Christiancy J.:
The first error assigned is, that the Court overruled the objection of the defendant below to the panel of jurors. This objection was made on the ground that, under the statutes and the Constitution of the State, there were no such officers as clerk" or sheriff, for the reason that the county had] not been legally and constitutionally organized at the time of the trial, and that there was no law authorizing the election of county officers.
The act of February 4th, 1859 (Sess. L. p. 94) purports to organize the county of Muskegon, describing by townships and ranges the territory of which it is to be composed, establishes the county site at the village of Muskegon, authorizes the electors at the election in November, 1860, to elect one member to the House of Representatives, and then provides, § 4, that “ at the township election to [be held in April next, the proper county officers for said connty shall be elected, whose terms of office shall expire on the first day of January, 1861, and when their successors are elected and qualified.”
[135]*135It is insisted by the plaintiff in error, that the act is in violation of § 2 Art. X of the Constitution, because it leaves less than sixteen full townships of thirty-six sections each in , each of the organized counties from whose territories it was taken, and no provision is made for submitting the question to the people. It is admitted that the remainder of each of those counties contains more than sixteen townships, if townships which are fractional by the public surveys are to be counted. By the Constitution organized counties are not to be reduced “to less than sixteen townships as surveyed by the United States, unless” &e.
Now, “as surveyed by the United States,” each of these fractional townships is treated and described as a separate and independent township, as much as -those which are not fractional; and in describing lands within them it would not be necessary to describe the township as fractional. We are therefore all of opinion that these fractional townships are to be treated as whole townships under this provision of the Constitution.
But it is insisted, secondly, that as no particular time was fixed by the act when it should take effect, and it was not passed by a two-thirds vote, it could not go into operation until ninety days after the end of the session, which would bring it to the sixteenth or seventeenth of May, 1859; and that, as the county officers were required to be elected in “April next,” it follows, as a consequence, that the election was required to be held before the act could constitutionally take effect; and that the act, so far as it authorized the election, was void.
It is very clear the act did not take effect till ninety days after the end of the session. But we do not think the act was therefore void as to the election provided for. It took effect in May, 1859, and must be understood as beginning to speak at the moment when it became a law, and not before. It must have the same construction [136]*136as if passed on the day when it took effect and directed by a two-thirds vote to take immediate effect. “April next” must therefore be understood as April, 1860, being the next April after the act took effect.' Any other construction leads to absurdity, and imputes to the Legislature the enactment of a farce under all the solemn forms of legislation.
An election held in April, 1860, would be a full compliance with the law, and, no excepiti on being taken on the ground that it was not so held, we must presume it was then held, and the officers duly elected.
The first error therefore is not well assigned.
The other errors assigned raise the question whether riparian ownership of lands along Muskegon lake is to be governed by the law applicable to tide waters, or substantially by the common law rule applicable to fresh water streams above the ebb and flow of the tide?
The plaintiff below appears to have been the owner of fractional section eighteen, T. 10 N. of R. 16 west, bounded, according to the United States survey of the public lands, by the water line of the lake. The section was made fractional by the waters of the lake occupying a part of what would otherwise have fallen within its lines. He had executed a mortgage of this fractional section, which had been foreclosed in the United States Circuit Court for the District of Michigan. Either about the time of the mortgage or afterwards, and before the foreclosure, he had erected a saw-mill and other buildings in the shallow waters of the lake, about twenty-nine rods from the margin or meandered line of the section, but within the area which, but for the water, would have been within the lines of the section, and at or a little beyond the point where a sand bar, extending from the land, sunk below the water: the depth of the water where the mill was built being about two feet. This sand bar at the time the min was built furnished the road way to, or very [137]*137nearly to, the mill, but in subsequent higher stages of the water was covered, and a road way was made of slabs to the land, and the space around the mill, or what is commonly known as the mill yard, was formed by slabs and refuse .stuff from the mill. Along the sides of the bar and about the mill the bottom was a soft and muddy deposit, in which grass and rushes grew.
The plaintiff in error (defendant below) justified the taking of possession and the ejecting of the plaintiff below under a writ of possession issued in the foreclosure suit.
