GFM, LLC AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN APPELLEE PART
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge
In this boundary-line dispute, appellants Cecil James Reynolds, Donna Reynolds, and
Cecil J. Reynolds, Sr. (collectively "the Reynoldses"), appeal the dectee enteted by the Independence County Circuit Court, finding in favor of appellee GFM, LLC (GF1\0.r The trial
court found that (1) the Reynoldses failed to prove that a fence line on GFM's property was a
boundary by acquiescence, and (2) GFM was entided to a ptesctiptive easement in a road on the
Reynoldses' propertF. On appeal, the Reynoldses challenge both findings, contending that the
trial court clearly erted in denying their claim for a bounduty by acquiescence and in awatding
GFM a prescriptive easement in the road on their property. We affirm the former finding;
howevet, we feverse the latter.
lMembets of the Pteston Gtace family are the principal officets of GFM. GFM and the Reynoldses are adjoining landownets in the Cave Cteek community located
in Independence County, Arkansas. Pertinent to this appeal is ptoperty that GFM owns in
Section 10, Township 14 North, Range 6 !7est. Due south of this property is an eighty-acre ttact
of land owned by the Reynoldses, which is located in Section 15, Township 14 North, Range
6 West. North of the Reynoldses'boundary line, within GFM's property, there is a fence. The
area north of the Revnoldses' boundalv line and south of GFM's fslsg-ths properw in
dispute-is approximately eighty to one-hundted acres.
GFM initiated this case in Novemb er 201.7 by fiting a complaint to quiet tide and fot a
temporary restraining order against the Reynoldses, alleging that they, without GFM's
permission, cut timber and built fences and toads on its ptoperty and blocked its access to its
property. In response, the Reynoldses filed an answer and countetclaim alleging that the proper
boundary line between the parties was the fence line on GFM's ptoperty. The Reynoldses alleged
that the fence was the boundary by acquiescence, and they sought legal tide to the ProPerty in
dispute.
At trial, GFM ptesented the testimony of Patrick Lemley, a licensed surveyor, who
testified that in 2009 a member of the Grace family asked him to locate the boundary line
between the parties' propety. Lemley concluded that the boundary line was the southetn
boundary line of Section 10-not the fence on GFM's property. Lemley also testified that he
found no acts of possession by the Reynoldses in the disputed ptoperty. Howevet, he observed
deer stands on the disputed properry, which he believed belonged to a hunting club that GFM
had on its proPerry.
-2- JimmyLeeDownstestifiedthathehadlivedintheCaveCreekcommunityfotthity- he dated back to the 1980s' Downs said that seven years and that the fence on GFM',s Pfoperty
had been a membet of the GFM hunting club for seven to ten years, and he confitmed the
pfopefty' Fot years prior to the Reynoldses' existence of hunting-club deer stands on GFM's
he and other hunters used the road that tan ownership of the Pfopefty, according to Downs, since hunting club' Howevet' Downs added that through the Revnoldses'propetty to access the
road had been closed off. the Reynoldses have owned the ptoperty, the
explained that the hunting club, owned The final GFM witness was Kendall Smith. He
He testified that on a fecent visit' he by the Grace family, managed the ptoperty in dispute'2 property and was stopped and questioned uaveled on the road that ran through the Reynoldses'
by Donna ReYnolds' resident of the cave cteek on behalf of the Reynoldse s, L,Itty lrilkes, a life-Iong
kept cattle on their properry for fory to forry-five years community, testified that the Reynoldses
from time to time. He added that the fence preexisted and that the Reynordses repaired the fence
that he did not know if the fence was put up by the Reynoldses' purchase of the PfoPerty,
sides of the fence, and that he did not know if the fence someone who owned the land on both
he had driven on the road through the line was the boundary rine. wilkes arso said that
Reynoldses' ProPertY maflY times'
ouC' the 2smith said the hunting club had an annual work day that included "cutting -o..., and building deet stands, along with othet roads, "cutting out' ice damage on the maintenance. -3- Boyd Qualls testified that he had lived in the Cave Creek community for t'wenty-six years
and currently lived iust west of the Reynoldses. Qualls said that he did not have an
understanding of the property lines between the parties; however, he said he was familiar with
the road on the Reynoldses' property. He said that the road had been there fifty or more years
and that long ago it was tegularly used when nearby property was being mined. He added that
onl-,, the Re.znoldses and "^.^J"^.-..-J..-.-"- theit ftiends r,rse the toad- now-
CecilJames Reynolds flames) testified that he leased his property in 1988 and purchased
it in 2003. \X/hile he agreed that his deed conveyed to him only an eighty-acre tract, it was his
belief that his tact included the property in dispute. He said that over the yeats he used the
properry sourh of the fence3 and that no one has ever questioned his use of the Propefiy. He
added that the road through his property runs very close to his home, and that since 2003, only
his family and his friends have used it. James's wife Donna Reynolds concufted, stating that only
their friends and family use thefu road.
