Opinion op the Court by
Judge Settlp?
-Reversing.
Tbe appellant, William Reynolds, was tried in the court below under an indictment charging him with the crime of murder, the person killed being Fount Edwards. The juryj by their verdict, found appellant [376]*376guilty of. voluntary manslaughter and fixed his punishment at confinement in the penitentiary five years. He was refused a new trial and has appealed. Appellant is a “mine boss,” twenty-nine years of age, and in addition to a wife and two children, he had living with him a sister and brother, both in his care; the sister, Minnie, being eighteen and the brother, Herbert, sixteen .years of age.
On the night of the homicide appellant, his wife, sister and brother went to a nearby church and on the way. were joined by Fount Edwards, who walked in front with the two ladies, appellant and his brother following in the rear.. Upon reaching the church Edwards sat with the choir and assisted in the singing. During' the service appellant told his wife to tell his sister not to permit Edwards, to return home with her. The sister was so advised and when the services closed declined'to be escorted to her home by Edwards, telling’him of appellant’s request. Edwards had been visiting the sister several months and there had been no ill will between Edwards and appellant; but the latter’s brother, Herbert, disliked Edwards and seemed to object to his attentions to his sister, Minnie, and it. was for these reasons and the fact that Herbert, at the time, was under the influence of intoxicants, that appellant advised his sister to refuse - Edwards’ company in returning home, as he feared Herbert would get into a difficulty with Edwards. Upon leaving the church appellant, his wife, sister and brother walked together toward their residence, but shortly after starting were passed by Edwards, who stopped, after doing 'so, in a store, where he remained until the store was passed by appellant and his family; whereupon Edwards left the store and, with his brother, Fogg Edwards, the latter’s wife and one or two persons, followed and soon overtook appellant and upon reaching him, laid his left hand on his shoulder and jerked him around facing him with such force' a.s to cause his hat to fail off. Edwards, holding in his right hand a pistol, -elevated on a line with appellant’s face, paid to him: “Why have you treated me so?” and commanded him to take his hands from his pockets. At this juncture appellant, fearing, as he claimed, immediate death at the hands of Edwards, drew his pistol and shot at Edwards five times, three of the shots striking him and causing* his death.
[377]*377There is little contrariety of evidence as to the facts so far stated. Some of the witnesses present claimed that they did not see the jerking of appellant by Ed-, wards or the pistol in the latter’s hands, bat a majority of them did, and all said they heard his statements to Edwards as above related; some saying his manner was violent and others that it was not. While there was much in this evidence to give a basis for appellant’s claim of having shot Edwards in self-defense, it was not so conclusive of that fact as to authorize a directed verdict of acquittal; hence we do not agree with appellant that this should have been done. There being on some points a conflict of evidence as to the facts of the killing, this was sufficient to take the case to the jury that they might determine appellant’s guilt or innocence.
Consideration of the numerous grounds urged by the appellant for the reversal of the judgment of conviction, nas enabled ns to find but one among them we think sufficient to entitle him to the relief sought by the appeal, viz.: the error complained of as appearing in the instruction, given the jury by the trial court, explanatory of the law of self-defense. The instruction, numbered “4” in the bill of exceptions, is as follows:
“Although you may believe from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, Wm. Reynolds, shot with pistol loaded with powder, leaden ball and other hard and explosive substances, the deceased, Fount Edwards, and from which shooting and wounding he then and there presently died, yet if at the time he did so he, the said Reynolds, believed, and had reasonable grounds to believe, that he was then and there in danger of death or the infliction of' some great bodily harm at the hands of said Edwards and that it was necessary, or was believed by the defendant, in the exercise of a reasonable judgment, to be necessary, to so shoot and wound the deceased in order to avert that danger, real or to the defendant reasonably apparent, then you ought to acquit the defendant upon the ground of self-defense and apparent necessity therefor.”
There are two errors in this instruction, and if it could reasonably be claimed that neither of them singly would have made the instruction prejudicial, it is manifest that together they so fatally affected its meaning as to make it extremely prejudicial; so much so indeed, [378]*378as to furnish, reasonable grounds for tbe claim advanced by tbe appellant that it impaired bis right to .a fair -trial. Tbe first error in tbe instruction is found in its apparent requirement that, in order to acquit tbe appellant on tbe ground of- self-defense, tbe jury must have believed from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, tbe truth of the facts upon which the instruction predicated bis right to shoot tbe deceased; whereas tbe haw only required that tbe jury believe from tbe evidence tbe truth of those facts. Tbe instruction, as did others in tbe case, correctly told the jury that tbe billing of deceased by appellant bad to be proved by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, but its failure - to advise them that in order to acquit him on tbe ground of self-defense it was only necessary that they believe from tbe evidence tbe facts upon which it predicated bis right to act in self-defense, was an inducement to tbe jury to infer that they could not acquit appellant on that ground, unless and until tbe facts authorizing* bis exercise of tbe right of self-defense bad been proven by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. If it is not tbe meaning of the instruction that appellant’s claim of self-defense must be established by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, then it wholly failed to advise.tbe jury bow they were to determine tbe existence or non-existence of tbe fact; whether from tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, from tbe preponderance of tbe evidence or from tbe evidence at all. Tbe best that can be said of tbe instruction is that it can be construed so as not to carry the requirement of belief beyond a reasonable doubt to tbe facts necessary to establish the defense relied on. A lawyer or judge, familiar with tbe law, might so understand and construe it, but tbe average jury can not be expected to be so discriminating. Being unfamiliar with tbe law it may well be doubted that they would be able to determine where tbe requirement' as to reasonable 'doubt ceased to apply. But suppose tbe jury actually discovered that it only applied down as far as tbe word “yet,” bow were they to know by what to be governed from there on? At best they were left to conjecture. They may or may not have guessed right, but tbe possibility is just as great, if not-greater, that tbe jury did not construe tbe instruction correctly as that they did; and manifestly a man who is being* tried for bis life or liberty, has a right to an instruction on bis sole defense [379]
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Opinion op the Court by
Judge Settlp?