The evidence in the case tended to show (and upon this there appears to have been no dispute) that Muskegon lake is about six miles long, with an average width of about two and a half miles; that “the outlet from it into Lake Michigan is about sixty rods long”; and though the evidence is silent as to the width of the “outlet,” yet it is evident from this language that the lake itself does not extend.to Lake Michigan, but that it discharges its waters into the latter through a comparatively narrow passage, called an outlet, and that this is about sixty rods long. But “the level of the lake is affected by the level of Lake Michigan, and rises and falls with it.” — It does not appear by the evidence whether a distinct river channel (of Muskegon River, which flows into this lake and through it to Lake Michigan) can be traced through the lake. Such are the facts appearing in the case; and it is difficult to conjecture how any other facts which might be made to appear could alter, the effect of these upon the question whether this lake is to be considered a part of Lake Michigan. And though it was admitted by both q> arries that, “for the purposes of the trial, Lake Muskegon should be considered an arm or estuary of Lake Michigan, and part and parcel thereof, and not as a widening or continuation rof Muskegon River,” I am inclined to consider this rather as the admission of a conclusion of law from the facts, than as a mere admission of fact. [138]*138Whether this lake is to be considered a part of Lake Michigan, or as a widening of the Muskegon River, so far as it might be material, would be a question of law to be decided upon the facts of the case, and no admission of the parties could bind the Court as to the law. The lake in question might partake of the characteristics of both, and the question would then be which predominates.
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Christiancy J.:
The first error assigned is, that the Court overruled the objection of the defendant below to the panel of jurors. This objection was made on the ground that, under the statutes and the Constitution of the State, there were no such officers as clerk" or sheriff, for the reason that the county had] not been legally and constitutionally organized at the time of the trial, and that there was no law authorizing the election of county officers.
The act of February 4th, 1859 (Sess. L. p. 94) purports to organize the county of Muskegon, describing by townships and ranges the territory of which it is to be composed, establishes the county site at the village of Muskegon, authorizes the electors at the election in November, 1860, to elect one member to the House of Representatives, and then provides, § 4, that “ at the township election to [be held in April next, the proper county officers for said connty shall be elected, whose terms of office shall expire on the first day of January, 1861, and when their successors are elected and qualified.”
[135]*135It is insisted by the plaintiff in error, that the act is in violation of § 2 Art. X of the Constitution, because it leaves less than sixteen full townships of thirty-six sections each in , each of the organized counties from whose territories it was taken, and no provision is made for submitting the question to the people. It is admitted that the remainder of each of those counties contains more than sixteen townships, if townships which are fractional by the public surveys are to be counted. By the Constitution organized counties are not to be reduced “to less than sixteen townships as surveyed by the United States, unless” &e.
Now, “as surveyed by the United States,” each of these fractional townships is treated and described as a separate and independent township, as much as -those which are not fractional; and in describing lands within them it would not be necessary to describe the township as fractional. We are therefore all of opinion that these fractional townships are to be treated as whole townships under this provision of the Constitution.
But it is insisted, secondly, that as no particular time was fixed by the act when it should take effect, and it was not passed by a two-thirds vote, it could not go into operation until ninety days after the end of the session, which would bring it to the sixteenth or seventeenth of May, 1859; and that, as the county officers were required to be elected in “April next,” it follows, as a consequence, that the election was required to be held before the act could constitutionally take effect; and that the act, so far as it authorized the election, was void.
It is very clear the act did not take effect till ninety days after the end of the session. But we do not think the act was therefore void as to the election provided for. It took effect in May, 1859, and must be understood as beginning to speak at the moment when it became a law, and not before. It must have the same construction [136]*136as if passed on the day when it took effect and directed by a two-thirds vote to take immediate effect. “April next” must therefore be understood as April, 1860, being the next April after the act took effect.' Any other construction leads to absurdity, and imputes to the Legislature the enactment of a farce under all the solemn forms of legislation.
An election held in April, 1860, would be a full compliance with the law, and, no excepiti on being taken on the ground that it was not so held, we must presume it was then held, and the officers duly elected.
