the
incident, namely, plaintiff parking the vehicle under the tree and the damage to
the vehicle caused by the tree, which the judge found "caus[ed] the vehicle to
be a total loss." The judge acknowledged the photos provided by defendant to
demonstrate the tree was alive, but found "because the tree is green in [its] leaves
[does not] necessarily mean that the tree is not dead, or that the tree has a
problem." The judge noted:
In this case, the tree was on . . . defendant's property. The predecessors of the property either planted the tree on the property, and the defendant had full knowledge of the same. And although there's no testimony as to whether he up-kept the tree, clearly it was on his property and he had knowledge of that.
The judge concluded plaintiff had proven defendant's liability "for trees
on his property that cause damage or injury to vehicles that are legally parked
on the street." The judge also found because there was good weather on the date
of the incident "it was no act of nature which caused that tree branch to fall. "
Citing the purchase invoice for the vehicle, the judge concluded "plaintiff is
A-1323-17T2 4 entitled to a judgment of [$3000] for the damages caused to his vehicle, as it is
deemed to be a total loss."
Before concluding the matter, defendant's counsel stated: "Judge, can I
ask you to put on the record the basis for your opinion [and whether it] is one of
negligence or just strict liability?" The judge responded strict liability was the
basis. The judge then added:
Just so the record could be clear before counsel leaves, not only on the theory of strict liability, but also the [c]ourt can find negligence in this matter. Negligence . . . occurs when there is a duty owed to a person. The [c]ourt finds that . . . defendant in this matter owed the duty to the general public to make sure anything that was on his property was in a safe condition. He knew or should have known that that tree was either dead, or those branches were overgrown and that at some point that it . . . would have fallen onto the street or onto the sidewalk where people were walking or parking their cars.
I also find that as a result of that tree falling, it is the proximate cause of the plaintiff's . . . damage to his vehicle. So, the [c]ourt finds that he did owe a duty and he breached that duty and, therefore, not only is he strictly liable, but he also was negligent in not making sure that either the tree was either cut back[,] the limbs, or that it was not dead.
This appeal followed.
We defer to the trial court's factual findings if "supported by adequate,
substantial, and credible evidence in the record." D.A. v. R.C., 438 N.J. Super.
A-1323-17T2 5 431, 451 (App. Div. 2014) (citation omitted). We owe no deference, however,
to rulings not based on witness testimony or credibility findings. Yueh v. Yueh,
329 N.J. Super. 447, 461 (App. Div. 2000). Our review of questions of law is
de novo. Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013); Manalapan Realty, LP
v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1323-17T2
RICHARD PALOTI, JR.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
ERIC LYGHT,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Argued October 24, 2018 – Decided November 5, 2018
Before Judges Reisner and Mawla.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Docket No. SC-001128-17.
Dominick Ciallella argued the cause for appellant (Gregory P. Helfrich & Associates, attorneys; Dominick Ciallella, on the briefs).
Richard Paloti, Jr., respondent, argued the cause pro se.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Eric Lyght appeals from an October 17, 2017 judgment against
him for $3000 in favor of plaintiff Richard Paloti. We reverse. The following facts are taken from the trial record. Plaintiff appeared pro
se and testified he parked his newly purchased vehicle in front of defendant's
property. He stated the weather was clear, not stormy, windy, or rainy. The
next day, in the early morning hours, plaintiff awoke to find a branch from a tree
on defendant's property had fallen onto his car. Plaintiff showed the trial judge
photos of the evidence.
After plaintiff rested, defendant moved for an involuntary dismissal
pursuant to Rule 4:37-2. In support of the motion, defendant's counsel cited
case law to the judge, and argued plaintiff had not established a prima facie case
of liability because defendant had no notice of the dangerous condition. The
trial judge recessed to review the case cited, which pertained to reversal of a
jury verdict in favor of a plaintiff who had tripped and fallen over a raised
sidewalk slab caused by the root of a tree growing between the curb and sidewalk
in front of a defendant's property.
The trial judge returned, reopened plaintiff's case, and permitted him to
testify that defendant had removed the tree after the incident. The judge then
denied defendant's motion and found the facts here distinguishable from the law
cited because the tree was on defendant's property. The judge concluded "that
means . . . either [defendant] or his predecessors had planted the tree. And . . .
A-1323-17T2 2 may very well make him liable for the damages to the plaintiff's property." The
judge reasoned:
[T]he tree was on [defendant's] property and, subsequently fell. The plaintiff stated that there was no wind. It was a nice day. . . . [Plaintiff has] testified that the tree has subsequently been cut down, although remedial measures [do not] necessarily mean that the person is liable, but the tree was cut down.