At the conclusion of the tdal, the court asked counsel whether there was any dispute that,
based on the Reynoldses' deed and the 2009 survey, GFM was the recotd tide holder of the
property at issue. Counsel for the Reynoldses conceded that there was no dispute on that mattet,
to which the trial court stated, "the burden then, of course, . . . falls upon the fReynoldses] to
present their claim [for bound ary by acquiescence]."n Thereafter, the trial court quieted tide in
fence, installed deer James testified that he ran catt)e,built new fences, repaired the old stands, and cleated the ptoperty in dispute.
'Also during this colloquy, counsel for the Reynoldses conceded thatwhile they asserted adverse possession as an affirmative defense in their aflswer, they could not prove adverse possession, and, as such, abandoned that defense, relying solely on boundary by acquiescence.
-4- the disputed property in accotdance with the 2009 survey; found that the Reynoldses failed in
meeting their burden of proving that the fence on GFM's propeffy was a boundary line by
acquiescence; and found that the road across the Reynoldses' tract was subject to a prescriptive
easement in favor of GFM, its successors, assigns, and invitees, but not the public. After the
decree detailing these findings was entered by the trial court, the Reynoldses timely fi.led a notice
of appeal.
The Reynoldses' first point on appeal is that the trial court cleariy ered in finding that
the fence did not constitute a boundary by acquiescence. A fence, by acquiescence, may become
the accepted boundary even though it is contrary to the survey bne. Strotber u. Mitchell,2011 Atk.
App.224, 1.7,382 S.!7.3d741,752. When adjoining landowners occupy their respective ^t premises up to the line they mutually recognize and acquiesce in as the boundary fot a long
period of time, they and their grantees are ptecluded from claiming that the boundary thus
recognized and acquiesced in is not the true one, although it may not be. 1d.,382 S.W.3d at7 52.
A boundary line by acquiescence is inferred from the landowners'conduct over many years so
as to imply the existence of an agreement about the location of the boundary hne. 1d.,382
S.W.3d is the agreement and acquiescence, not the fence itself, that contols. Id. at ^t752.It t7-1,8,382 S.W.3 d at752. The intention of the parties and the significance they attach to the
fence, rather than its location or condition, is what is to be considered . Id. at 78, 382 S.W.3d at
752. Neither a prior dispute about the boundary line nor adverse usage up to a fence is required
to establish a boundary by acquiescence. 1d.,382 S.W.3d atl52.
-5- We have noted that the mere existence of a fence, without evjdence of rnutual
recognition, cannot sustain a finding of such a boundary. 1d.,382 S.!7.3d at752. Also, the fact
that a landowner puts a fence inside his boundary line does flot mean that he is acquiescing in
the fence as the boundary, theteby losing tide to the strip on the other side. 1/., 382 S.W.3d at
T|Z.Thatoccurs only if the neighbor takes possession and holds it fot the requisite number of
vears. 1d..382 S.!7.3d at752-53.
Finally, because the locatio n of aboundary is a disputed question of fact, we will affirm
unless the trial court's finding is cleatly against the pteponderance of the evidence' Id-,382
S.W.3d atl53.A findingis clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to supportit, the
reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite conviction tha;t a mistake was
committed.Id. at 18-19, 382 S.W.3d Whether a boundary line by acquiescence exists is ^t753. to be determined from the evidence in each individual case.Id. at1.9,382 S.!7.3d ^t753- In the case at bar, the trial court found that the Reynoldses failed to prove their claim for
boundaryby acquiescence. The court specifically stated atthe conclusion of the trial thatto meet
their burden of proof, the Reynoldses would have to prove that the conduct, beliefs, and
intentions of bothlandowners established a tacit agreement that the fence line was the boundary
line. However, in this case, as found by the triai coutt, thete was an absence of this type of
evidence from the perspective of GFM ot its predecessors. No witness offered evidence that
GFM ot its predecessors believed or intended the fence to be the boundary line. And while each
of the Reynoldses'witnesses testified that theywete familiarwith the fence line, had been on the
property in dispute, andr.rray have thought that the fence line was the boundary line, none were
-6- certain where the boundary line benveen the parties' ptopetty was and none testified about
GFM's or its predecessors' tacit agreement or recognition that the fence line was the boundary
line.
Notably,James Reynolds's testimony ptovided only half of the requirements needed to
establish boundary by acquiescence. He stated that he and his family had alvrays considered the
fence iine a.s the tror-rndasr line, tha.t they r-rsecl the disputed propertv for forq, years, and that they
maintained the disputed property. However, the mere subiective belief that a' fence is the
boundary line is insufficient to establish a boundary bet'ween two propeties- Boltsteru. Shoemake,
101 tuk. App. 148, 1,52,212 S.!f.3d 1.39,'143 (2008). James did not offer any evidence of
GFM's mutual recognition of the fence as the boundary. The trial court stated, "ffames
Reynolds] was veq/ frank in his testimony, he said . . . 'I always thought that [rny ptoperry] went
up to the fence line . . . .'But he never really came out and said anything about some sort of an
agreement either implicitly or explicitly with any other landowner that would give you
acquiescence."
