Resh, Inc v. Skimlite Manufacturing Inc

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 31, 2023
• Docket: 5:22-cv-01427
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 RESH, INC, Case No. 5:22-cv-01427-EJD

9 Plaintiff, GRANTING IN PART MOTION TO DISMISS 10 v.

11 SKIMLITE MANUFACTURING INC, et Re: Dkt. No. 19 al., 12 Defendants.

13 14 This patent infringement action involves two manufacturers of telescoping poles used to 15 clean swimming poles. Defendants Skimlite Manufacturing Inc. (“Skimlite”), James Conrad, and 16 Barrett Conrad move to dismiss the Complaint on Rule 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(3) grounds, as well as 17 to strike paragraphs 140–222 for immateriality. Mot. Dismiss (“Mot.”), ECF No. 19. 18 On October 25, 2022, the Court took the fully briefed Motion under submission without 19 oral argument. Having reviewed the parties’ briefing, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Defendant Skimlite Manufacturing Inc. is a California corporation principally owned by 22 father and son Defendants James Conrad (“Conrad Sr.”) and Barrett Conrad (“Conrad Jr.”). 23 Compl. ¶¶ 3–4. Skimlite has been selling and manufacturing swimming pool poles since the 24 1950s, primarily poles that utilize twisting and clamping technology to extend and lock the poles’ 25 lengths. Id. ¶¶ 5, 28–30. 26 Plaintiff Resh, Inc. (“Resh”) is a California corporation comprised of husband and wife, 27 Eric and Jenel Gonzalez Resh. Id. ¶ 14. Eric Resh started working as a pool man in the late 1980s 1 cleaning other people’s swimming pools and has since “invented and patented a number of 2 improved swimming pool tools to assist pool men as well as homeowners.” Id. ¶¶ 6–7. This 3 includes the patent-in-suit U.S. Patent No. 11,141,852 invention for “Telepole Apparatus and 4 Related Methods,” issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on October 12, 2021. Id. ¶¶ 5 24–25. Unlike Skimlite’s poles that require twisting and clamping to adjust their lengths, Resh’s 6 ’852 poles use a “push button” or “lever lock” to extend and lock the pole length. Id. ¶ 34. 7 The Complaint alleges that Skimlite had been manufacturing “twist-and-clamp” pool poles 8 for nearly 60 years until Defendant James Conrad encountered Resh’s “button detent” poles at a 9 2012 trade show. Compl. ¶¶ 65–66. Since then, Skimlite has allegedly been designing infringing 10 poles using Resh’s button detent technology. Id. ¶¶ 67–71. Specifically, Skimlite’s new 11 “SnapLite” poles use a self-described “snap button lock” technology. Id. ¶¶ 75–77. 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 14 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 15 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A plaintiff must 16 “plead[] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 17 liable for the misconduct alleged,” which requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 18 has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). 19 Although “a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint,” 20 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 21 statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). In patent 22 cases, “a plaintiff cannot assert a plausible claim for infringement under the Iqbal/Twombly 23 standard by reciting the [patent] claim elements and merely concluding that the accused product 24 has those elements. There must be some factual allegations that, when taken as true, articulate 25 why it is plausible that the accused product infringes the patent claim.” Bot M8 LLC v. Sony Corp. 26 of Am., 4 F.4th 1342, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2021). “A plaintiff is not required to plead infringement on 27 an element-by-element basis.” Id. at 1352 (citing Nalco Co. v. Chem-Mod, LLC, 883 F.3d 1337, 1 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2018)). However, a plausible claim requires at least some factual allegations to 2 support a plausible inference that the product at issue satisfies a claim limitation. See id. at 1355. 3 Rule 12(f) permits a court to “strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any 4 redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Immaterial 5 matter is “that which has no essential or important relationship to the claim for relief or the 6 defenses being pleaded.” Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir. 1993). 7 Similarly, impertinent matter does not pertain, and is not necessary, to the issues in question. Id. 8 “Redundant allegations are those that are needlessly repetitive or wholly foreign to the issues 9 involved in the action.” Cal. Dep’t of Toxic Substances Control v. Alco Pac., Inc., 217 F. Supp.2d 10 1028, 1033 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A motion to strike 11 will generally not be granted unless it is clear the matter to be stricken could not have any possible 12 bearing on the subject matter of the litigation. See RDF Media Ltd. v. Fox Broad. Co., 372 F. 13 Supp. 2d 556, 566 (C.D. Cal. 2005). 14 III. DISCUSSION 15 Defendants first move to dismiss the Complaint because it only contains “generalized 16 patent infringement allegations against the ‘Defendants’ as a whole and does not contain specific 17 patent infringement allegations against each Defendant.” Defendants also move to dismiss the 18 Complaint against Conrad Sr. for failure to state a claim, as well as against Conrad Jr. for whom 19 Defendants seek dismissal on the same basis and for lack of venue under Rule 12(b)(3). Finally, 20 Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s prayer for a “judgment declaring that the ’852 patent is not 21 invalid.” Mot. 2. Defendants did not initially request the Court deny leave to amend but raised 22 the request after Plaintiff made certain admissions in opposition. See Reply 9 (citing Opp. 5). 