The first error therefore is not well assigned.
The other errors assigned raise the question whether riparian ownership of lands along Muskegon lake is to be governed by the law applicable to tide waters, or substantially by the common law rule applicable to fresh water streams above the ebb and flow of the tide?
The plaintiff below appears to have been the owner of fractional section eighteen, T. 10 N. of R. 16 west, bounded, according to the United States survey of the public lands, by the water line of the lake. The section was made fractional by the waters of the lake occupying a part of what would otherwise have fallen within its lines. He had executed a mortgage of this fractional section, which had been foreclosed in the United States Circuit Court for the District of Michigan. Either about the time of the mortgage or afterwards, and before the foreclosure, he had erected a saw-mill and other buildings in the shallow waters of the lake, about twenty-nine rods from the margin or meandered line of the section, but within the area which, but for the water, would have been within the lines of the section, and at or a little beyond the point where a sand bar, extending from the land, sunk below the water: the depth of the water where the mill was built being about two feet. This sand bar at the time the min was built furnished the road way to, or very [137]*137nearly to, the mill, but in subsequent higher stages of the water was covered, and a road way was made of slabs to the land, and the space around the mill, or what is commonly known as the mill yard, was formed by slabs and refuse .stuff from the mill. Along the sides of the bar and about the mill the bottom was a soft and muddy deposit, in which grass and rushes grew.
The plaintiff in error (defendant below) justified the taking of possession and the ejecting of the plaintiff below under a writ of possession issued in the foreclosure suit.
The evidence in the case tended to show (and upon this there appears to have been no dispute) that Muskegon lake is about six miles long, with an average width of about two and a half miles; that “the outlet from it into Lake Michigan is about sixty rods long”; and though the evidence is silent as to the width of the “outlet,” yet it is evident from this language that the lake itself does not extend.to Lake Michigan, but that it discharges its waters into the latter through a comparatively narrow passage, called an outlet, and that this is about sixty rods long. But “the level of the lake is affected by the level of Lake Michigan, and rises and falls with it.” — It does not appear by the evidence whether a distinct river channel (of Muskegon River, which flows into this lake and through it to Lake Michigan) can be traced through the lake. Such are the facts appearing in the case; and it is difficult to conjecture how any other facts which might be made to appear could alter, the effect of these upon the question whether this lake is to be considered a part of Lake Michigan. And though it was admitted by both q> arries that, “for the purposes of the trial, Lake Muskegon should be considered an arm or estuary of Lake Michigan, and part and parcel thereof, and not as a widening or continuation rof Muskegon River,” I am inclined to consider this rather as the admission of a conclusion of law from the facts, than as a mere admission of fact. [138]*138Whether this lake is to be considered a part of Lake Michigan, or as a widening of the Muskegon River, so far as it might be material, would be a question of law to be decided upon the facts of the case, and no admission of the parties could bind the Court as to the law. The lake in question might partake of the characteristics of both, and the question would then be which predominates. And upon the assumption that a different rule is to be applied to each — which I do not intend to be understood as admitting — I should be inclined to hold that this lake, so fat as its character can have any bearing upon the question of riparian ownership, is to be treated as more properly a widening of the Muskegon River, or a separate lake, than as a part of Lake Michigan. The only circumstance which I have been able to discover tending to give it the character of the latter, is the fact that it rises and falls with it. If this fact were sufficient to make it a part of Lake Michigan, then it is difficult to see why every other stream, large or small, which empties into that lake, should not be considered a part of it so far up as it is affected by the rise and fall of the lake. The rise and fall of Lake Michigan and the other great lakes- of the same chain is not a tide occurring at regular intervals, like that of the ocean, nor does it arise from the ;same cause. And though it is probable their waters may be slightly affected by lunar attraction, and a very minute tide may perhaps be detected by a long and careful course of observation with accurate instruments; yet the Court must judicially notice that it must be too slight to be recognized by ordinary observation, or to serve any practical purpose in determining the extent of riparian ownership. This fact was judicially noticed in Lorman v. Benson, 8 Mich. 18. Courts must also be presumed to be so far acquainted with the laws of nature, as to .enable them judicially to determine that the rise and fall of ¡these lakes is governed mainly by the same causes which affect the rise [139]*139and fall of tbe rivers which flow into them, and which rise and fall