[830]*830Opinion by
Judge O’Rear.
Affirming.
Appellees were appointed by the officers of tbe Beech Grove Ohnrch, which was situated in Turkey Neck Bend of the Cumberland river in a remote part of Monroe county, to help them maintain the peace and order of a meeting being conducted at that church. The meeting had been in progress for some days, and had attracted a large number of people. The assemblage was for the purpose of worshiping God, and was being conducted by a religious society. A number of persons had been coming to the meeting place drunk and disorderly: They brought whisky with them, which they sold or gave away to others, greatly disturbing the meeting, and the peace and quiet of those who congregated there for religious worship. It was to break up those ill practices that -the officers of the church took measures info their 'hands to find out who was bringing the liquors to the grounds and disposing of them to the disturbance of the meeting. There seem t'o have been no peace officers present or accessible. Appellant attended the meeting, and in company with two notorious characters, who had been more or less active in their disturbance of the congregation, went into the bushes a short distance from the meeting house, where some whisky had keen hidden. Appellees followed them, and found them in the act of taking the whisky, evidently intending to appropriate it to their -own use, and t-o give it or sell it to others upon the grounds. In fact (the proof conduces to 'show that appellant bought this whisky from his associates Coe and Summers. Appellant was apprehended as he went behind the bush to get the whisky, which was contained in a bottle. He was requested to go with appellees before the officers of the church at a spring near 'by, but refused, whereupon appellees took charge of him, and required him to accompany them and to give up his whisky, or to take [831]*831it away from the grounds. Upon his agreeing not to part with it to any one else, nor to drink it himself, he was left alone with it, and remained the balance of the day at the meeting. It is for this arrest that he sued appellees for false arrest and imprisonment. Appellees justify their arrest of appellant upon the' ground that they as members of the congregation were deputed by the officers of the church to preserve the peace upon the grounds, and to prevent a disturbance of the congregation by those who were violating the law, or were about tO' yiolate it.
The jury found for appellees, the defendants, under the following instructions: “(1) The court instructs the jury that any detention of a person by another with force, or against the will of ’the one detained, is imprisonment in law, and, where it is without right, it is unlawful. (2) The jury are further instructed that 'the officers of the church at Beach Grove had the right 'to' adopt reasonable precaution to have and preserve order on the Church grounds while the congregation was assembled for worship, 'and had the right to engage the service of the defendants to assist them for that purpose, and defendants had the right, acting in said service in good faith, and using no more force than was necessary, to temporarily restrain any person creating a disturbance or doing an act calculated to lead to disturbance on the grounds; and a temporary restraint under such conditions would not be unlawful. (3) The court instructs the jury to find for the plaintiff, unless they believe from the evidence that he was arrested and detained by defendants under the condition as stated in instruction No. 2, and, in the event they so believe, they will find for defendants. (4) If the jury find for the plaintiff, they will assess his damages at such sum as they may believe from the evidence will reasonably compensate him for the injury received, including wounded feelings, [832]*832mortification, and. humiliation, if any, and if they believe from the evidence, the arrest and detention were malicious, they may find punitive damages.”
.It is contended by appellant that the arrest was illegal and unauthorized. Section 35 of the Criminal Code of Practice provides that an arrest may be made by a peace officer or by a private person. Section 37 provides: “A private person may make an arrest, when he has reasonable grounds for believing that the person arrested has committed a felony.” No other provision of the Code is made for an arrest by a private person. An officer may make an arrest under a warrant directing him to do so, or when he has reasonable grounds for believing that the person arrested has committed a felony, or when a breach of the peace or other misdemeanor has been committed in his presence. Technically, any detention of the person of another by the laying on of hands, or by the exercise of force or threats may be an arrest. At the common law, a private person might make an arrest for breach of the peace, or a misdemeanor committed in his presence, as well as an officer. Commonwealth v. Wright, 158 Mass. 149, 33 N. E. 82, 19 L. R. A. 206, 35 Am. St. Rep. 475; 3 Cyc. 885. This has, however, been changed by statute in this state. But, when this is said, it must be understood as applying to mere interference with the affairs of the public alone. For instance, one who is assaulted may defend himself. He is not restricted in his self-defense to striking back*, but, if it is necessary to avert the assault, he may catch hold of and restrain his assailant. That is an arrest, but is not a violation of the law. It is privileged under the greater law of self-defense. So, one may defend his own property. If to do so it becomes necessary to eject an intruder or trespasser, he may use such force as may be reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose after peaceable means have [833]*833proven, unavailing, even though to do so he 'should take hold of the person of the trespasser, putting him in restraint, and taking him into temporary custody. Should the trespasser attempt to return, the tenant of the premises might legally restrain his doing so by repelling the attempted re-entry by such force as was necessary, and no more; that is, he might take hold of him, restrain him, turn him about, and require him to depart. So, one would have a right to defend his own property from destruction by a trespasser, even though to do so he might have to lay hold of the person of the trespasser to restrain him by the use of physical force. What one might lawfully .do in the defense of his own premises, a number may do in defense of their joint property. A religious society is as much entitled to possession of its premises in peace and free from molestation by riotous intruders as any one of them would be to defend his own home from similar invasion. So they would have a right to eject boisterous, riotous, drunken, or other misbehaving intruders, whose presence and purpose was to annoy and disturb the assembly in its lawful pursuits. It was said in Look v. Deen, 108 Mass. 116, 11 Am. Rep. 327: “The right which every citizen lias to enjoy personal liberty is necessarily subject to some exceptions. Among them are the right to restrain a person who is fighting, or doing mischief, or disturbing a congregation, or has fallen in a fit, or is so sick as to be 'helpless, or is unconsciously going into great danger, or is drunk, or has delirium tremens, or is so insane as to be dangerous to himself or others. In such cases the right to restrain persons has its foundation in the reasonable necessity and ceases with the necessity. ’ ’ The statutes of this State (section 1267) make it a misdemeanor for any person to willfully interrupt or disturb a congregation assembled for or engaged in the worship of God.
