CHERRY, J.
This is an action by the plaintiffs against Salt Lake City, a municipal corporation, and its officers, for the purpose of enjoining the violation of a written contract entered into between the city and plaintiffs, concerning the collection and disposal of garbage, and for a decree requiring the city to specifically perform the contract. A demurrer to the complaint was sustained by the district court and the action was dismissed, from which judgment the plaintiffs have appealed.
The complaint sets out the contract sued upon in full, and contains express and formal allegations of the matters relied upon, much of which is not necessary to illustrate the questions to be decided. In substance it is alleged: That it was the duty of the city to establish sanitary regulations for the promotion of the public health. That garbage, kitchen refuse, etc., were deleterious to the public health. That on March 27, 1917, the defendant city entered into a written contract with the plaintiffs, the preamble of which recited:
“Whereas, the city, through its health department, has expressed a desire to. arrive at a suitable and, satisfactory plan for the disposal of all the garbage, refuse, dead animals and city waste matter collected under the supervision of said health department; and, whereas,, the contractors propose to receive, accept and dispose of all garbage, refuse and city waste matter collected by the city (except ashes, dirt, rock or other natural filling matter, and [461]*461night soil) for a period of fifteen years from the date hereof, without any cost or liability to the city whatsoever, except cost of collection and delivery to the loading stations to be provided and maintained by the contractors. * * *”
That the city thereupon agreed to “establish and maintain a uniform and regular collection of garbage * * # at least equal to the present method of collection,” and deliver the same daily to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs agreed, for a period of fifteen years, to receive the garbage at the point of delivery, and to haul the same out of the city to a suitable plant to be by them maintained, and the garbage then reduced and disposed of, at the cost of the plaintiffs. The contract provided specially that plaintiffs should have the exclusive right to remove from the city ‘ ‘ any animal found dead within the city, and any meat, fish or poultry duly condemned, * # * and * * * the exclusive right to receive dead dogs and cats from the city pond,” and in consideration of such rights plaintiffs agreed to remove such dead animals, meat, fish and poultry without charge to the city. The contract contains other terms, conditions and provisions, not pertinent to the present inquiry.
It is alleged that at the time of the execution of the contract the city was collecting all of the garbage and city waste matter in the city; and, in an apparent effort to enlarge the effect of the written contract as set forth, it is alleged that it was the intent and purpose of the contract to require the city to deliver all of the garbage, etc., of the city exclusively to the plaintiffs. It is alleged that under the contract it was the duty of the city to prescribe ordinances and regulations to the end that all of the garbage, etc., produced in the city might be delivered to plaintiffs for destruction and disposition, but that the city failed and refused to pass the necessary or any ordinances for such purpose, but to the contrary, on June 8, 1921, passed an ordinance by which the board of health was authorized to issue permits to other persons to collect and haul away garbage in certain parts of the city; that such permits have been granted, and acting thereunder the said several licensed persons have appropriated and do appropriate large quantities of said garbage, notwithstanding the exclu[462]*462sive contract and franchise of the plaintiffs. It is alleged that in compliance with and in reliance upon the contract the plaintiffs have expended in excess of $60,000 in the acquisition of lands and the construction of plants for the destruction and disposal of the said garbage; that the exclusive franchise and privileges conferred by the contract are extremely valuable to plaintiffs, and the granting of permits to others to collect and dispose of garbage in the city deprives the plaintiffs of the benefits of their contract and franchise. The threatened invasion of their rights and consequent injury to plaintiffs in the future, by the city, are appropriately alleged.
Plaintiffs pray judgment that the defendants be restrained and enjoined from further acting under such ordinance and be required to vacate and repeal the same, and to prescribe by proper ordinance for the taking by said city of all garbage of the city for destruction and disposition under plaintiffs’ contract; that the board of health be enjoined and restrained from granting further permits and that those already issued be canceled and annulled; that the defendants be enjoined from in any manner repudiating plaintiffs’ contract; and that a decree be entered requiring the city to specifically perform the same.
The parties are in dispute respecting the interpretation of the contract. The plaintiffs claim an exclusive franchise or right to have delivered to them all of the garbage produced in the city with the duty imposed upon the city to collect the same and deliver it to plaintiffs during the term of the contract. The city denies this claim, and contends that the contract proyides for the delivery to plaintiffs of such garbage only as shall be collected by the city, with no obligation on the part of the city to collect all or any particular portion of the garbage produced in the city. In view of the conclusion reached, the question of the interpretation of the contract, in the respect mentioned, becomes immaterial, and we do not stop to consider or determine it.
