This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1149
Richard J. Hartfiel, Appellant,
vs.
Raymond Wilburn Allison, Respondent,
T. J. Potter Trucking, Inc., Respondent,
Westfield Insurance Company, intervenor, Respondent.
Filed January 25, 2016 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded Schellhas, Judge
Sherburne County District Court File No. 71-CV-11-1331
William J. Krueger, William Krueger, P.A., New Brighton, Minnesota (for appellant)
Raymond W. Allison, Becker, Minnesota (pro se respondent)
William L. Davidson, Brian A. Wood, Lind, Jensen, Sullivan & Peterson, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent T. J. Potter Trucking, Inc.)
Deborah C. Eckland, Scott R. Johnson, Goetz & Eckland P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Westfield Insurance Company) Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Cleary, Chief Judge; and
Randall, Judge.*
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SCHELLHAS, Judge
Appellant challenges the summary-judgment dismissal of his claims against
respondent trucking company for negligent hiring and negligent retention of respondent
employee. Appellant also argues that the district court erred by concluding that an alleged
settlement agreement between appellant and respondent trucking company is
unenforceable and by permitting the trucking company’s insurance company to intervene
in the action. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
FACTS
Appellant Richard Hartfiel drove truck for respondent T. J. Potter Trucking Inc. as
an independent owner-operator. Respondent Raymond Allison drove truck for Potter
Trucking as an employee. On June 4, 2010, while Hartfiel was sitting in his truck at Potter
Trucking, Allison attacked him with an approximately three-and-a-half foot steel bar.1
Hartfiel suffered broken bones and other injuries and incurred over $75,000 in medical
expenses. Hartfiel sued Potter Trucking in September 2011 for negligent hiring, negligent
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. 1 Allison was convicted of third-degree assault for the attack.
2 retention, and negligent supervision of Allison.2 Potter Trucking’s general liability insurer,
respondent Westfield Insurance Company (Westfield), denied coverage for Hartfiel’s
claims.
On November 14, 2011, Potter Trucking sent a draft Miller-Shugart agreement to
Hartfiel and, on November 16, informed Westfield by telephone that it was discussing a
Miller-Shugart agreement with Hartfiel.3 On November 21, Hartfiel sent Potter Trucking
a revised draft of the Miller-Shugart agreement. On or about December 16, Potter Trucking
orally accepted Hartfiel’s revisions and informed the district court in writing that it had
reached a Miller-Shugart agreement with Hartfiel and that it anticipated that the agreement
would be executed “in the very near future.” But on January 12, 2012, as a condition to
signing the Miller-Shugart agreement, Hartfiel requested that Potter Trucking provide
written notice to Westfield regarding Potter Trucking’s intent to enter into a Miller-Shugart
agreement with Hartfiel. Potter Trucking gave written notice to Westfield on January 13.
On January 19, Potter Trucking informed Hartfiel that Westfield had not made a final
decision but would be retaining defense counsel. Westfield thereafter retained defense
counsel for Potter Trucking, and the parties’ Miller-Shugart discussions ended.
2 Hartfiel sued Allison for assault and battery and settled those claims, which are not the subject of this appeal. Hartfiel also asserted, but later abandoned, negligent supervision and vicarious-liability claims against Potter Trucking. 3 A Miller-Shugart agreement takes its name from Miller v. Shugart, 316 N.W.2d 729 (Minn. 1982). Alton M. Johnson Co. v. M.A.I. Co., 463 N.W.2d 277, 278 n.1 (Minn. 1990). “In a Miller-Shugart settlement, the insured, having been denied any coverage for a claim, agrees claimant may enter judgment against him for a sum collectible only from the insurance policy. To be binding on the insurer if policy coverage is found to exist, the settlement amount must be reasonable.” Id.
3 Hartfiel moved to enforce the Miller-Shugart agreement; Potter Trucking moved for
summary judgment on Hartfiel’s claims of negligent hiring, negligent retention, and
negligent supervision; and Westfield moved to intervene. The district court granted
Westfield’s motion to intervene for the limited purpose of opposing Hartfiel’s enforcement
motion, denied Hartfiel’s motion to enforce the agreement, and denied Potter Trucking’s
motion for summary judgment. Following additional discovery and Potter Trucking’s
second motion for summary judgment, the court granted summary judgment to Potter
Trucking.