-Reversing.
Tbe appellant, William Reynolds, was tried in the court below under an indictment charging him with the crime of murder, the person killed being Fount Edwards. The juryj by their verdict, found appellant [376]*376guilty of. voluntary manslaughter and fixed his punishment at confinement in the penitentiary five years. He was refused a new trial and has appealed. Appellant is a “mine boss,” twenty-nine years of age, and in addition to a wife and two children, he had living with him a sister and brother, both in his care; the sister, Minnie, being eighteen and the brother, Herbert, sixteen .years of age.
On the night of the homicide appellant, his wife, sister and brother went to a nearby church and on the way. were joined by Fount Edwards, who walked in front with the two ladies, appellant and his brother following in the rear.. Upon reaching the church Edwards sat with the choir and assisted in the singing. During' the service appellant told his wife to tell his sister not to permit Edwards, to return home with her. The sister was so advised and when the services closed declined'to be escorted to her home by Edwards, telling’him of appellant’s request. Edwards had been visiting the sister several months and there had been no ill will between Edwards and appellant; but the latter’s brother, Herbert, disliked Edwards and seemed to object to his attentions to his sister, Minnie, and it. was for these reasons and the fact that Herbert, at the time, was under the influence of intoxicants, that appellant advised his sister to refuse - Edwards’ company in returning home, as he feared Herbert would get into a difficulty with Edwards. Upon leaving the church appellant, his wife, sister and brother walked together toward their residence, but shortly after starting were passed by Edwards, who stopped, after doing 'so, in a store, where he remained until the store was passed by appellant and his family; whereupon Edwards left the store and, with his brother, Fogg Edwards, the latter’s wife and one or two persons, followed and soon overtook appellant and upon reaching him, laid his left hand on his shoulder and jerked him around facing him with such force' a.s to cause his hat to fail off. Edwards, holding in his right hand a pistol, -elevated on a line with appellant’s face, paid to him: “Why have you treated me so?” and commanded him to take his hands from his pockets. At this juncture appellant, fearing, as he claimed, immediate death at the hands of Edwards, drew his pistol and shot at Edwards five times, three of the shots striking him and causing* his death.
[377]*377There is little contrariety of evidence as to the facts so far stated. Some of the witnesses present claimed that they did not see the jerking of appellant by Ed-, wards or the pistol in the latter’s hands, bat a majority of them did, and all said they heard his statements to Edwards as above related; some saying his manner was violent and others that it was not. While there was much in this evidence to give a basis for appellant’s claim of having shot Edwards in self-defense, it was not so conclusive of that fact as to authorize a directed verdict of acquittal; hence we do not agree with appellant that this should have been done. There being on some points a conflict of evidence as to the facts of the killing, this was sufficient to take the case to the jury that they might determine appellant’s guilt or innocence.
Consideration of the numerous grounds urged by the appellant for the reversal of the judgment of conviction, nas enabled ns to find but one among them we think sufficient to entitle him to the relief sought by the appeal, viz.: the error complained of as appearing in the instruction, given the jury by the trial court, explanatory of the law of self-defense. The instruction, numbered “4” in the bill of exceptions, is as follows:
“Although you may believe from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, Wm. Reynolds, shot with pistol loaded with powder, leaden ball and other hard and explosive substances, the deceased, Fount Edwards, and from which shooting and wounding he then and there presently died, yet if at the time he did so he, the said Reynolds, believed, and had reasonable grounds to believe, that he was then and there in danger of death or the infliction of' some great bodily harm at the hands of said Edwards and that it was necessary, or was believed by the defendant, in the exercise of a reasonable judgment, to be necessary, to so shoot and wound the deceased in order to avert that danger, real or to the defendant reasonably apparent, then you ought to acquit the defendant upon the ground of self-defense and apparent necessity therefor.”
