MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jul 24 2018, 8:55 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES Brian M. Pierce David W. Stone IV Muncie, Indiana Anderson, Indiana
Steven J. Bruce Muncie, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
R.H., July 24, 2018 Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-AD-174 v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit Court L.H. and C.H., The Honorable John Feick, Judge Appellees-Petitioners. Trial Court Cause No. 18C04-1702-AD-12
Altice, Judge
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 1 of 17 Case Summary [1] R.H. (Mother) appeals the trial court’s grant of a petition to adopt the minor
child T.H.H. (Child) filed by L.H. (Stepmother) and C.H. (Father). Mother
presents the following, restated issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in concluding that Mother’s consent to the adoption was not required based on Mother’s failure to provide support;
2. Whether the trial court failed to provide Mother with notice of the final adoption hearing; and
3. Whether the trial court’s finding that adoption was in the best interests of Child was clearly erroneous.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History [3] Mother and Father were married on June 21, 2008. Child was born to Mother
and Father on October 12, 2010. During the marriage, Mother became
addicted to opiates. She primarily used opiate-based prescription medication
and heroin. Mother spent significant portions of 2013 and 2014 incarcerated
for various crimes related to her drug addiction. During that time, Father cared
for Child.
[4] Mother and Father divorced on May 7, 2014. Under the dissolution decree,
Mother and Father were awarded joint legal custody of Child; Father was
awarded sole physical custody of Child; and Mother received supervised
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 2 of 17 parenting time every other weekend, with holidays and special days. Mother
was directed to pay child support to Father in the amount of $39.00 per week,
effective March 21, 2014. Mother made no support payments to Father
between March 21, 2014, and June 20, 2017, but an offset made her current 1 through 2014.
[5] Mother is a high school graduate, has a degree in Criminal Justice from Ball
State University, and worked for seven years in the legal department of a
financial institution as a trust and estate specialist. After her divorce, however,
and while battling her drug addition, she was employed in minimum wage jobs.
At various times, Mother lived with her father, her brother, her mother, and her
boyfriend. Mother used some of her income toward her residential obligations.
Her boyfriend, who was employed, paid most of the household bills when the
two lived together. However, no part of Mother’s income from any of her jobs
was used to pay her court-ordered child support obligation.
[6] Mother smokes cigarettes daily. Between July 2014 and June 2017, she smoked
approximately $5.00 worth of cigarettes each day. Between 2015 and June
2017, she spent approximately $4,500.00 on her smoking habit. Mother
testified that she personally paid at least a third of that amount toward her
1 The dissolution decree directed Father to pay to Mother $2,000.00 to equalize the property distribution. Toward the end of 2014, Mother and Father entered into an agreement regarding Father’s equalization payment obligation and Mother’s child support obligation. The two agreed that, for the year 2014, their obligations would offset each other. Based upon this agreement, the trial court found Mother to be current with her support payment through 2014, but not beyond.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 3 of 17 habit. The balance was paid for by other individuals. Also from 2015 to June
2017, Mother spent between $6,500.00 and $7,000.00 to support her heroin
habit. Her eight-month treatment for her addiction, through a methadone
clinic, cost approximately $3,840.00 and was paid for by her mother and her 2 boyfriend.
[7] Mother exercised her weekend parenting time with Child. At trial, she testified
that during the visits, she fed Child; she bought him gifts, clothing, and toys;
she took him to the zoo and bought him “souvenir[s] wherever we went”; and,
she “threw birthday parties for [Child].” Transcript at 67, 71.
[8] Father married Stepmother on April 30, 2016. Child has lived with Father and
Stepmother since March 2015. In February of 2017, Father and Stepmother
petitioned for Stepmother to adopt Child. Mother filed an objection.
[9] Mother made her first child support payment approximately four months after
the adoption petition was filed and several weeks after she hired an attorney.
Mother has continued to make support payments since June 20, 2017; however,
she had accrued an arrearage of more than $5,000.00.