This appeal follows.
DECISION
Miller-Shugart agreement
Hartfiel argues that the district court erred by concluding that the Miller-Shugart
agreement between Hartfiel and Potter Trucking was unconsummated and unenforceable.
“A settlement agreement is a contract, and the court examines the language of the
agreement to determine the intent of the parties.” Curtis v. Altria Group, Inc., 813 N.W.2d
891, 901 (Minn. 2012). “Generally, the existence of a contract, as well as the terms of that
contract, are questions of fact to be determined by the fact-finder.” TNT Props., Ltd. v. Tri-
Star Developers LLC, 677 N.W.2d 94, 101 (Minn. App. 2004) (citing Bergstedt, Wahlberg,
Berquist Assocs., Inc. v. Rothchild, 302 Minn. 476, 480, 225 N.W.2d 261, 263 (1975)).
“But where the relevant facts are undisputed, the existence of a contract is a question of
law, which this court reviews de novo.” Id.
4 “[T]o constitute a full and enforceable settlement, there must be a definite offer and
acceptance with a meeting of the minds on the essential terms of the agreement.” Id. at
100–01 (citing Jallen v. Agre, 264 Minn. 369, 373, 119 N.W.2d 739, 743 (1963)). “[W]here
the offer is clear, definite, and explicit, and leaves nothing open for negotiation, it
constitutes an offer, acceptance of which will complete the contract.” Short v. Sun
Newspapers, Inc., 300 N.W.2d 781, 786 (Minn. 1980) (quotation omitted). Acceptance
consists of an act that demonstrates “a manifestation of assent when evaluated under an
objective standard.” Holman Erection Co. v. Orville E. Madsen & Sons, Inc., 330 N.W.2d
693, 695 (Minn. 1983). “‘[T]o give rise to a binding contract, [the acceptance] must . . .
comply exactly with the requirements of the offer.’” Jacobs v. Cable Constructors, Inc.,
704 N.W.2d 205, 208 (Minn. App. 2005) (alteration in original) (quoting Minar v. Skoog,
235 Minn. 262, 265, 50 N.W.2d 300, 302 (1951)).
Hartfiel argues that the draft Miller-Shugart agreement that he sent to Potter
Trucking on November 21, 2011, was a definite offer that Potter Trucking accepted orally
and then in writing by its December 16 letter to the district court. He further argues that
Potter Trucking satisfied any condition precedent of notice on November 16, when it
informed Westfield by telephone that it was discussing a Miller-Shugart agreement with
Hartfiel. We disagree. Both drafts of the agreement exchanged by the parties in November
2011 included a paragraph providing that “notice of their intent to enter into this agreement
was provided to [Westfield] on ___________.” The parties’ agreed-upon inclusion of this
provision contradicts Hartfiel’s assertion that Potter Trucking’s November 16 telephone
call to Westfield constituted sufficient notice to Westfield. Moreover, Hartfiel’s argument
5 that the November 16 telephone call to Westfield satisfied the notice requirement is
undermined by his January 2012 request to Potter Trucking, as follows:
In order to ensure the next steps in the process, before your client signs the agreement, we need any and all documents you’ve sent to [Westfield] saying you are in the process of negotiating a settlement with us and their responses. The law, in order for us to succeed in the next stage of this suit (and for us to have our client sign the agreement with Potter [Trucking]) requires notification to [Westfield] that you have entered into negotiations with us and that they have still failed to intervene. I know we have some letters denying the claim and you challenging their denial, but we do not have anything that says specifically that you are entering into settlement negotiations. If you could also resend those along with any other communication, it would ensure our client can sign the agreement as soon as your client does.
If you haven’t sent [Westfield] something saying they have X days to join into the suit or negotiations for settlement, please do so, let us know, and then let us know when that time expires what their response is. Then we can proceed with signing the agreement.
(Emphasis added.) In response, Potter Trucking provided Westfield written notice of its
intent to enter a Miller-Shugart agreement with Hartfiel.