Moreover, as pointed out by the uial court, thete was evidence of GFM's conduct that
testified that established that it did not believe the fence was the boundary line. Sevetal witnesses
south of the fence ]ine, there were deer stands that wete maintained by GFM. Also, there was
(at least annually) the evidence that the hunting club, owned by GFM, managed and maintained
properry south of the fence.
-7- Because there was an absence of testimony showing that GFM considered the fence to
be the property line and there was evidence of GFM's conduct to the contralT, we hold that the
tdal court did not cleady er in refusing to find the fence was the boundary by acquiescence.
The Reynoldses' next argument is that the ffial coutt cleady ered in finding that GFM
was entided to a prescriptive easement in the Reynoldses'toad. The following summarizes our
laur nh nreqctinfirre eacernenfs' r-*----r
A prescriptive easement may be gained by one not in fee possession of the land by operation of law in a manrrer similar to adverse possession. In Arkansas, it is generaliy required that one asseting an easement by ptescdption show by a preponderance of the evidence that one's use has been adverse to the true owner and under a claim of right fot the statutory period. This court has said that the statutory period of seven years for adverse possession applies to prescriptive easements.
Overt activity on the patt of the user is necessary to make it clear to the owner of the propetty that an advetse use and claim are being exerted. Mere permissive use of an easement cannot tipen into an adverse claim without clear action, which places the ownet on notice. Some circumstance or actin addition to, orin connecLion with, the use which indicates that the use was not merely permissive is required to establish a right by prescription. The determination of whether a use is adverse or permissive is a facttal question, and formet decisions are :,aely controlling on this factual issue. The plaintiff bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been adverse, not permissive, use of the land in question
't lY/illows, .t C u. Bogl,201,3 A*. App. 59, at 3 (citing Roberts u. Jackson,2011 Ark. App. 335, 384
s.vr.3d 28).
\We teview cases that traditionally sound in equity de novo on the recotd, but we will not
reverse a finding of fact by the circuit court unless it is clearly erroneous. Acuna u. IWatkins,2012
Ark. App. 564, at 6, A finding is cleady erroneous when, although there -S.W.3d -, -. is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been comrnitted . Id., S.W.3d at reviewing tfl^l ^ - -.In -8- court's findings, we give due deference to the tdal court's superiot position to determine the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be accorded to their testimoty. Id. 6-7, ^t - S.!7.3d ^t _. Disputed facts and determinations of witness credibility Newithin the province
of the fact-finder . Id. at7 , is our duty to revetse if our own review of the ^t -S.!7.3d -.It record is in marked disagreement with the trial court's findings. Id., at -S.W.3d -. In the case at bar, the trial court found that the Reynoldses' road had
been used by the community for a long, long time, way befote-well, it's been used by the Reynolds, in fact, and [their predecessots]. It's been used so long that there is a prescriptive easement across it. The fact that they bought it, that's a switch in landowners, it's been used as a road long-probably even before [the Reynoldses' predecessors] owned it. So as fas as I'm concetned, there is a right-of-way actoss the toad.
The Reynoldses argue that the trial court's finding on this issue was cleat erot because there was
no evidence in the recotd that GFM, ot its ptedecessors, used the toad adversely for seYen years.
'We No witness testified that GFM used the road in any fashion, much less adversely and agree.
overtly, for seven years. And while every witness tirLa.l testified that they had used the ^t Reynoldses' road, none testified that they used it in a manner that was adverse or hostile to the
ownership rights of the Reynoldses. To the contary, there was ample evidence of permissive
use of the Reynoldses' road. According to Quails, Downs, andJames and Donna Reynolds, since
2003, only the Reynoldses and those with their permission had used the toad. This was
coroborated by evidence that when Smith and Lemley recently traveled on the Reynoldses'
road, their use of the toad was interrupted by Donna and James Reynolds.
\7hile the Reynoldses'road may have been used often in the past, there is no evidence
that that use was anything other than permissive. In tecent yeats, the evidence ptesented was that
-9- Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 484
only the Reynoldses and their friends used the road. There is a lack of evidence that for seven
years GFM adversely used the road. Therefote, we hold that the trial court cleady ered in
avzarding GFM a prescriptive easernent in the Reynoldses'road, and we reverse on that issue.
Affirmed ir prrq tevetsed in prrt.
lTHrreAKEn and HxsoN,JJ., agree.
Bistow E Richardson, PLLC,by: Melissa B. Richardson, for appellants.
Blair & Stroud,by: Robert D. Stroud, for appellee.
-10-