[10] On September 29, 2017, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on whether
Mother’s consent to the adoption was required. On November 3, 2017, the
court issued “Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order,” concluding
2 The costs associated with Mother’s current methadone treatment is covered by Medicaid.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 4 of 17 that Father presented clear and convincing evidence that Mother had
knowingly failed to provide for the care and support of Child when she was able 3 to do so, and that Mother’s consent to the adoption was implied. The court
also dismissed her objection to the adoption.
[11] On December 13, 2017, Father filed a motion to set the final adoption for a
hearing and, that same day, the trial court issued an order setting the final
adoption for hearing. The hearing was held on December 21, 2017. Mother
was not present at the hearing. Following the hearing, the trial court issued the
final adoption decree, finding that Child’s adoption by Stepmother was in
Child’s best interests. The court terminated Mother’s parental rights and
granted the adoption of Child by Stepmother. Mother now appeals. Additional
facts will be provided as necessary.
Discussion & Decision [12] When reviewing a trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, we will not
disturb that ruling unless the evidence leads to but one conclusion and the trial
judge reached an opposite conclusion. Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771
3 The trial court used the wrong terminology in its November 3, 2017 order when it concluded: “Mother’s consent [to the adoption] shall be implied . . . .” Implied consent to an adoption is governed by Ind. Code § 31-19-9-18, which reads in relevant part: “The consent of a person who is served with notice . . . to adoption is irrevocably implied without further court action if the person . . . fails to file a motion to contest the adoption . . . not later than thirty (30) days after service of notice . . . .” Mother filed an objection to the adoption. Therefore, I.C. § 31-19-9-18 is not applicable. It appears the trial court intended to conclude that Mother’s consent to the adoption was not required. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2) (a parent’s consent to adoption is not required “if for a period of at least one (1) year the parent . . . knowingly fails to provide for the care and support of the child when able to do so as required by law or judicial decree”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 5 of 17 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. We will not reweigh the evidence but
instead will examine the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision
together with reasonable inferences drawn therefrom to determine whether
sufficient evidence exists to sustain the decision. Id. The decision of the trial
court is presumed to be correct, and it is the appellant’s burden to overcome
that presumption. Id.
[13] When, as in this case, the trial court has made findings of fact and conclusions
thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review: “we must first determine
whether the evidence supports the findings and second, whether the findings
support the judgment.” In re Adoption of T.L., 4 N.E.3d 658, 662 (Ind. 2014).
Factual findings “are clearly erroneous if the record lacks any evidence or
reasonable inferences to support them [and] . . . a judgment is clearly erroneous
when it is unsupported by the findings of fact and the conclusions relying on
those findings.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).
1. Mother’s Consent [14] Mother argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that her consent to
the adoption was not required. Indiana law provides that a parent’s consent to
adoption is not required “if for a period of at least one (1) year the parent . . .
knowingly fails to provide for the care and support of the child when able to do
so as required by law or judicial decree.” I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2)(B). The burden
to prove these statutory criteria is satisfied by clear and convincing evidence
and rests squarely upon the petitioner seeking to adopt. In re Adoption of M.A.S.,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 6 of 17 815 N.E.2d 216, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The “petitioner for adoption must
show that the non-custodial parent had the ability to make the payments which
[s]he failed to make.” In re Adoption of Augustyniak, 508 N.E.2d 1307, 1308 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1987), trans. denied. To determine that ability, it is necessary to
consider the totality of the circumstances. Id.
[15] Here, there is no question Mother did not make the court-ordered child support
payments for a period exceeding one year. The record shows that Mother did
not make payments, at least, between January 2015, and June 20, 2017. Thus,
the question before us is whether Mother had the ability to provide support of
the Child. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2)(B).
[16] Mother claims that:
[H]er circumstances including, but not limited to, her ongoing battle with addiction, her good-faith effort at recovery, reliance on the belief that Father did not want/need the support, and her continued parenting-time with her child, demonstrate that she lacked the ability to pay her support obligation, and/or had justifiable cause for her failure to pay support.