The decisive question in the case is whether, upon the facts alleged, the acts of the city complained of as constituting a breach of the contract were wrongful and actionable, or [463]*463wbetber such acts were a lawful exercise of the police power of tbe city, which could not be bargained away by contract.
Plaintiffs’ counsel "concede that there can be no restriction imposed upon the power of a municipal corporation which precludes legislation required for the health of its people. ’ ’
We think the rule is correctly stated in 3 McQuillan, Municipal Corporations, § 1169, as follows:
"A common, council cannot bargain away or divest itself of the right to make reasonable laws, and to exercise the police power whenever it becomes necessary to conserve or promote the health, safety or welfare of the community.
“So, power given to contract respecting a particular thing does not confer power, by implication, to contract even with reference to such thing so as to embarrass and interfere with its future control over the matter, as the public interests may require.”
Plaintiffs’ agreement constituted a contract in the sense that the respective parties were bound by its provisions so long as no valid and conflicting regulations were adopted by the city. While the agreement lasted, its provisions defined the rights and duties of the plaintiffs and the city. The contract, however, was subject at all times to the free and full exercise by the city of its police power in the public interest.
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CHERRY, J.
This is an action by the plaintiffs against Salt Lake City, a municipal corporation, and its officers, for the purpose of enjoining the violation of a written contract entered into between the city and plaintiffs, concerning the collection and disposal of garbage, and for a decree requiring the city to specifically perform the contract. A demurrer to the complaint was sustained by the district court and the action was dismissed, from which judgment the plaintiffs have appealed.
The complaint sets out the contract sued upon in full, and contains express and formal allegations of the matters relied upon, much of which is not necessary to illustrate the questions to be decided. In substance it is alleged: That it was the duty of the city to establish sanitary regulations for the promotion of the public health. That garbage, kitchen refuse, etc., were deleterious to the public health. That on March 27, 1917, the defendant city entered into a written contract with the plaintiffs, the preamble of which recited:
“Whereas, the city, through its health department, has expressed a desire to. arrive at a suitable and, satisfactory plan for the disposal of all the garbage, refuse, dead animals and city waste matter collected under the supervision of said health department; and, whereas,, the contractors propose to receive, accept and dispose of all garbage, refuse and city waste matter collected by the city (except ashes, dirt, rock or other natural filling matter, and [461]*461night soil) for a period of fifteen years from the date hereof, without any cost or liability to the city whatsoever, except cost of collection and delivery to the loading stations to be provided and maintained by the contractors. * * *”
That the city thereupon agreed to “establish and maintain a uniform and regular collection of garbage * * # at least equal to the present method of collection,” and deliver the same daily to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs agreed, for a period of fifteen years, to receive the garbage at the point of delivery, and to haul the same out of the city to a suitable plant to be by them maintained, and the garbage then reduced and disposed of, at the cost of the plaintiffs. The contract provided specially that plaintiffs should have the exclusive right to remove from the city ‘ ‘ any animal found dead within the city, and any meat, fish or poultry duly condemned, * # * and * * * the exclusive right to receive dead dogs and cats from the city pond,” and in consideration of such rights plaintiffs agreed to remove such dead animals, meat, fish and poultry without charge to the city. The contract contains other terms, conditions and provisions, not pertinent to the present inquiry.
It is alleged that at the time of the execution of the contract the city was collecting all of the garbage and city waste matter in the city; and, in an apparent effort to enlarge the effect of the written contract as set forth, it is alleged that it was the intent and purpose of the contract to require the city to deliver all of the garbage, etc., of the city exclusively to the plaintiffs. It is alleged that under the contract it was the duty of the city to prescribe ordinances and regulations to the end that all of the garbage, etc., produced in the city might be delivered to plaintiffs for destruction and disposition, but that the city failed and refused to pass the necessary or any ordinances for such purpose, but to the contrary, on June 8, 1921, passed an ordinance by which the board of health was authorized to issue permits to other persons to collect and haul away garbage in certain parts of the city; that such permits have been granted, and acting thereunder the said several licensed persons have appropriated and do appropriate large quantities of said garbage, notwithstanding the exclu[462]*462sive contract and franchise of the plaintiffs. It is alleged that in compliance with and in reliance upon the contract the plaintiffs have expended in excess of $60,000 in the acquisition of lands and the construction of plants for the destruction and disposal of the said garbage; that the exclusive franchise and privileges conferred by the contract are extremely valuable to plaintiffs, and the granting of permits to others to collect and dispose of garbage in the city deprives the plaintiffs of the benefits of their contract and franchise. The threatened invasion of their rights and consequent injury to plaintiffs in the future, by the city, are appropriately alleged.