Following the denial of defendant's motion, defendant offered limited
testimony, namely, the tree was located on his front lawn, and there were no
complaints of branches falling from it, or other problems associated with it.
Defendant rested. Plaintiff did not cross-examine defendant. However, the
judge inquired about remedial measures taken by defendant after the incident.
Specifically, the judge asked if defendant "ever [had] a tree expert come out and
see whether the tree was alive or dead[.]" Defendant responded:
When we had the tree branch removed that fell, [the expert1] said the tree was alive. If you look in the tree branches that fell, or the tree branches that were still up in the tree, they were all green. There were no dead branches or no dead leaves anywhere. So it was deemed to be a healthy tree.
1 We do not utilize the term "expert" in the literal sense because no expert testimony was provided on defendant's behalf. Instead, we adopt the trial judge's use of the term because it was not objected to by either party, and we have no alternative means of reference in the record. A-1323-17T2 3 Defendant offered photos of the tree to corroborate his testimony.
The judge then asked plaintiff if he had proof of his vehicle's value.
Plaintiff offered the invoice for the purchase of the vehicle twenty-one days
prior to the incident.
The judge recited his findings, beginning with the facts surrounding the
incident, namely, plaintiff parking the vehicle under the tree and the damage to
the vehicle caused by the tree, which the judge found "caus[ed] the vehicle to
be a total loss." The judge acknowledged the photos provided by defendant to
demonstrate the tree was alive, but found "because the tree is green in [its] leaves
[does not] necessarily mean that the tree is not dead, or that the tree has a
problem." The judge noted:
In this case, the tree was on . . . defendant's property. The predecessors of the property either planted the tree on the property, and the defendant had full knowledge of the same. And although there's no testimony as to whether he up-kept the tree, clearly it was on his property and he had knowledge of that.
The judge concluded plaintiff had proven defendant's liability "for trees
on his property that cause damage or injury to vehicles that are legally parked
on the street." The judge also found because there was good weather on the date
of the incident "it was no act of nature which caused that tree branch to fall. "
Citing the purchase invoice for the vehicle, the judge concluded "plaintiff is
A-1323-17T2 4 entitled to a judgment of [$3000] for the damages caused to his vehicle, as it is
deemed to be a total loss."
Before concluding the matter, defendant's counsel stated: "Judge, can I
ask you to put on the record the basis for your opinion [and whether it] is one of
negligence or just strict liability?" The judge responded strict liability was the
basis. The judge then added:
Just so the record could be clear before counsel leaves, not only on the theory of strict liability, but also the [c]ourt can find negligence in this matter. Negligence . . . occurs when there is a duty owed to a person. The [c]ourt finds that . . . defendant in this matter owed the duty to the general public to make sure anything that was on his property was in a safe condition. He knew or should have known that that tree was either dead, or those branches were overgrown and that at some point that it . . . would have fallen onto the street or onto the sidewalk where people were walking or parking their cars.
I also find that as a result of that tree falling, it is the proximate cause of the plaintiff's . . . damage to his vehicle. So, the [c]ourt finds that he did owe a duty and he breached that duty and, therefore, not only is he strictly liable, but he also was negligent in not making sure that either the tree was either cut back[,] the limbs, or that it was not dead.
This appeal followed.
We defer to the trial court's factual findings if "supported by adequate,
substantial, and credible evidence in the record." D.A. v. R.C., 438 N.J. Super.
A-1323-17T2 5 431, 451 (App. Div. 2014) (citation omitted). We owe no deference, however,
to rulings not based on witness testimony or credibility findings. Yueh v. Yueh,
329 N.J. Super. 447, 461 (App. Div. 2000). Our review of questions of law is
de novo. Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013); Manalapan Realty, LP
v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
On appeal, defendant argues the trial judge erred in failing to grant his
motion for an involuntary dismissal. Defendant argues there was no basis to
find liability under either negligence or strict liability theory because there was
no evidence defendant had negligently maintained or cared for the tree, or that
it was dead. Therefore, there was no basis to impute notice to defendant the tree
was a hazard. Defendant argues the judge erred by considering the subsequent
remedial measure of the tree's removal to infer liability.
Additionally, defendant argues the damages finding was erroneous. He
claims the measure of damages is the difference between the market value of the
property before and after the incident −not the purchase price relied upon by the
judge. Defendant asserts plaintiff required expert testimony to prove his
damages because the purchase invoice was hearsay.