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[830]*830Opinion by
Judge O’Rear.
Affirming.
Appellees were appointed by the officers of tbe Beech Grove Ohnrch, which was situated in Turkey Neck Bend of the Cumberland river in a remote part of Monroe county, to help them maintain the peace and order of a meeting being conducted at that church. The meeting had been in progress for some days, and had attracted a large number of people. The assemblage was for the purpose of worshiping God, and was being conducted by a religious society. A number of persons had been coming to the meeting place drunk and disorderly: They brought whisky with them, which they sold or gave away to others, greatly disturbing the meeting, and the peace and quiet of those who congregated there for religious worship. It was to break up those ill practices that -the officers of the church took measures info their 'hands to find out who was bringing the liquors to the grounds and disposing of them to the disturbance of the meeting. There seem t'o have been no peace officers present or accessible. Appellant attended the meeting, and in company with two notorious characters, who had been more or less active in their disturbance of the congregation, went into the bushes a short distance from the meeting house, where some whisky had keen hidden. Appellees followed them, and found them in the act of taking the whisky, evidently intending to appropriate it to their -own use, and t-o give it or sell it to others upon the grounds. In fact (the proof conduces to 'show that appellant bought this whisky from his associates Coe and Summers. Appellant was apprehended as he went behind the bush to get the whisky, which was contained in a bottle. He was requested to go with appellees before the officers of the church at a spring near 'by, but refused, whereupon appellees took charge of him, and required him to accompany them and to give up his whisky, or to take [831]*831it away from the grounds. Upon his agreeing not to part with it to any one else, nor to drink it himself, he was left alone with it, and remained the balance of the day at the meeting. It is for this arrest that he sued appellees for false arrest and imprisonment. Appellees justify their arrest of appellant upon the' ground that they as members of the congregation were deputed by the officers of the church to preserve the peace upon the grounds, and to prevent a disturbance of the congregation by those who were violating the law, or were about tO' yiolate it.
The jury found for appellees, the defendants, under the following instructions: “(1) The court instructs the jury that any detention of a person by another with force, or against the will of ’the one detained, is imprisonment in law, and, where it is without right, it is unlawful. (2) The jury are further instructed that 'the officers of the church at Beach Grove had the right 'to' adopt reasonable precaution to have and preserve order on the Church grounds while the congregation was assembled for worship, 'and had the right to engage the service of the defendants to assist them for that purpose, and defendants had the right, acting in said service in good faith, and using no more force than was necessary, to temporarily restrain any person creating a disturbance or doing an act calculated to lead to disturbance on the grounds; and a temporary restraint under such conditions would not be unlawful. (3) The court instructs the jury to find for the plaintiff, unless they believe from the evidence that he was arrested and detained by defendants under the condition as stated in instruction No. 2, and, in the event they so believe, they will find for defendants. (4) If the jury find for the plaintiff, they will assess his damages at such sum as they may believe from the evidence will reasonably compensate him for the injury received, including wounded feelings, [832]*832mortification, and. humiliation, if any, and if they believe from the evidence, the arrest and detention were malicious, they may find punitive damages.”