Plaintiffs pray judgment that the defendants be restrained and enjoined from further acting under such ordinance and be required to vacate and repeal the same, and to prescribe by proper ordinance for the taking by said city of all garbage of the city for destruction and disposition under plaintiffs’ contract; that the board of health be enjoined and restrained from granting further permits and that those already issued be canceled and annulled; that the defendants be enjoined from in any manner repudiating plaintiffs’ contract; and that a decree be entered requiring the city to specifically perform the same.
The parties are in dispute respecting the interpretation of the contract. The plaintiffs claim an exclusive franchise or right to have delivered to them all of the garbage produced in the city with the duty imposed upon the city to collect the same and deliver it to plaintiffs during the term of the contract. The city denies this claim, and contends that the contract proyides for the delivery to plaintiffs of such garbage only as shall be collected by the city, with no obligation on the part of the city to collect all or any particular portion of the garbage produced in the city. In view of the conclusion reached, the question of the interpretation of the contract, in the respect mentioned, becomes immaterial, and we do not stop to consider or determine it.
The decisive question in the case is whether, upon the facts alleged, the acts of the city complained of as constituting a breach of the contract were wrongful and actionable, or [463]*463wbetber such acts were a lawful exercise of the police power of tbe city, which could not be bargained away by contract.
Plaintiffs’ counsel "concede that there can be no restriction imposed upon the power of a municipal corporation which precludes legislation required for the health of its people. ’ ’
We think the rule is correctly stated in 3 McQuillan, Municipal Corporations, § 1169, as follows:
"A common, council cannot bargain away or divest itself of the right to make reasonable laws, and to exercise the police power whenever it becomes necessary to conserve or promote the health, safety or welfare of the community.
“So, power given to contract respecting a particular thing does not confer power, by implication, to contract even with reference to such thing so as to embarrass and interfere with its future control over the matter, as the public interests may require.”
Plaintiffs’ agreement constituted a contract in the sense that the respective parties were bound by its provisions so long as no valid and conflicting regulations were adopted by the city. While the agreement lasted, its provisions defined the rights and duties of the plaintiffs and the city. The contract, however, was subject at all times to the free and full exercise by the city of its police power in the public interest.
“The operation of reasonable laws for the protection of the public cannot be headed off by making contracts reaching into the future.” Dillingham v. McLaughlin, 44 Sup. Ct. 362, 68 L. Ed. —, April 7, 1924.
These principles, as we understand it, are not seriously questioned by the plaintiffs. The contention is made that "a solemn contract made by the city, having for its object the health and welfare of the people, is not to be lightly disregarded and its provisions set aside where no charge justly lies that the purposes of the contract are not accomplished. When the policy of the city has not been changed — when plaintiffs have not failed in any respect to comply with the contract — the municipality cannot disregard its solemn agreement because of mere caprice or because a pecuniary advantage may thereby be secured. ’ ’
There is no allegation in the complaint that the city has acted in the matter because of caprice or for pecuniary advantage, nor any fact alleged from which such inferences can [464]*464be drawn. It is merely alleged: That the city passed a certain ordinance relating to sanitary inspection whereby-the city is divided into two districts — one consisting of the residential section and the other consisting of the business section:
“That in and by said ordinance the said board o£ commissioners ordained and prescribed tbe method for collecting and disposing of garbage, refuse and other waste matter in the residence district only, and provided! and authorized the board of health to issue permits t.o other persons to collect, carry and haul away said garbage. That under said ordinance the defendants, the said board of health, have issued permits to divers and sundry persons to collect and haul away sr.id garbage; and acting thereunder the said licensed persons have appropriated and do appropriate large quantities of said garbage.”
The validity of the ordinances and regulations adopted by the city subsequent to the execution of the contract is not to be tested by the literal provisions of the contract, but by whether or not the ordinances and regulations were adopted in the proper exercise of the police power. And herein the courts are limited to the inquiry whether the challenged provisions have reasonable relation to the subject of police power and tend to accomplish the purposes for which they were adopted. No claim is made that the regulations under criticism are not designed to promote the health, safety or welfare of the city, or that the means employed have no real and substantial relation to the purpose intended. The only objection to the ordinances deducible from the allegations of the complaint, is that they are in violation of the literal terms of plaintiffs’ contract.
No matter what the terms of the contract, it is subject to the right of the city to exercise its police power for the public benefit. And to the lawful exercise of such power, the provisions of the contract must yield, even though their purposes are defeated.