Appellant’s Brief at 13. According to Mother:
The circumstances of [her] failure to pay support, when viewed in totality, clearly show a mother: struggling with her addiction to opiates; actively involved in addiction treatment; working minimum wage jobs even though well educated; willing to allow father to maintain physical custody; maintaining joint legal custody; and continuing to visit with the child on a consistent and regular basis. Moreover, the evidence demonstrates that [she] fully relied on [Father’s] statements that he didn’t need Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 7 of 17 support, wasn’t worried about support, and could financially provide for his child. [Father] took no action to collect the support [she] owed.
Id. at 15. Mother maintains that she “is first, and foremost, an opiate addict
fighting a continuous battle between active-use and recovery” and that,
“[b]ecause of her opiate addiction, every area of her life, including her ability to
support her child, has been affected.” Id. at 13. She admits that most of the
money she earned from 2014 to 2017 went toward the purchase of illegal drugs
and treatment for her addiction, court costs and legal fees related to her
addiction, and/or personal expenses. She claims that “[f]ailure to pay for, and
attend treatment, would have increased [her] chances of using”; that “[f]ailure
to pay court costs and fines would have left [her] in jail”; and that “[both of
these things] would have left her unable to visit her child.” Id. at 14.
[17] Mother attempts to justify her failure to pay child support on multiple
conversations she claims to have had with Father about the child support
obligation. She claims that Father would always respond that he was “‘not
worried about it.’” Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 2 at 12. At trial, Father denied
telling Mother not to pay the support but admitted that, on one occasion, he
told her he was not worried about the child support.
[18] In its findings of fact and conclusions thereon, the trial court found that Mother
was able to maintain a number of jobs; and that she admitted she was adept at
obtaining employment, suffered from no disabilities, and was not physically
prevented from working. The court further found that instead of paying the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 8 of 17 support obligation, Mother “chose to pay for heroin”; she “sold property to pay
for heroin”; but she “never sold any property to pay her Court-ordered child
support obligation.” Id. at 11.
[19] The trial court noted the following:
22. That in 2015, [Mother] was able to procure a new bedroom furniture suite. She states her mother and boyfriend helped her purchase this suite. This suite cost approximately $1,500.00.
23. That in 2017, prior to making her first judicially decreed support payment, [Mother] paid an attorney $750.00 for representation.
24. That in 2016, [Mother] managed to pay a traffic ticket in Marion County. [Mother] testified her mother helped her pay this ticket. This expense was $62.00.
25. That in 2015, [Mother] paid off a speeding ticket in Hancock County. This expense was $130.00.
26. That after her felony conviction in Delaware County, [Mother] made payments towards court ordered responsibilities.
*****
28. That [Mother] has been able to keep herself clothed and fed since 2014.
29. That [Mother] has not, as of this time, filed for bankruptcy.
Id. The court also noted:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 9 of 17 36. That [Mother] also claims that she told [Father] that she was “trying to put [her] life together” and that [Father] never told her they needed her help. [Mother] felt “conned” into not paying the court ordered support by [Father] and that he was inducing her not to pay child support.
38. That [Mother] testified that “I was supporting my son the best that I could” and that “[Child] has benefited from my emotional and motherly support, versus money, more.”
42. That regardless, both parties agree that [Mother] was very aware of her obligation and her ongoing failure to comply with the judicial decree. [Father] testified that he has asked her many times when she’s going to start paying. [Mother] repeatedly agreed that not a single cent of earned income from 2015 to June 2017 was used for support.
Id. at 12-13.
[20] The trial court concluded:
16. Here, [Mother] has offered up a number of alternative basis [sic] for her failure to pay support (as an alternative to her argument that she has provided care and support, which would be based on holdings not applicable where there is a judicial decree for [support).] When looking at the totality of the circumstances, it is clear that [Mother] had significant third party [sic] support; had many jobs with earning[s]; did not even always bear a significant, if any, expense of housing, transportation, or utilities; was able to sell property and perform services to obtain
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 10 of 17 drugs; was able to pay for cigarettes; able to feed and clothe herself; has no other dependents; is not physically unable to work; and was able to afford significant expense in Methadone. When aggregated, in addition to her many jobs, [Mother] produced no information suggesting she could pay nothing to meet her legal obligation. Her position that [Father] was not worried about child support and that he somehow “conned” her into not paying support is not persuasive in light of her attitude towards paying any support; her statements that [Child] is well cared for where he lives and doesn’t need her support; and her prioritizing her own financial needs and desires over the judicially decreed support obligation.