The undisputed facts show that both Hartfiel and Potter Trucking considered written
notice to Westfield of their intent to execute a Miller-Shugart agreement to be an essential
term of their settlement agreement. The November 21 draft agreement lacked this essential
term and therefore was not a definite offer exhibiting a meeting of the minds on the
essential terms of the agreement. As a result, Potter Trucking’s December 2011 oral and
written communications to Hartfiel and the district court did not operate as acceptances of
the Miller-Shugart agreement and did not result in an enforceable contract.
6 Any offer and acceptance contained in Hartfiel’s and Potter Trucking’s subsequent
communications were conditioned on Westfield’s failure to act after receiving written
notice of Hartfiel’s and Potter Trucking’s intent to enter a Miller-Shugart agreement. “A
condition precedent . . . is any fact or event, subsequent to the making of a contract, which
must exist or occur before a duty of immediate performance arises under the contract.”
Nat’l City Bank of Minneapolis v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 447 N.W.2d 171, 176
(Minn. 1989). “If the fact or event required by the condition precedent does not occur, there
can be no breach of contract.” Id. (quotation omitted). Here, the undisputed facts show that
Westfield retained counsel for Potter Trucking within the time allowed in Potter Trucking’s
written notice to it. As a result, the condition precedent was not satisfied. The district court
therefore did not err by concluding that no enforceable Miller-Shugart agreement existed.
Summary judgment
Hartfiel argues that the district court erred by granting summary judgment to Potter
Trucking on his claims of negligent hiring and negligent retention because genuine issues
of material fact exist, the court improperly weighed the evidence, and the court failed to
properly apply the law.4 “[Appellate courts] review a district court’s summary judgment
decision de novo. In doing so, [appellate courts] determine whether the district court
properly applied the law and whether there are genuine issues of material fact that preclude
summary judgment.” Riverview Muir Doran, LLC v. JADT Dev. Grp., LLC, 790 N.W.2d
167, 170 (Minn. 2010); see also Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. “A fact is material if its resolution
4 At oral argument, Hartfiel acknowledged that he had forfeited any argument that the district court erred by dismissing his negligent-supervision claim against Potter Trucking.
7 will affect the outcome of a case.” O’Malley v. Ulland Bros., 549 N.W.2d 889, 892 (Minn.
1996). “No genuine issue for trial exists when the record taken as a whole could not lead a
rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party.” McKee v. Laurion, 825 N.W.2d 725,
729 (Minn. 2013) (quotations omitted). “[Appellate courts] view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the party against whom summary judgment was granted.” STAR Ctrs.,
Inc. v. Faegre & Benson, L.L.P., 644 N.W.2d 72, 76–77 (Minn. 2002).
Negligent hiring
Negligent hiring is the failure of an employer to use reasonable care in hiring
individuals who, through the employment, may pose a threat of injury to members of the
public. Ponticas v. K.M.S. Invs., 331 N.W.2d 907, 911 (Minn. 1983). Liability for negligent
hiring is
predicated on the negligence of an employer in placing a person with known propensities, or propensities which should have been discovered by reasonable investigation, in an employment position in which, because of the circumstances of the employment, it should have been foreseeable that the hired individual posed a threat of injury to others. Id. “[A]n employer will not be held liable for failure to discover information about the
employee’s incompetence that could not have been discovered by reasonable
investigation . . . .” Id. at 912–13. In determining whether an employer conducted a
reasonable investigation, “[t]he scope of the investigation is directly related to the severity
of risk third parties are subjected to by an incompetent employee.” Id. at 913.
Hartfiel argues that “unique questions of reasonableness and fact . . . must be
presented to a jury.” The evidence shows that Allison had some history of aggressive
behavior before Potter Trucking hired him. At age 17, Allison was arrested in Illinois for
8 assaulting his stepfather.5 In 1997, he pleaded guilty to assaulting a woman in Nevada.
Hartfiel testified that a Potter Trucking employee told him that, “about ten years ago,”
Allison knocked out the other employee and left him lying on the ground in a rest area.
Hartfiel did not believe that Potter Trucking was informed of the incident. Hartfiel asserts
that, because Potter Trucking did not perform a background check on Allison, it did not
conduct a reasonable investigation when it hired Allison. Hartfiel maintains that Potter
Trucking “failed to follow its own standard procedures.”
