Richard Lloyd Stewart v. U.S. Attorney General

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: October 3, 2018
• Docket: 17-15697
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 17-15697 Date Filed: 10/03/2018 Page: 1 of 8

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________

No. 17-15697 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________

Agency No. A088-012-496

RICHARD LLOYD STEWART,

Petitioner,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent. ________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________

(October 3, 2018)

Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Case: 17-15697 Date Filed: 10/03/2018 Page: 2 of 8

Richard Lloyd Stewart petitions for review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ affirmance of an Immigration Judge’s denial of his application for

withholding of removal under § 241(b)(3) of the Immigration Nationality Act, 8

U.S.C. §1231(b)(3), and withholding of removal under the United Nations

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). After review, we deny Mr. Stewart’s

petition.

I

Mr. Stewart, a native and citizen of Jamaica, entered the United States on or

about March 31, 1993, on a non-immigrant B-2 visa with authorization to remain

in the United States not longer than six months. He remained in the United States,

however, and on April 29, 2014, was convicted in the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida of the offense of making a false claim of United

States citizenship, in violation of 18 U.S.C § 911, and sentenced to time served. On

May 2, 2014, the Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings

against Mr. Stewart through the issuance of a Notice to Appear. Mr. Stewart then

applied for withholding of removal and CAT protection.

At his merits hearing on May 17, 2016, Mr. Stewart testified that he is afraid

of returning to Jamaica because of his sexual orientation. Mr. Stewart identifies

himself as bisexual. He is currently married and has five children with different

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mothers. Mr. Stewart stated that while attending boarding school in Jamaica he

suffered verbal and physical abuse by his classmates because they perceived him

as gay. He specified one incident in which he was beaten and tied up to a bed by

his roommates because of his sexual orientation.

The IJ, however, found Mr. Stewart not credible and determined that the

past harm in Mr. Stewart’s case did not rise to the level of persecution. The IJ also

concluded that Mr. Stewart failed to prove that he more likely than not will suffer

future harm or persecution in Jamaica. Lastly, the IJ determined that Mr. Stewart

was not likely to suffer torture if returned to Jamaica. Therefore, the IJ denied Mr.

Stewart’s claims for relief. Mr. Stewart appealed the IJ’s order to the BIA, which

affirmed without addressing Mr. Stewart’s credibility. Mr. Stewart now seeks our

review of these decisions. 1

II

“We review the decision of the Board, and we review the decision of the

Immigration Judge to the extent that the Board expressly adopted the opinion of

the Immigration Judge.” Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350

(11th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). We review conclusions of law de novo, and

factual findings for substantial evidence to support them. See id. “Under the

substantial evidence standard, we view the record evidence in the light most

1 Mr. Stewart conceded that he was not eligible for asylum due to his untimely filing of this application. 3 Case: 17-15697 Date Filed: 10/03/2018 Page: 4 of 8

favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

that decision.” Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2013)

(citations omitted). We will affirm the BIA’s decision if it is “supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1351 (citations omitted).

III

A

An applicant seeking withholding of removal must establish that his life or

freedom would be threatened in his home country because of his “race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3)(A). The applicant may satisfy this burden by establishing that he

suffered persecution in the past based on the protected ground, or that it is more

likely than not that he will be persecuted on account of a protected ground if

returned to his home country. See Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308. See also 8 C.F.R. §

1208.16(b). A finding of past persecution creates a rebuttable presumption that the

applicant’s life or freedom would be threatened upon return to his country. See

Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308. In such cases, the DHS bears the burden of proving

by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a fundamental change in

circumstances of the applicant, or there is a possibility of safe relocation to another

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part of the applicant’s native country, such that the applicant’s life or freedom

would not be threatened. See 8 C.F.R § 1208.16(b)(1)(i)-(ii).

A particular social group “refers to persons who share a common, immutable

characteristic ‘that the members of the group either cannot change, or should not

be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual identities or

consciences.’” Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1310. Here, the IJ and the BIA agreed that

Mr. Stewart established his membership of a cognizable particular social group

based on his sexual orientation.

B

Persecution is “an extreme concept that . . . requires more than a few isolated

incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, unaccompanied by any physical

punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty.” Shi v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 707 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted). Cases of

political persecution in which petitioners suffered minor physical abuse combined

with harassment have been held to not rise to the level of persecution. See Djonda

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168, 1174 (11th Cir. 2008) (petitioner held in prison

for thirty-six hours and beaten, suffering scratches and bruises, but not bone

fractures); Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338, 1355 (11th Cir. 2000) (fear of re-

education and indoctrination in communist theory and of being used for

propaganda purpose not enough to constitute persecution).

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Mr. Stewart testified that while in boarding school in Jamaica his classmates

targeted him on a constant basis and would tie him to a bed and beat him. Mr.

Stewart failed, however, to provide any details of the beatings and failed to provide

any other type of evidence to support his claims. He did not provide any evidence

of the severity, extent, or frequency of the beatings, nor of any injuries that he may

have suffered.

Thus, the BIA did not err in concluding that Mr. Stewart failed to prove past

persecution by a preponderance of the evidence. To the contrary, substantial record

evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion.

C

“An alien who cannot show past persecution can still qualify for withholding

of removal by showing that it is ‘more likely than not’ that he will be persecuted

on account of a protected ground.” Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d

1223, 1238 (11th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). See also 8 C.F.R. §1208.16(b)(2).

An individual is not required to show that he would be singled out for persecution

if he establishes that there is a pattern or practice in his home country of

persecution of a group of persons, similarly situated to him, of which he is

included, and that it is more likely than not that his life or freedom would be

threatened if he returned to that country. See id.

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Here, the BIA accepted Mr. Stewart’s inclusion in and identification with

the LGBTI community, but it determined that he failed to show that Jamaica has a

current pattern or practice of persecution for LGBTI individuals, such that his life

or freedom would more likely than not be threatened. The BIA relied on recent

evidence showing improvements in the conditions for and treatment of the LGBTI

community in Jamaica. For instance, the Jamaica 2015 Human Rights Report noted

that Jamaica has not enforced its “anti-buggery” law against two same-sex

consenting adults, but only in cases of sexual assault or child molestation. See AR

at 285. Further, it noted that the Jamaican Ministry of Health and the NGO J-

FLAG trained more than 200 healthcare workers to sensitize them to LGBTI

patients. See id. Thus, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Mr.

Stewart failed to prove that he was more likely than not to suffer future threats to

his life and liberty if returned to Jamaica.

IV

The BIA also denied Mr. Stewart’s application for withholding of removal

under the CAT. Mr. Stewart bore the burden of proving by a preponderance of the

evidence that he would more likely than not be tortured if returned to Jamaica. See

8 C.F.R. §1208.16(c)(2). Torture is defined as “any act by which severe pain or

suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person . . .

when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the

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consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official

capacity.” Perez-Guerrero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 717 F.3d 1224, 1232 (11th Cir.

2013) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1)).

Here, Mr. Stewart failed to prove both that he suffer severe pain or suffering

and that such pain or suffering would be inflicted, instigated, or acquiesced to by a

public official. See id. There is substantial record evidence to show that the

Jamaica government does not inflict, instigate or acquiesce in the suffering or pain

of the LGBTI Jamaicans. To the contrary, the Jamaica 2015 Human Rights Report

shows that the government, with the help of NGOs, is working on improving the

conditions for LGBTI Jamaicans. See AR at 285.

V

Because there is reasonable, substantial, and probative record evidence to

support the BIA’s decision, we deny Mr. Stewart’s petition.

PETITION DENIED.