18. [Mother] financed heroin consumption from 2015 into early 2017. [Mother] both earned money and had significant assistance from third parties in the same time frame. Her priorities did not include providing care and support pursuant to the judicial decree entered in 2014.
19. [Father] has presented clear and convincing evidence that [Mother] has knowingly failed to provide for care and support of [Child] and that she was able, but chose not, [sic] to do so as she is required by judicial decree.
Id. at 15-16.
[21] The evidence presented at the consent hearing established that Mother had a
court-ordered financial obligation, as set forth in the dissolution decree, to pay
child support to Father in the amount $39.00 per week. She fed Child and,
apparently, provided Child with token amounts of clothing, toys, souvenirs,
and gifts during visitations, but Mother made no actual financial support Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 11 of 17 payments to Father between January 2015, and June 20, 2017. See, e.g., Irvin v.
Hood, 712 N.E.2d 1012, 1013 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (holding that the father had
failed to support his child despite fact that he provided six items of clothing for
the child and some food during child’s visits with paternal grandparents);
M.A.S., 815 N.E.2d at 220 n.1 (holding that the father’s occasional provision of
groceries, diapers, formula, clothing, presents, and cash did not qualify as
support). In fact, Mother did not make her first support payment until four
months after the petition for adoption was filed and after she had paid $750.00
to an attorney to represent her in the matter. She testified at trial that she
thought it was “B.S.” that she had to pay child support when Father was
making $35.00 per hour. Transcript at 19.
[22] Mother admitted that she was able to work, and that, between 2014 and 2016,
she was working and earned money – at times earning between $700.00 and
$1,000.00 per month. However, Mother used the money to support her daily
cigarette smoking habit and to purchase illegal drugs. She testified that she was
able to pay the fines for the traffic and speeding tickets she received, and to
clothe and feed herself, but she failed to use any of her earnings to make child
support payments. At various times, Mother lived with her father, her mother,
and her boyfriend and contributed minimally to household expenses. When
Mother lived with her boyfriend, he paid most of the household bills. Mother
had third parties paying for her methadone treatments and purchasing her new
furniture.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 12 of 17 [23] Ample evidence was presented to support the trial court’s conclusion that
Mother failed to provide for Child’s care or support for over one year, and that
she was able to pay child support but chose not to do so. The trial court’s
findings regarding such were not clearly erroneous. Mother’s arguments are
nothing more than an invitation to reweigh the evidence and reassess witness
credibility, which we will not do. See In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 973
(Ind. 2014). The trial court did not err in concluding that Mother’s consent to
the adoption was not required based on Mother’s failure to provide support.
2. Notice of Adoption Hearing [24] Mother next contends that she did not receive notice of the final adoption
hearing. However, the chronological case summary (CCS) shows that notice of
the trial court’s order setting the final hearing was sent to the attorneys of 4 record, including Mother’s attorney, by “ENotice.” Appellant’s Appendix at 6.
Notice or information given to an attorney constitutes notice to his client.
Reynolds v. State, 463 N.E.2d 1087, 1088 (Ind. 1984). It is well-settled that “[a]
challenge to the mailing of notice is precluded when the docket clearly states
that notice was mailed.” Minnick v. Minnick, 663 N.E.2d 1226, 1228 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1996); see also Trojnar v. Trojnar, 698 N.E.2d 301, 304 (Ind. 1998) (in
4 Ind. Trial Rule 72(D) provides in relevant part: “It shall be the duty of the attorneys . . . when entering their appearance in a case or when filing pleadings or papers therein, to have noted on the Chronological Case Summary and on the pleadings or papers so filed, their mailing address, and an electronic mail address. Service at either address shall be deemed sufficient.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 13 of 17 context of T.R. 72, a proper clerk’s notation on the CCS will presumptively
establish the fact that notice was mailed).