An employer does not have a duty, as a matter of law, to inquire about a prospective
employee’s criminal record. See Ponticas, 331 N.W.2d at 913 (“[W]e reject the contention
that, as a matter of law, there exists a duty upon an employer to make an inquiry as to a
prospective employee’s criminal record even where it is known that the employee is to
regularly deal with members of the public.”). “If the employer has made adequate inquiry
or otherwise has a reasonably sufficient basis to conclude the employee is reliable and fit
for the job, no affirmative duty rests on him to investigate the possibility that the applicant
has a criminal record.” Id. Whether the employer used reasonable care “in the totality of
the circumstances surrounding the hiring . . . is generally a jury question.” Id.
Here, the unchallenged evidence shows that, although Allison provided Potter
Trucking a release to perform a background check, Potter Trucking checks applicants’
driving records but does not conduct criminal background checks. Typically, Potter
Trucking hires people on referral. Potter Trucking followed its standard procedures—it
5 The record does not contain the year of the arrest.
9 required Allison to submit an application, interviewed him, required him to submit to drug
testing, obtained a release for a background check, and relied on a referral from Allison’s
previous employer. Hartfiel presented no evidence to show that a genuine issue of material
fact exists about whether Potter Trucking’s inquiry of Allison was adequate or whether
Potter Trucking had a reasonably sufficient basis to conclude that Allison was reliable and
fit for the job. The record contains no evidence to suggest that Potter Trucking knew or
should have known of Allison’s violent propensities when it hired him. On this record, we
conclude that the district court did not err by granting summary judgment to Potter
Trucking on Hartfiel’s claim of negligent hiring.
Negligent retention
“The difference between negligent hiring and negligent retention focuses on when
the employer was on notice that an employee posed a threat and failed to take steps to
insure the safety of third parties.” Yunker v. Honeywell, Inc., 496 N.W.2d 419, 423 (Minn.
App. 1993), review denied (Minn. Apr. 20, 1993).
Negligent hiring occurs when, prior to the time the employee is actually hired, the employer knew or should have known of the employee’s unfitness, and the issue of liability primarily focuses upon the adequacy of the employer’s pre-employment investigation into the employee’s background . . . . Negligent retention, on the other hand, occurs when, during the course of employment, the employer becomes aware or should have become aware of problems with an employee that indicated his unfitness, and the employer fails to take further action such as investigating, discharge, or reassignment . . . .
10 Id. (quotation omitted). Both negligent hiring and negligent retention are based on the
employer’s “direct, not vicarious, liability.” Id. at 422 (citing Ponticas, 331 N.W.2d at 911
n.5).
In this case, Hartfiel testified that, after Potter Trucking hired Allison, Allison
“worked [a Potter Trucking subcontractor] over pretty good” at a local tavern. According
to Allison’s deposition testimony, the subcontractor “had said some things” that prompted
Allison to tell him to “shut up,” the subcontractor then “slammed his drink down” and “got
right by [Allison],” and Allison thought the subcontractor was going to hit him, so Allison
“smacked [the subcontractor].” Hartfiel testified that the subcontractor did not report the
incident to Potter Trucking. But the owner of Potter Trucking acknowledged during his
deposition that the altercation was brought to his attention in the “form of gossip.” He
decided not to address it because it “[was not] work related” and because “boys are boys.”
Allison further testified that, on a different occasion, he felt that the shop foreman made a
rude comment to him on Potter Trucking premises and told the foreman that “it’s no secret
where I live, come on over there and I’ll . . . kick your ass all over the yard.” Hartfiel
testified that the foreman “was quite afraid of [Allison]” and consequently was carrying a
gun, but the foreman was deposed and denied being threatened by Allison or keeping a gun
on Potter Trucking premises.
We conclude that genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment on
Hartfiel’s claim of negligent retention. The previously discussed evidence of Allison’s
violent behavior against a Potter Trucking subcontractor in a tavern and threatening
behavior toward a Potter Trucking foreman is the type of evidence on which a jury could
11 find that Allison had violent propensities about which Potter Trucking knew or should have
known. We therefore conclude that the district court erred by granting summary judgment
to Potter Trucking on Hartfiel’s claim of negligent retention.