.It is contended by appellant that the arrest was illegal and unauthorized. Section 35 of the Criminal Code of Practice provides that an arrest may be made by a peace officer or by a private person. Section 37 provides: “A private person may make an arrest, when he has reasonable grounds for believing that the person arrested has committed a felony.” No other provision of the Code is made for an arrest by a private person. An officer may make an arrest under a warrant directing him to do so, or when he has reasonable grounds for believing that the person arrested has committed a felony, or when a breach of the peace or other misdemeanor has been committed in his presence. Technically, any detention of the person of another by the laying on of hands, or by the exercise of force or threats may be an arrest. At the common law, a private person might make an arrest for breach of the peace, or a misdemeanor committed in his presence, as well as an officer. Commonwealth v. Wright, 158 Mass. 149, 33 N. E. 82, 19 L. R. A. 206, 35 Am. St. Rep. 475; 3 Cyc. 885. This has, however, been changed by statute in this state. But, when this is said, it must be understood as applying to mere interference with the affairs of the public alone. For instance, one who is assaulted may defend himself. He is not restricted in his self-defense to striking back*, but, if it is necessary to avert the assault, he may catch hold of and restrain his assailant. That is an arrest, but is not a violation of the law. It is privileged under the greater law of self-defense. So, one may defend his own property. If to do so it becomes necessary to eject an intruder or trespasser, he may use such force as may be reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose after peaceable means have [833]*833proven, unavailing, even though to do so he 'should take hold of the person of the trespasser, putting him in restraint, and taking him into temporary custody. Should the trespasser attempt to return, the tenant of the premises might legally restrain his doing so by repelling the attempted re-entry by such force as was necessary, and no more; that is, he might take hold of him, restrain him, turn him about, and require him to depart. So, one would have a right to defend his own property from destruction by a trespasser, even though to do so he might have to lay hold of the person of the trespasser to restrain him by the use of physical force. What one might lawfully .do in the defense of his own premises, a number may do in defense of their joint property. A religious society is as much entitled to possession of its premises in peace and free from molestation by riotous intruders as any one of them would be to defend his own home from similar invasion. So they would have a right to eject boisterous, riotous, drunken, or other misbehaving intruders, whose presence and purpose was to annoy and disturb the assembly in its lawful pursuits. It was said in Look v. Deen, 108 Mass. 116, 11 Am. Rep. 327: “The right which every citizen lias to enjoy personal liberty is necessarily subject to some exceptions. Among them are the right to restrain a person who is fighting, or doing mischief, or disturbing a congregation, or has fallen in a fit, or is so sick as to be 'helpless, or is unconsciously going into great danger, or is drunk, or has delirium tremens, or is so insane as to be dangerous to himself or others. In such cases the right to restrain persons has its foundation in the reasonable necessity and ceases with the necessity. ’ ’ The statutes of this State (section 1267) make it a misdemeanor for any person to willfully interrupt or disturb a congregation assembled for or engaged in the worship of God. [834]*834Section 1305, Ky. St. 1903, makes it a misdemeanor for any person to vend or buy within one mile of any chnrch, meeting house, or any other place of public worship, during divine services, any wine or spirituous liquor, or mixture thereof, to be drunk, or which shall be drunk, within that distance of such worship, except in houses authorized by law.
The situation presented by the case at bar was this: A congregation of people gathered in a remote locality, engaged in the must peaceful of pursuits, one guaranteed to them not only by the Constitution of the State, but in the very Bill of Rights which appellant complains was violation by depriving him of his liberty, is being disturbed by persons engaged in a violation of the two sections of the statutes cited above. The use of their religious house and grounds is valueless to this society unless they can occupy them in peace. The guaranty of the Constitution is practically meaningless unless those engaged in religious worship shall have it in their power rightfully to eject intruders who are violating the law and the rights of the worshipers, as well as to prevent such violation 'being committed. If a meeting house is situated upon a public highway, for example, and the disturber chooses to practice his unlawful arts just outside of the door, but not upon the premises of the society, whereby the peace and decorum of the meeting are disturbed and the statute violated in every 'sense of its letter and spirit, can it be maintained that the right of the owners of the property to repress such an invasion of their liberties is to be checkmated by an appeal of the lawbreaker to the Constitution, which protects every citizen in immunity from unlawful arrest? Is it an unlawful arrest when no more force is used than is necessary to check the intruder? The invasion may be physical; or it may be acts committed adjacent to the church, as [835]*835by indulging in obscene language, or indecent exposure of the person, firing off pistols, or the like, as effectually destroying the peace of the congregation as if it were committed actually upon its premises. Is the vendor of the whisky, whether in a blind tiger, or by the bootleg process, to evade all restraint upon ■ his disturbing the meeting merely because he chooses to conduct his business just over the property line of the church? If it be said that he can be punished for his misconduct, it must be answered that the law is as much concerned in the preventing as in the punishing of the disturbance of religious worship. In truth, the punishment is primarily to prevent future recurrences of like incidents. Whoever undertakes to execute the delicate privilege o£ arresting an intruder, and ejecting him under the circumstances herein outlined, must, of necessity, take the responsibility of acting safely within his rights at his own peril. But, when the property owner is within his rights, the complaint of the violator of the law that he has been illegally arrested, when he has been merely prevented from further violating the law and the private rights of the owner, is a claim without merit either in law or argument. The answer in this case justified the arrest, admitting it. This placed the burden of the whole case upon the defendants. As was stated in Reynolds v. Price, 56 S. W. 502, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 5, “The unlawfulness of the detention is the gravamen of the offense, hence it may be committed on the part of the person causing the detention. Consequently the question of malice is immaterial except as it may affect the question of damages.” As the arrest was admitted, and was justified in the pleading, the defendants were entitled to the opening in the introduction of evidence and to close in thg argument of the case.
The proceedings are without prejudicial error, and the judgment is affirmed.