[25] Moreover, Mother did not call the lack of notice of the hearing to the attention
of the trial court. Rather, she raises the matter for the first time on appeal. As
such, Mother has waived any allegation of error with respect to whether she
received notice of the final adoption hearing. See In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832,
834 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (Mother waived issue concerning alleged violation
of due process rights because issue was raised for the first time on appeal).
[26] Finally, we note that Mother knew of the adoption proceedings because she
(among other things) attended the September 29, 2017 consent hearing, where
she was represented by counsel. Furthermore, she knew that Child’s adoption
by Stepmother was imminent because she received the trial court’s order that
concluded her consent to the adoption was not required and her objection to the
adoption was dismissed. See Appellant’s Appendix at 6.
3. Best Interests of Child [27] Mother also challenges the trial court’s determination that adoption was in
Child’s best interests. The primary concern in every adoption proceeding is the
best interests of the child. In re Adoption of M.L., 973 N.E.2d 1216, 1224 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012). Even if a court determines that a natural parent’s consent is not
required for an adoption, the court must still determine whether adoption is in
the child’s best interests. See I.C. § 31–19–11–1(a)(1). “When reviewing the
trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, we will not disturb that ruling
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 14 of 17 unless the evidence leads to but one conclusion and the trial judge reached an
opposite conclusion.” T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 662.
[28] We note that the adoption statute does not provide guidance for which factors
to consider when determining the best interests of a child in an adoption
proceeding, but we have noted that there are strong similarities between the
adoption statute and the termination of parental rights statute in this respect.
See M.L., 973 N.E.2d at 1223 (holding that the adoption statutes and the
termination statutes provide similar balances between parental rights and the
best interests of the children). In termination cases, we have held that the trial
court is required to look to the totality of the evidence to determine the best
interests of a child. In re I.A., 903 N.E.2d 146, 155 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[29] Mother maintains that the final adoption hearing was “merely ceremonial in
nature,” and that, during the hearing, “no evidence was offered, and no
determination was made, as to whether the granting of the adoption was in the
best interests of the child.” Appellant’s Brief at 16-17. Mother also argues that
she should have been allowed to participate in the hearing and present evidence
regarding whether the adoption was in Child’s best interests.
[30] We already have determined that Mother waived any allegation of error
regarding whether she received notice of the final adoption hearing. As for
whether the adoption was in the best interests of Child, based upon the totality
of the evidence presented during the adoption proceedings, we find that it was.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 15 of 17 [31] Mother attended the September 29, 2017 consent hearing and was represented
by counsel. The evidence presented at the hearing established that Mother has
a history of drug abuse and that Child was in the care and physical custody of
Father since early 2013. Although Mother was employed, earned income, and
had her housing and household expenses subsidized, she did not make any
payments toward her court-ordered child support obligation until four months
after the adoption petition was filed. She, instead, chose to spend the money on
her cigarette and illegal drug habits, drug treatment, and fines for traffic
infractions. Mother exercised visitation with Child, when she was not
incarcerated, and she testified that during the visits, she fed Child, threw
birthday parties for him, and bought him gifts, clothing, and toys. However,
other evidence was presented indicating that, during visitation, Mother engaged
in illicit activities with men for money while Child was in his bedroom in the
home where Mother resided.
[32] The trial court held a final adoption hearing, following which the trial court
determined that Child had resided with Stepmother and Father since March
2015, and that Stepmother and Father were capable of raising Child and
furnishing him with suitable support and education. The court concluded that
Child’s adoption by Stepmother was in Child’s best interests.
[33] Based upon the totality of the evidence presented during the adoption
proceedings, we cannot say that the evidence leads only to the opposite
conclusion of that reached by the trial court. We therefore find that the trial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 16 of 17 court’s conclusion that the adoption of Child by Stepmother was in Child’s best
interests was not clearly erroneous.
[34] Judgment affirmed.
Najam, J. and Robb, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-AD-174 | July 24, 2018 Page 17 of 17