Westfield’s intervention
The Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure establish two types of intervention,
intervention as of right and permissive intervention. See Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.01
(intervention of right); Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.02 (permissive intervention). Westfield sought
intervention as of right and, alternatively, permissive intervention. In allowing Westfield
to intervene, the district court did not specify whether the intervention was as of right or
permissive. Hartfiel argues that the district court erred by allowing Westfield to intervene.
“Orders concerning intervention as a matter of right, pursuant to Minn. R. Civ. P.
24.01, are subject to de novo review and are independently assessed on appeal.” State Fund
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Mead, 691 N.W.2d 495, 499 (Minn. App. 2005) (citing Norman v.
Refsland, 383 N.W.2d 673, 676 (Minn. 1986)). The rule for intervention as of right
provides:
Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant’s ability to protect that interest, unless the applicant’s interest is adequately represented by existing parties.
Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.01. “[T]he spirit behind . . . Rule 24—that of encouraging all legitimate
interventions—requires a liberal application of the rule.” Engelrup v. Potter, 302 Minn.
157, 166, 224 N.W.2d 484, 489 (1974).
12 To intervene as of right, a nonparty must satisfy a four-part test:
(1) a timely application for intervention; (2) an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action; (3) circumstances demonstrating that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the party’s ability to protect that interest; and (4) a showing that the party is not adequately represented by the existing parties.
Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Schumacher, 392 N.W.2d 197, 207 (Minn. 1986);
accord State Mut. Fund. Ins. Co., 691 N.W.2d at 499. Hartfiel appears to argue that
Westfield lacked an interest relating to the subject of the action, that disposition of the
action would not have impaired or impeded Westfield’s ability to protect any interest it had
relating to the subject of the action, and that Westfield was adequately represented by Potter
Westfield’s interest relating to the subject of the action
Hartfiel argues that Westfield lacked an interest relating to the subject of the action
because “Westfield’s only argued interest in the claim was as a party to a future lawsuit,
should the Settlement Agreement be ruled enforceable.” Minnesota appellate courts have
not addressed whether an insurer’s interest in its insured’s liability is a sufficient interest
to satisfy the requirements for intervention as of right.
Under a Miller-Shugart agreement, an insurer may challenge its coverage of an
insured and the reasonableness of the settlement between the insured and claimant, but the
insurer may not challenge the insured’s liability. See Alton M. Johnson Co., 463 N.W.2d
at 278 n.1 (“In a Miller-Shugart settlement, the insured, having been denied any coverage
for a claim, agrees claimant may enter judgment against him for a sum collectible only
13 from the insurance policy. To be binding on the insurer if policy coverage is found to exist,
the settlement amount must be reasonable.”); Chalmers v. Kanawyer, 544 N.W.2d 795,
796 n.1 (Minn. App. 1996) (noting that supreme court held that “in the absence of fraud or
collusion, a money judgment confessed to by an insured is binding on the insurer in a
garnishment action if the settlement is reasonable and prudent” (citing Miller, 316 N.W.2d
at 734–35)).
A claimant’s interest in an insurer’s coverage of its insured is sufficient to permit
the claimant to intervene as of right in an action concerning the insurer’s coverage of the
insured, provided the other requirements for intervention are met. See Westfield Ins. Co. v.
Wensmann, Inc., 840 N.W.2d 438, 441–43, 445–46 (Minn. App. 2013) (concluding that
district court did not err by allowing claimant’s intervention as of right in declaratory-
judgment action by insurer against insured concerning insurance coverage), review denied
(Minn. Feb. 26, 2014). We conclude that an insurer’s interest in its insured’s liability is
likewise sufficient to permit the insurer to intervene as of right in an action concerning the
insured’s liability, provided the other requirements for intervention are met. Because
Westfield had an interest in Potter Trucking’s liability for Hartfiel’s injuries, we further
conclude that Westfield had sufficient interest relating to the subject of the action.
