IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-15-00029-CR
RICARDO SOTO, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 66th District Court Hill County, Texas Trial Court No. 38,173
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Ricardo Soto was convicted after a bench trial of possession of less than one gram
of cocaine and sentenced to 20 months in a state jail facility. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY
CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010). His sentence was suspended, and Soto was placed on
community supervision for four and a half years. Because the trial court did not err in
denying Soto’s motion to suppress, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. BACKGROUND
Soto was travelling in a vehicle with four other people which was stopped for
vehicle equipment violations by Joe Abreu who, at the time, was working for the
Hillsboro Police Department. The driver of the vehicle gave his consent for Abreu to
search the vehicle. After getting everyone out of the vehicle, Abreu decided to pat-
down all the occupants for weapons. Soto was wearing a cap. Abreu attempted to pat-
down the cap and removed it from Soto’s head. When he removed the cap, a folded
dollar bill fell out. The dollar bill contained under an ounce of cocaine. Prior to trial,
Soto filed a motion to suppress the cocaine. After a hearing, the trial court denied the
motion. It was again denied during Soto’s trial.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his sole issue on appeal, Soto asserts that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress. Specifically, Soto contends the pat-down of Soto was not valid
pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968) because 1) the
officer was not afraid of Soto or the others that were removed from the vehicle; and 2)
the officer exceeded the scope of Terry by removing Soto’s cap.
When reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. State v. Robinson, 334
S.W.3d 776, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
Soto v. State Page 2 witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17,
24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We give almost total deference to a trial court's express or
implied determination of historical facts and review de novo the court's application of
the law of search and seizure to those facts. Hereford v. State, 339 S.W.3d 111, 118 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); State v.
Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
TERRY FRISK
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. O'Hara v.
State, 27 S.W.3d 548, 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Searches conducted without a warrant
are unreasonable per se under the Fourth Amendment, subject only to a few specifically
established and well-delineated exceptions. Id. One exception occurs when an officer is
justified in believing that an individual is armed and presently dangerous. Id. In that
situation, the officer may conduct a pat-down search to determine whether the person is
carrying a weapon. Id. Before conducting a pat-down search, an officer need only be
able to "point to specific and articulable facts, which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968); O’Hara, 27 S.W.3d at 550-551. The
officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed. O’Hara, 27 S.W.3d at
551. The issue is whether a reasonably prudent person would justifiably believe that his
safety or that of others was in danger. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27.
Soto v. State Page 3 Justification
Soto first complains Abreu lacked justification to frisk Soto pursuant to Terry
because Abreu testified that he was not in fear of his safety. The Court of Criminal
Appeals has made it clear that an officer's failure to testify that he was afraid of the
suspect does not automatically invalidate a frisk for weapons. O'Hara v. State, 27
S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Jones v. State, 69 S.W.3d 275, 278 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2002, pet. ref’d). Regardless of whether Abreu stated he was afraid, the validity
of the search must be analyzed by determining whether the facts available to Abreu at
the time of the search would warrant a reasonably cautious person to believe that the
action taken, i.e. a frisk for weapons, was appropriate.
Abreu removed five individuals, including Soto, from the vehicle. He had
information that at least one of the other individuals had a criminal history of
possessing a controlled substance with intent to distribute and was known to traffic
large amounts of cocaine. Coupled together, these facts made Abreu feel that his safety
would be in danger if he did not pat down the individuals, including Soto, before
Abreu turned his back on them and conducted a search of the vehicle. Based on these
facts, Abreu was justified in conducting a Terry frisk for weapons. Thus, under this
theory, the trial court did not err in denying Soto’s motion to suppress.
Scope
Next, Soto complains that Abreu exceeded the scope of a Terry frisk for weapons
Soto v. State Page 4 because Abreu removed Soto’s cap rather than patting it down on Soto’s head.
Abreu testified that Soto was wearing a cap and that the cap was not transparent
to be able to see whether there was a weapon in it. Further, Abreu testified that a
bladed weapon like a razorblade inside a cap would not necessarily be felt when a cap
is patted against someone’s head. Through training at the police academy and
experience, Abreu had learned that the only proper way to search a cap for bladed
weapons is to remove the cap from the person’s head.
Police officers may conduct a limited search for weapons of the suspect's outer
clothing. See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 769 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Carmouche v.
State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88
S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). Soto cites to no authority that prohibits the removal
of a cap that is being worn prior to a pat-down of the cap. He only cites to a case from
Houston where it was held that an officer’s request for a suspect to move her bra strap
due to fear that she might have a weapon in her bra exceeded the scope of a Terry frisk.