more than the lakes themselves; and that all the connecting straits between the lakes, such as the straits of Ste Mary (or Ste Mary’s river), the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, must, of necessity, rise and fall with the lakes which they connect. It is a matter of public notoriety that tlie waters of Detroit River vary in height at different, but irregular periods, to the extent of several feet from this causej -and quite as much as those of Lake Michigan or Muskegon lake are shown to vary. Tet we all held in Borman v. Benson that the common law rule applicable to streams above the ebb and flow of the tide applied to that river, and I have not been able to discover any fact or circumstance in this case sufficient to make a substantial difference in principle between that case and [the present. I am entirely satisfied with the principles established by that case, •and think them substantially applicable to the present. Whether the riparian ownership extends to the center of the lake is a question not involved in this case; the only question being whether it extends to the place where the mill is erected, which is in the shallow water of the lake some twenty-nine or thirty rods from the shore, on ground which is susceptible of beneficial private use and enjoyment as land. The real question is whether the ownership of section eighteen bordering upon the lake carries with it the ownership of the locus in quo, not whether it extends beyond, or whether its outward limits in the lake can be defined with precise accuracy. But if the water continues so shallow as to render the lands under it susceptible of beneficial private use to the center line of this narrow lake, then I have no hesitation in saying I think the riparian ownership extends to such center line, unless indeed there may be intervening islands wMch the government have shown an intention to reserve from the grant of the main land, by surveying them as separate tracts, in which case the riparian ownership would extend only to the center line between the island and the main land.
[140]*140If the water becomes so deep in approaching the-center of the lake as to render the lands under it inca, pable of such private or individual use, the question of' ownership, beyond where it is available for such purpose, becomes as barren as the use itself; and is of no practical importance whatever. But to deny all riparian ownership, under the shallow waters, because its outward limits in the-lake can not, a priori, without reference to the facts of the particular case, be defined with a precision which shall settle-all other eases, would be fextremely unphilosophical, and contrary to the principles and analogies of the law in other-cases. There are many classes of cases, especially where the-question is between the rights of individuals and those of the public, in which the precise line can not be drawn by any general rule applicable alike to all cases. But the law does not therefore deny the existence of both public and private rights, nor either of them: and the courts, admitting the existence of both, seek to, determine the question between them upon the facts of the particular cases as they . arise.
I do not mean to say that the ownership of the tract here in question, or any other tract bordering upon the lake, must necessarily extend into the lake in the direction of the side lines of the tract: this might depend upon the shape of the lake and the relative rights of adjoining owners. But no such question arises here, as will readily appear by reference to the map attached to the record. When the-question arises between adjoining owners, it will not be found difficult of decision within the principle of adjudged eases..
But this riparian ownership does not’ carry 'with it the-right to the exclusive and unrestricted use of the lands ordinarily covered by the water; as in the case of rivers,, that use must in all’ cases be subordinate to the paramount public right of navigation, and such other public rights as may be incident thereto. In other words, all the [141]*141private or individual use and enjoyment of which the land is susceptible, subordinate to, and consistent with, the pub-lie right, belong to the riparian owner as against any other person seeking to appropriate it to his individual use.
These principles, when applied to Muskegon Lake, can no more interefere with the public right of navigation than when applied to rivers. In both cases the ownership is equally qualified by, and subordinate to, the rights of the public. In fact, navigation is much more likely to be benefited than injured by the application of these principles. Wharves and other similar erections are essential to the interests of navigation; and if the bed of the lake -to high or. low water mark were vested in the State, no private owner could extend a wharf one foot, from the water line without becoming a trespasser, and incurring the risk of losing his improvements, though navigation might be aided, rather than injured by it; while, ¡by admitting the riparian ownership as above explained, individual enter, .prise is stimulated to improvement, and the public interest is subserved. The public, through their proper authorities, have always the right to restrain any encroachments which may be injurious to the public right, and to compel the removal of any obstruction or impediment, as weE as to punish the offender, to the same extent as if the bed of ■the lake were vested in the State.