23 Additionally, Defendants move to strike about 60 pages of the Complaint as an immaterial 24 and improper preemptive response to Defendants’ prior art invalidity affirmative defense. Id. 25 A. Generalized “Defendants” Allegations 26 Defendants first argue that the Complaint sets forth allegations against “Defendants” in the 27 aggregate without distinguishing which facts pertain to which specific Defendant. Mot. 4–5. In 1 response, Plaintiff calls upon the Court to “use its ‘common sense’” to hold that Skimlite is a 2 corporation that can only act through human beings, i.e., Conrad Sr. and Conrad Jr. Opp. 5–6. 3 Other than common sense, Plaintiff does not cite any authority to support its use of an aggregate 4 “Defendants” label, nor does it purport to assert an alter ego or veil-piercing theory. 5 Defendants are correct. At the outset of its 213-page Complaint, Plaintiff announces that 6 “depending on the context in which it is used herein, the term ‘Defendants’ is intended to include 7 not only ‘Skimlite’ and ‘James Conrad’ and ‘Barrett Conrad,’ but also any and/or all other 8 Defendants or any individuals or other entities.” Compl. ¶ 18 (emphasis added). This is plainly 9 impermissible under the well-established law in this circuit that so-called “shotgun pleadings” do 10 not satisfy Rule 8’s notice requirement. Sollberger v. Wachovia Sec., LLC, 2010 WL 2674456, at 11 *4 (C.D. Cal. June 30, 2010) (defining shotgun pleadings as those that “overwhelm defendants 12 with an unclear mass of allegations and make it difficult or impossible for defendants to make 13 informed responses to the plaintiff’s allegations”). “[B]y lumping all [Defendants] together, 14 Plaintiff[] ha[s] not stated sufficient facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible against one 15 Defendant.” In re iPhone Application Litig., 2011 WL 4403963, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2011) 16 (emphasis in original); see also Flores v. EMC Mortg. Co., 997 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1103 (E.D. Cal. 17 2014) (“Specific identification of the parties to the activities alleged by the plaintiffs is required in 18 this action to enable the defendant to plead intelligently.”). Plaintiff’s failure to parse out which 19 allegations are levied against which Defendants “makes it exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, 20 for individual Defendants to respond to Plaintiff[’s] allegations.” iPhone Application Litig., 2011 21 WL 4403963, at *8. Defendants should not have to guess amongst themselves as to whom a 22 specific “Defendants” reference Plaintiff intended to apply or even whether it applies to some yet- 23 to-be-named party. For the same reason, the Court cannot and does not hazard a guess as to 24 whether any such “Defendants” allegations would suffice to state a claim had they been asserted 25 against any one particular defendant. 26 Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED on this basis. The Complaint is 27 DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. In any amended complaint, Plaintiff must identify 1 what action each Defendant took that would state a claim for relief without resorting to 2 generalized allegations against “Defendants” as a whole. 3 B. James Conrad 4 Defendant James Conrad (“Conrad Sr.”) also moves to dismiss the complaint for failure to 5 state a claim of infringement against him in his personal capacity. Mot. 7–8. Specifically, Conrad 6 Sr. argues that the Complaint relies solely on conduct that predate the ’852 patent term. Mot. 7–8. 7 The Complaint alleges that Conrad Sr. is a principal of Skimlite, where he’s worked for his 8 entire adult life. Compl. ¶¶ 3–4, 16. In 2012, Conrad Sr. was one of the first people to see 9 Plaintiff’s first prototype pole at an industry trade show, where he was allegedly so startled that he 10 audibly gasped upon laying eyes on Plaintiff’s prototype pole. Id. ¶¶ 66, 78. In January 2018, at 11 two other industry trade shows, Conrad Sr. was allegedly displaying an infringing product at 12 Skimlite’s booth where he engaged in a colloquy with Plaintiff regarding a ‘458 patent. Id. ¶¶ 13 103–110. Finally, the Complaint alleges that Conrad Sr. signed a patent application in March 14 2018 containing similar language to that in Plaintiff’s own application. Id. ¶¶ 51–54.1 15 It is axiomatic that there can be no infringement of a patent prior to its issuance. See De La 16 Vega v. Microsoft Corp., 2020 WL 3528411, at *5 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 11, 2020) (citing Welker 17 Bearing Co. v. PHD, Inc., 550 F.3d 1090, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). Patent rights are “created only 18 upon the formal issuance of the patent. . . . In short, a patent application cannot be infringed.” 19 Rotor Blade, LLC v. Signature Util. Servs., LLC, 545 F. Supp. 3d 1202, 1214 (N.D. Ala. 2021) 20 (emphasis added, internal brackets and quotation marks omitted). 21 The Court finds that, although the Complaint alleges some conduct associated with Conrad 22 Sr. in 2018, it does not contain any allegations regarding his conduct after October 12, 2021, when 23