To sustain a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four
elements: (1) a duty of care, (2) breach of that duty, (3) proximate cause, and
A-1323-17T2 6 (4) actual damages. Polzo v. Cty. of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 584 (2008). The
burden is on the plaintiff to establish these elements "by some competent proof."
Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219 N.J. 395, 406 (2014) (quoting Overby
v. Union Laundry Co., 28 N.J. Super. 100, 104 (App. Div. 1953)).
"[T]he question whether there is a 'duty' merely begs the more
fundamental question whether the plaintiff's interests are entitled to legal
protection against the defendant's conduct." J.S. v. R.T.H., 155 N.J. 330, 338
(1998) (alteration in original) (quoting Weinberg v. Dinger, 106 N.J. 469, 481
(1987)). "[I]mplicated in this analysis is an assessment of the defendant's
'responsibility for conditions creating the risk of harm' and an analysis of
whether the defendant had sufficient control, opportunity, and ability to have
avoided the risk of harm." Id. at 338-39 (quoting Carvalho v. Toll Bros. &
Developers, 143 N.J. 565, 574 (1996); citing Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts.,
Inc., 147 N.J. 510, 515 (1997)).
The scope of a duty is determined under "the totality of the circumstances," and must be "reasonable" under those circumstances. Factors to be taken into consideration include the risk of harm involved and the practicality of preventing it. When the defendant's actions are "relatively easily corrected" and the harm sought to be prevented is "serious," it is fair to impose a duty. In the final analysis, the "reasonableness of action" that constitutes such a duty is "an essentially
A-1323-17T2 7 objective determination to be made on the basis of the material facts" of each case.
[Id. at 339-40 (citations omitted).]
"Even as to foreseeable risks, . . . it has been cautioned that 'not all foreseeable
risks give rise to duties.'" Ivins v. Town Tavern, 335 N.J. Super. 188, 195 (App.
Div. 2000) (quoting Williamson v. Waldman, 150 N.J. 232, 251 (1997)).
Determining the existence of "a duty 'involves identifying, weighing, and
balancing several factors − the relationship of the parties, the nature of the
attendant risk, the opportunity and ability to exercise care, and the public interest
in the proposed solution.'" Alloway v. Bradlees, Inc., 157 N.J. 221, 230 (1999)
(quoting Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 132 N.J. 426, 439 (1993)). "The
analysis is both very fact-specific and principled; it must lead to solutions that
properly and fairly resolve the specific case and generate intelligible and
sensible rules to govern future conduct." Hopkins, 132 N.J. at 439.
Where the context is a tree, which has fallen from a defendant's property
onto a plaintiff's property, we have stated:
[T]he focus . . . should be on whether [the] defendant was negligent in not making a reasonable use of his property. Such a determination merits a consideration of the various attendant circumstances and factors such as, the nature of the incident, the danger presented by the presence of the tree, whether [defendant], by making inspections, could or should have known of its
A-1323-17T2 8 condition, [and] what steps he could have taken to prevent it from falling onto plaintiffs' property[.]
[Burke v. Briggs, 239 N.J. Super. 269, 275 (App. Div. 1990).]
Furthermore, strict liability should not be imposed upon a landowner "absent
intentional or hazardous activity requiring a higher standard of care or, as a
result of some compelling policy reason." Id. at 273 (citing State v. Dep't of
Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 N.J. 473 (1983)).
Here, the record lacks evidence to support the trial judge's findings that
plaintiff had proven defendant's duty, breach of duty, or proximate causation.
Indeed, there was no testimony either the tree or the branch were dead, damaged,
or in such a state defendant would have knowledge the branch would fall onto
plaintiff's vehicle. There was no evidence defendant had planted the tree, let
alone maintained or treated it in any way that he would have knowledge of its
condition, or that he had negligently handled it so as to create the hazardous
condition. Thus, the record lacks evidence of basic negligence, or the intentional
or hazardous activity needed to impose strict liability upon defendant.
Moreover, the trial judge improperly relied upon the subsequent removal
of the tree to find defendant liable. N.J.R.E. 407 clearly prohibits reliance on
A-1323-17T2 9 subsequent remedial measures "to prove that the event was caused by negligence
or culpable conduct."
For these reasons, there was no basis to enter a judgment against defendant
under any theory of liability. Because defendant was not liable, we need not
reach his arguments regarding the trial judge's computation of the damages.
Reversed.
A-1323-17T2 10