There are two errors in this instruction, and if it could reasonably be claimed that neither of them singly would have made the instruction prejudicial, it is manifest that together they so fatally affected its meaning as to make it extremely prejudicial; so much so indeed, [378]*378as to furnish, reasonable grounds for tbe claim advanced by tbe appellant that it impaired bis right to .a fair -trial. Tbe first error in tbe instruction is found in its apparent requirement that, in order to acquit tbe appellant on tbe ground of- self-defense, tbe jury must have believed from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, tbe truth of the facts upon which the instruction predicated bis right to shoot tbe deceased; whereas tbe haw only required that tbe jury believe from tbe evidence tbe truth of those facts. Tbe instruction, as did others in tbe case, correctly told the jury that tbe billing of deceased by appellant bad to be proved by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, but its failure - to advise them that in order to acquit him on tbe ground of self-defense it was only necessary that they believe from tbe evidence tbe facts upon which it predicated bis right to act in self-defense, was an inducement to tbe jury to infer that they could not acquit appellant on that ground, unless and until tbe facts authorizing* bis exercise of tbe right of self-defense bad been proven by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. If it is not tbe meaning of the instruction that appellant’s claim of self-defense must be established by tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, then it wholly failed to advise.tbe jury bow they were to determine tbe existence or non-existence of tbe fact; whether from tbe evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, from tbe preponderance of tbe evidence or from tbe evidence at all. Tbe best that can be said of tbe instruction is that it can be construed so as not to carry the requirement of belief beyond a reasonable doubt to tbe facts necessary to establish the defense relied on. A lawyer or judge, familiar with tbe law, might so understand and construe it, but tbe average jury can not be expected to be so discriminating. Being unfamiliar with tbe law it may well be doubted that they would be able to determine where tbe requirement' as to reasonable 'doubt ceased to apply. But suppose tbe jury actually discovered that it only applied down as far as tbe word “yet,” bow were they to know by what to be governed from there on? At best they were left to conjecture. They may or may not have guessed right, but tbe possibility is just as great, if not-greater, that tbe jury did not construe tbe instruction correctly as that they did; and manifestly a man who is being* tried for bis life or liberty, has a right to an instruction on bis sole defense [379]*379which is not susceptible of misconstruction and which does not require the jury, ir order to be .right, to speculate .as to whether they think the instruction requires them to believe the defense beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence, or to believe it from the evidence which preponderates, or whether they must arrive at their verdict from the evidence at all.
We have frequently held that it is errpr of a reversible character for an instruction to require a jury to believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt the facts necessary to authorize an acquittal on the ground of self-defense. Among the more recent cases so bolding are Toliver v. Comlth., 161 Ky. 81; Biggs v. Comlth., 159 Ky. 836. We are aware that in Mullins v. Comlth., 32 R. 1268, the opinion not reported, we refused to reverse the judgment of conviction on account of an instruction containing the same error we are here considering; the opinion, however, condemned the instruction because of the error, but affirmed the judgment on the ground that as there was no evidence to support his plea of self-defense, the appellant was prejudiced in no substantial right by the giving of the erroneous instruction. In the instant case there was, as we have seen, much evidence to support the appellant’s defense of a justifiable killing. It is apparent therefore that, the difference in the facts differentiates the instant case from that of Mullins v. Comlth., supra.
The second error in instruction “4” lies in its limiting the appellant’s exercise of the right of self-defense to the shooting and wounding of - the deceased; whereas, it was his right to kill him, -if the facts predicated in the instruction were believed by the jury, from the evidence, to exist. In other words, the instruction, in effect,-tolcl the jury that appellant, in the exercise of the right of self-defense, was authorized to shoot and wound, but not to kill the deceased. An instruction containing the same error was condemned in Barker v. Comlth., 159 Ky. 309, with respect to which it is in the opinion said:
“Furthermore, upon another trial, the fifth instruction, instead of permitting Barker to shoot and wound Eason under the facts therein predicated, should follow the usual language of such instruction which permits the defendant to shoot and kill his opponent under the circumstances predicated in the instruction.”
[380]*380On another trial the circuit court, in lieu of instruction “4” in its present form, will give the following instruction, numbered as the other:
“Although you may believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Win. Eeynolds, shot with a pistol, loaded with powder, leaden balls, 'or other hard and explosive substances, the deceased, Fount Edwards, from which shooting the ' said Edwards did then and there presently die, yet if you further believe from the evidence that at the time he did so shoot and kill said Edwards, he, the defendant Eeynolds, believed and had reasonable grounds to believe that he was then and there in imminent danger of death or the infliction of some great bodily harm at the hands of the said Edwards,, and that it was necessary, or was believed by the defendant Eeynolds, in the exercise-of a reasonable judgment, to be necessary, to shoot and wound or kill the said Edwards to avert that danger, real or to the defendant reasonably apparent, then you ought to acquit him on the ground of self-defense or apparent necessity therefor.”
Our examination of the remaining instructions convinces us that they correctly gave the law in its several features intended to be covered by them, respectively.
We have also considered the appellant’s complaint respecting the admission and exclusion of certain evidence, but in our opinion it possesses little merit. There were a few errors of the character complained of, but none of them of such a nature as to prejudice the substantial rights of the appellant.
The same is true of other complaints made of certain rulings of the court during the trial; we find none of these rulings prejudicial. But because of the errors contained in the instruction respecting the'law of self-defense, we are not satisfied that appellant had a fair trial in the court below; hence the judgment of conviction is reversed and cause remanded for a new trial and such other proceedings as may not be inconsistent 'with the opinion.