I am not aware that the State or the Federal Gi-overn!ment has at any time asserted any right or claim to the beds of the lakes more than to those of the rivers, and I ’think the same principles of riparian ownership apply equally 1 to‘both. I speak here of the small lakes within the State, because the large lakes on our borders are not involved in the present case — though. I am not aware that the State or the United States has ever asserted any claim with respect to the one more than the other, and I must frankly admit that I have not, as yet, seen any sound reason for •making a distinction based upon a difference of size between [142]*142lakes more than between rivers: — Jones v. Soulard, 24 How. 40 — nor because some may be a state or national boundary, while others are not. But without expressing any opinion upop the large lakes on our borders, I think the general understanding and common usage of the country have as clearly recognized the principles of riparian ownership with reference to the lakes as to the rivers within the State, and that this general understanding and common usage have been constantly acted upon: and that c'apital and labor to a very great extent have been expended on' the faith of ¿them can not admit of a reasonable doubt.. Tq repudiate this common usage at this late day, by creating an arbitrary distinction which has no foundation in the nature of things, and to recognize in the State or the United States a proprietorship in the beds of the hundreds of lakes and natural ponds within her limits, would, in my opinion, be an unwarrantable interference with private property, and do incalculable mischief.
These lakes and ponds are scattered over almost all parts of the State; they impart to the landscape the charm of picturesque scenery; their banks are often selected as favorite sites for residence, and command a high price; these considerations entered into the original purchase from the Government, and every subsequent purchase. Much, and in many cases most, of the value of these locations, and of the residences upon them, consists in the beauty of the prospect which the lakes afford. But if the land under them belongs to the State or the Federal Government, any man may go into the shallow water a few feet from the shore and erect in front of such dwellings, mills, fishing houses, or such other buildings as his profit, convenience, or malice may dictate, and thereby destroy the beauty of1 the prospect and the value of the property, and the owner has no remedy but as one of the public at large. The Attorney General could not well interpose for the protection of the owner’s private interest alone, and the public-sight would not in general be impaired.
[143]*143Some of these lakes form no part of a chain of navigable waters, and are not susceptible of public use for purposes of navigation. Some of them are entirely enclosed by the lands of a single owner. If the bed of the lake belong to the State or the United States in one case, I do not see why it does not equally in others wherever it has been meandered by the public survey. Some startling consequences would flow from such a doctrine, which it is unnecessary here to notice.
There is much good sense in the observations of the Supreme Court of Ohio in Gavit's Adm'rs. v. Chambers, 3 Ohio, 496, and they have^ met with the very general assent of the Courts, especially in the Western States. And though these observations were applied to a river, they are, I think, equally applicable to the lakes; and if 'the beds of these lakes are to .be treated “ as unappropriated territory, a door is opened to incalculable mischiefs. Intruders upon the common waste would fall into endless broils amongst themselves, and involve the owners of adjacent lands in controversies innumerable. Stones, soil, gravel, the right to fish, would all be subjects of individual scramble, necessarily leading to violence and outrage.”
I am' therefore well satisfied that both public and private interests are best subserved by recognizing the principles of riparian ownership in respect to the lakes, substantially to the same extent as applied to rivers.
The charge of the Court below, applying to Muskegon Lake the law applicable to tide waters, was erroneous. The judgment must therefore be reversed, with costs, and a new trial granted.
Manning J.:
On the trial it ivas admitted that Muskegon Lake is “an arm or estuary of Lake Michigan, and part and parcel thereof.’’ The charge was based on this admission, and its correctness must be tested by it.
[144]*144In Lorman v. Benson, 8 Mich. 18, the common law rule, that gives to the owner of land on a river above tide water the bed of the stream to the middle of the river, was held applicable to the Detroit river, which differs from ordinary rivers only in that it connects two lakes— St. Clair and Erie — having its origin in one and terminating in the other.