To state a cause of action, it was necessary for plaintiffs to set forth clearly, not only that the acts complained of were in violation of plaintiffs’ contract, but that they were not in the lawful exercise of the powers reserved by the city. In this respect the complaint is fatally defective.
[465]*465The ordinances complained of are not fully pleaded in the complaint. From the general allegation of their effect it is only apparent that they conflict with the literal terms of the contract. For all that is alleged the ordinances complained of could well have been enacted in the public interest and in the proper exercise of its power, reserved by law, in the contract.
When the contract was executed with plaintiffs, the powers of the city with respect to health and sanitary regulations were defined in general terms by Comp. Laws Utah 1917, §§ 570x23, 570x63, 570x64, 570x87. Under such powers the city might lawfully assume exclusive control of garbage and refuse matter and provide for its removal and disposition by a single individual to whom an exclusive license is granted for the purpose. Salt Lake City v. Bernhagen, 56 Utah, 159, 189 Pac. 583.
Subsequent to the execution of plaintiffs’ contract the powers of municipal governments, in this respect, were modified and restricted by chapter 11, Laws of Utah 1921, amending section 570x64, Comp. Laws Utah 1917, to read as follows:
“To make regulations to secure the general health of the city, to prevent the introduction of contagious, infectious, or malignant diseases into the city, and to make quarantine laws and enforce the same within the corporate limits, and within twelve miles thereof. To create a hoard of health and prescribe the powers and duties of the same. Provided, however, that the hoard of commissioners or city council of any city shall not, hy any ordinance, contract, rule or regulation, prevent or seek to prevent any person, firm or corporation from transporting through the streets, avenues, alleys or public thoroughfares of any city, garbage, kitchen refuse or the by-products of the business of such person, firm or corporation, or from selling or otherwise disposing of such garbage, kitchen refuse or by-products, except under such uniform and reasonable regulations as the board of commissioners or city council may by ordinance prescribe for the removal, hauling and disposal of the same by the owner thereof; and no city shall grant to any person, firm or corporation the exclusive right to collect or transport through the streets, avenues, alleys or public thoroughfares of such city any such garbage, kitchen refuse or by products; provided, further, that any city shall have the power to prescribe, by [466]*466ordinance, that any such garbage, kitchen refuse or by-product which may be deemed deleterious to the public, health may be taken by such city and burned or otherwise destroyed by such city.”
It is clear that the purpose of this amendment was to deprive city governments of the power to absolutely prevent private persons from disposing of their own garbage, and to secure such right to owners of garbage, under such uniform and reasonable regulations as the city might prescribe therefor.
Before the legislative amendment was enacted it was a matter of discretion with the city, in the exercise of its police power, Whether it would take all garbage and waste matter from private ownership and control and regulate its disposition itself, or whether it would provide for the disposition of the same by the owners thereof, or by others, under regulations prescribed by the city. It might lawfully adopt one policy or1 the other. The power to do so was legislative and governmental, and could not be restricted by contract. The Legislature, by the amendment referred to, prescribed a limitation upon the power of the city, in the respect mentioned, and required it to depart from a policy which it formerly might or might not have done, in its discretion.
“The police power embraces regulations designed to promote tbe public convenience or the general welfare and prosperity, as well as those in the interest of the public health, morals, or safety.” C. & A. R. Co. v. Tranbarger, 238 U. S. 67, 35 Sup. Ct. 678, 59 L. Ed. 1204.
The policy insisted upon by the plaintiffs is that the city continue to take into its exclusive possession all the garbage produced in the city, and deliver it to plaintiffs pursuant to the contract. This results in taking private property of pecuniary value from individuals. The legal right of the Legislature to do so in the exercise of the police power may be admitted, but it does not follow that, when the policy is once adopted, it must be continued. It is equally within the power of the Legislature to recede from or to adopt the policy and, when either is done, it is an exercise of police power.
To relax or depart from a policy which imposes upon private persons the burden of financial loss, and to adopt regula[467]*467tions which mitigate or remove that hardship, is certainly for the the public welfare and prosperity; and if such can be done consistent with the protection of the public health (which is not questioned in this ease) it is not only a legal, but a commendable exercise of the police power.
While, as before stated, the allegations of the complaint do not disclose the particular provisions and purposes of the ordinances complained of, there is no allegation in the complaint which is inconsistent with the presumption that the ordinances were reasonable and useful and in accordance with the law and policy declared by the Legislature in the amendment referred to.
The judgment is affirmed.
THURMAN and FRICK, JJ., concur.