Westfield’s ability to protect its interest
To intervene as a matter of right, a potential intervenor must be “so situated that the
disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant’s ability
to protect [its] interest [relating to the subject of the action].” Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.01; accord
Schumacher, 392 N.W.2d at 207. “Rule 24 is specifically designed to protect a nonparty
14 from having [its] interests adversely affected by litigation conducted without [its]
participation.” Nash v. Wollan, 656 N.W.2d 585, 591 (Minn. App. 2003), review denied
(Minn. Apr. 29, 2003).
Hartfiel argues that disposition of the action would not have impaired or impeded
Westfield’s ability to protect its interest relating to the action because following
enforcement of a Miller-Shugart agreement, Westfield would have been able to dispute in
the declaratory-judgment or quasi-in-rem action its contractual liability for coverage and
the reasonableness of the damages. Indeed, after an insured and a claimant execute an
enforceable Miller-Shugart agreement, the insurer is limited to disputing whether its policy
covers the damage and whether the settlement amount was reasonable. See Alton M.
Johnson Co., 463 N.W.2d at 278 n.1 (“To be binding on the insurer if policy coverage is
found to exist, the settlement amount [of a Miller-Shugart agreement] must be
reasonable.”); Chalmers, 544 N.W.2d at 796 n.1 (noting that supreme court held that “in
the absence of fraud or collusion, a money judgment confessed to by an insured is binding
on the insurer in a garnishment action if the settlement is reasonable and prudent” (citing
Miller, 316 N.W.2d at 734–35)). Following enforcement of a Miller-Shugart agreement
between Hartfiel and Potter Trucking, Westfield would have been unable to challenge
Potter Trucking’s liability for Hartfiel’s injuries; Westfield would have been restricted to
challenging its policy coverage and whether the settlement amount was reasonable. We
conclude that Westfield’s ability to protect its interest could have been impaired or impeded
by disposition of the action. See Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.01.
15 Adequacy of Westfield’s representation
If a potential intervenor satisfies all other intervention requirements, it may
intervene as of right “unless [its] interest is adequately represented by existing parties.”
Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.01; accord Schumacher, 392 N.W.2d at 207. Hartfiel argues that any
interest of Westfield’s was adequately represented by Potter Trucking because Potter
Trucking “argued against liability in its answer and throughout the course of the matter.”
Hartfiel also argues that the district court “wholly ignored the Miller-Shugart process when
permitting Westfield to intervene.” Regarding the latter argument, we already have decided
that the district court did not err by concluding that Hartfiel and Potter Trucking did not
enter into an enforceable Miller-Shugart agreement and will not repeat that analysis.
As to the issue of adequate representation, at the hearing on Hartfiel’s motion to
enforce the Miller-Shugart agreement, Potter Trucking did not argue that the agreement
was unenforceable. Potter Trucking’s counsel did not present Westfield’s legal position or
arguments because that counsel did not represent Westfield. If Westfield had not been
allowed to intervene, no party to the underlying action would have opposed Hartfiel’s
motion to enforce the agreement.
We conclude that Westfield’s interest was not adequately represented in the
underlying action and that Westfield was entitled to intervene as of right. Even if Westfield
was not entitled to intervene as of right, it was entitled to intervene permissively. The rule
for permissive intervention provides that “[u]pon timely application anyone may be
permitted to intervene in an action when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main
action have a common question of law or fact.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 24.02. Permissive
16 intervention “is left to the discretion of the trial court and will be reversed only when there
has been a clear abuse of its discretion.” Norman v. Refsland, 383 N.W.2d 673, 676 (Minn.
1986). Hartfiel sought to enforce the Miller-Shugart agreement against Potter Trucking,
and Westfield sought to intervene to challenge the enforceability of the Miller-Shugart
agreement. Westfield’s defense therefore had questions of law and fact common to the
underlying action, and Westfield’s alternative permissive intervention was not an abuse of
discretion.
In sum, the district court did not err by concluding that the Miller-Shugart
agreement was unenforceable; it did not err by granting summary judgment to Potter
Trucking on Hartfiel’s claim of negligent hiring; it erred by granting summary judgment
to Potter Trucking on Hartfiel’s claim of negligent retention; and it did not err by allowing
Westfield to intervene in the underlying action.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.