To apply this rule to our large lakes, it seems to me, would be absurd. To hold, for instance, that a deed of an acre of land, in a square form, bounded on one side by Lake Michigan, conveyed as an incident to the grant a strip of land of the same width extending forty or fifty miles into the lake, with the sole right to the grantee to take fish in the waters covering the same— for the ownership of the bed of a stream carries with it this right, Hooker v. Cummings, 20 Johns. 90; Angel on Watercourses, § 61 — would be an anomaly so great that it would only need to be stated to be universally condemned.
It does not follow from this, however, that the owners of land on our lakes have no greater rights in the lakes than the citizens of the State at large. Whether they have or not is the present subject of inquiry. As individuals, as citizens of the State, they have not. But there may be rights connected with the land itself, growing out of location, public policy, or having some other origin, to which they may be entitled, and which are not common to the citizens of the State at large, or to persons owning-lands not thus situated.
We have no legislation on the subject: and in the absence of all legislation, the inquiry is, what are the rights of the citizens of the State in our great lakes? They are the rights of navigation and of fishing. These rights are common to all, whether they own land on the lake shore or not. At the same time it must be admitted, that the owners of such lands have greater facilities for [145]*145the enjoyment of these rights than others. In this respect they may be likened to a person residing on a highway, while their fellow citizens generally may be likened to a person residing at a distance from such highway, and who has no means of approaching it except over the land of another. Both have equal rights to the use of the highway, when upon it; but the first, by reason of his residence, has a facility for using it that the other has not.
But the similitude fails, or does not hold good, when we attempt to press it farther. The highway spoken of being the work of man, all rights connected with it are artificial, or conventional. They have no existence of themselves. Whereas the lakes are the work of our Creator, and our rights to them as highways and fisheries are natural and not artificial rights, and may therefore be said to be self-existing rights. The same may be said of the facilities for their enjoyment peculiar to the owners of land on the lake shore. These are also natural and not artificial rights, and like all natural rights, cannot justly be taken from them by the State unless necessary for the good of the body politic, to which all natural rights must yield. They are natural rights incident to location, and of kin to the right of the owners of such land to the lake breeze, or to the exuberant fertility of the soil, should it prove to be more luxuriant than the soil back from the lake. No one would for a moment think of taking away either of these rights from the owner of the land. And yet the rights of which we have been speaking are as truly rights as either of these.
If what we have said be correct," a well settled principle of law steps in here to aid the plaintiff in error. It is this: that where the law gives a right it gives with it all minor rights necessary to its enjoyment. Wharves and piers are almost as necessary to navigation as vessels, and ship-yards or places for the construction of vessels are indispensable. May not therefore the owner of the [146]*146shore, under this rule, use the adjacent bed of the lake for the construction of ways, for the launching of vessels, or of wharves and piers for vessels to lie at and receive and discharge their cargoes? The right of navigation without such right would be incomplete.
It seems to me on principle as well as reason, that the owner of the shore has a right to use the adjacent bed of the lake for such purposes. Wharves and piers must be constructed by some one, and by whom if not by the owners of the adjacent shore? No one else can construct them unless it should be the State, or some one under its authority. But has the State that right? Can the owner of the shore be cut off from the lake against his consent, without taking from him those natural rights of which we have spoken ?
Without deciding this point, the doubt suggested by it may suffice for the custom that has so long prevailed that it may now be considered the settled policy of the State, for the owners of the shore to construct such works and to. use the bed of the lake for that purpose. In a government like ours such is undoubtedly the true interest of the State. It stimulates individual enterprise, encroaches on no private right, leaves the public rights of navigation and fishing unimpaired, and turns to a good account what would only be a profitless monopoly in the hands of the State.
Mills and manufactories, unlike wharves and piers, do not add to the conveniences or usefulness of the lakes as highways or thoroughfares; and yet, they seem to me clearly to come within the state policy mentioned. A. different policy as to them would depress rather than encourage enterprise, and render that unproductive which otherwise might be made useful. I am therefore of opinion that all such constructions connected and used with the shore, pass as an incident or appurtenance of the shore in a conveyance of the latter.
[147]*147The other questions in the ease will be considered in the case of Carleton v. The People, now before us.