See State v. Williams,
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-15-00029-CR
RICARDO SOTO, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 66th District Court Hill County, Texas Trial Court No. 38,173
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Ricardo Soto was convicted after a bench trial of possession of less than one gram
of cocaine and sentenced to 20 months in a state jail facility. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY
CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010). His sentence was suspended, and Soto was placed on
community supervision for four and a half years. Because the trial court did not err in
denying Soto’s motion to suppress, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. BACKGROUND
Soto was travelling in a vehicle with four other people which was stopped for
vehicle equipment violations by Joe Abreu who, at the time, was working for the
Hillsboro Police Department. The driver of the vehicle gave his consent for Abreu to
search the vehicle. After getting everyone out of the vehicle, Abreu decided to pat-
down all the occupants for weapons. Soto was wearing a cap. Abreu attempted to pat-
down the cap and removed it from Soto’s head. When he removed the cap, a folded
dollar bill fell out. The dollar bill contained under an ounce of cocaine. Prior to trial,
Soto filed a motion to suppress the cocaine. After a hearing, the trial court denied the
motion. It was again denied during Soto’s trial.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his sole issue on appeal, Soto asserts that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress. Specifically, Soto contends the pat-down of Soto was not valid
pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968) because 1) the
officer was not afraid of Soto or the others that were removed from the vehicle; and 2)
the officer exceeded the scope of Terry by removing Soto’s cap.
When reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. State v. Robinson, 334
S.W.3d 776, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
Soto v. State Page 2 witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17,
24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We give almost total deference to a trial court's express or
implied determination of historical facts and review de novo the court's application of
the law of search and seizure to those facts. Hereford v. State, 339 S.W.3d 111, 118 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); State v.
Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
TERRY FRISK
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. O'Hara v.
State, 27 S.W.3d 548, 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Searches conducted without a warrant
are unreasonable per se under the Fourth Amendment, subject only to a few specifically
established and well-delineated exceptions. Id. One exception occurs when an officer is
justified in believing that an individual is armed and presently dangerous. Id. In that
situation, the officer may conduct a pat-down search to determine whether the person is
carrying a weapon. Id. Before conducting a pat-down search, an officer need only be
able to "point to specific and articulable facts, which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968); O’Hara, 27 S.W.3d at 550-551. The
officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed. O’Hara, 27 S.W.3d at
551. The issue is whether a reasonably prudent person would justifiably believe that his
safety or that of others was in danger. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27.
Soto v. State Page 3 Justification
Soto first complains Abreu lacked justification to frisk Soto pursuant to Terry
because Abreu testified that he was not in fear of his safety. The Court of Criminal
Appeals has made it clear that an officer's failure to testify that he was afraid of the
suspect does not automatically invalidate a frisk for weapons. O'Hara v. State, 27
S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Jones v. State, 69 S.W.3d 275, 278 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2002, pet. ref’d). Regardless of whether Abreu stated he was afraid, the validity
of the search must be analyzed by determining whether the facts available to Abreu at
the time of the search would warrant a reasonably cautious person to believe that the
action taken, i.e. a frisk for weapons, was appropriate.
Abreu removed five individuals, including Soto, from the vehicle. He had
information that at least one of the other individuals had a criminal history of
possessing a controlled substance with intent to distribute and was known to traffic
large amounts of cocaine. Coupled together, these facts made Abreu feel that his safety
would be in danger if he did not pat down the individuals, including Soto, before
Abreu turned his back on them and conducted a search of the vehicle. Based on these
facts, Abreu was justified in conducting a Terry frisk for weapons. Thus, under this
theory, the trial court did not err in denying Soto’s motion to suppress.
Scope
Next, Soto complains that Abreu exceeded the scope of a Terry frisk for weapons
Soto v. State Page 4 because Abreu removed Soto’s cap rather than patting it down on Soto’s head.
Abreu testified that Soto was wearing a cap and that the cap was not transparent
to be able to see whether there was a weapon in it. Further, Abreu testified that a
bladed weapon like a razorblade inside a cap would not necessarily be felt when a cap
is patted against someone’s head. Through training at the police academy and
experience, Abreu had learned that the only proper way to search a cap for bladed
weapons is to remove the cap from the person’s head.
Police officers may conduct a limited search for weapons of the suspect's outer
clothing. See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 769 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Carmouche v.
State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88
S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). Soto cites to no authority that prohibits the removal
of a cap that is being worn prior to a pat-down of the cap. He only cites to a case from
Houston where it was held that an officer’s request for a suspect to move her bra strap
due to fear that she might have a weapon in her bra exceeded the scope of a Terry frisk.
See State v. Williams, 312 S.W.3d 276, 283 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).
Williams is distinguishable because the frisk involved undergarments. Soto’s cap
was part of his outer clothing, like a jacket or overcoat, not his undergarments.1 When it
was removed from Soto’s head to be checked for weapons according to the officer’s
training, a folded dollar bill fell out. When Abreu retrieved the dollar, he noticed a
1 We note the distinction between undergarments, clothing, and outer clothing and believe the distinction is critical to the manner in which a Terry pat-down can be properly administered.
Soto v. State Page 5 white substance in it that he believed to be cocaine. Soto confirmed the substance was
cocaine, as did a lab test. Accordingly, because the cap was outer clothing, Abreu did
not exceed the scope of Terry, and the trial court did not err denying Soto’s motion to
suppress under this theory.
CONCLUSION
Soto’s sole issue is overruled, and the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed August 13, 2015 Do not publish [CR25]
Soto v. State Page 6