24 1 To the extent Plaintiff argues that Complaint allegations relating to “Defendants” would set forth 25 a claim against Conrad Sr., those allegations fail for insufficient notice as discussed above at Section III(A). That said, Plaintiff correctly notes that individuals can be personally liable for 26 their own acts of infringement, so the Court considers here the Complaint’s pleadings that specify direct conduct attributable to Conrad Sr. in assessing whether the Complaint has stated a claim 27 against him in his individual capacity. See Opp. 6 (citing Lubby Holdings LLC v. Chung, 11 F.4th 1355, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2021)). 1 the ’852 patent was issued. See Compl. ¶¶ 24–25. Instead, Plaintiff again implores the Court to 2 use its “common sense to determine that [infringement] actions have continued since the issuance 3 of the ’852 patent” and argues that “[t]here is no reason for the Court to believe . . . that James 4 Conrad’s [infringement] activities in that regard did not occur and will not continue to occur.” 5 Opp. 8. Common sense, however, does not permit the Court to assume wholesale from past 6 actions the core conduct for Plaintiff’s claim, i.e., that Conrad Sr. in his personal capacity took 7 some action that infringed the ’852 patent “during the term of the patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 8 Plaintiff correctly points out that there is a narrow exception by which a patent owner may 9 recover reasonable pre-issuance damages. 35 U.S.C. § 154(d); Rosebud LMS Inc. v. Adobe Sys. 10 Inc., 812 F.3d 1070, 1073 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Plaintiff argues that the availability of pre-issuance 11 damages “suggests” that “it seems consistent with Congressional intent to consider Defendants’ 12 ‘pre-issuance’ infringing actions as constituting infringement.” Opp. 10. However, for all its 13 insistence that such an interpretation would be the “straightforward and common-sense approach,” 14 Plaintiff provides no legal or case authority to support the conflation of acts constituting 15 infringement with acts supporting recoverable damages. Id. To the contrary, federal courts 16 confronted with similar arguments have reinforced the principle that “liability for infringing 17 claims . . . could not attach to any actions taken before the USPTO issued those claims.” Rotor 18 Blade, 545 F. Supp. 3d at 1214 (dismissing infringement claims based on alleged conduct 19 occurring before the patent’s issuance, despite allegations of defendant’s “actual knowledge of 20 [plaintiff’s] pending patent application”). The Court, likewise, will decline Plaintiff’s invitation to 21 treat Conrad Sr.’s 2018 conduct as the sole bases for infringing a patent issued in October 22 2021. To the extent Plaintiff asserts personal liability as to Conrad Sr., it must allege facts 23 plausibly showing that Conrad Sr. personally made, used, offered to sell, or sold an infringing 24 product “during the term of the patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 25 Because the Complaint fails to allege that James Conrad engaged in potentially infringing 26 conduct in his own individual capacity after the ’852 patent was issued, the Court finds that 27 Plaintiff has failed to state an infringement claim. Although Plaintiff has remarked that “it is 1 difficult to imagine what Resh could further add to its complaint” regarding Conrad Sr. (Opp. 5), 2 the Court cannot conclude that—with the guidance outlined above—factual amendment would be 3 futile. Accordingly, Defendant James Conrad’s motion to dismiss the complaint against him in his 4 personal capacity is DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 5 C. Barrett Conrad 6 Defendant Barrett Conrad (“Conrad Jr.”) moves for dismissal on the same basis as Conrad 7 Sr., that the Complaint fails to allege specific acts of infringement against him. Mot. 8–9. Conrad 8 Jr. also moves for dismissal on the additional ground that venue is not proper in this district, as he 9 has been a resident of Florida since October 2021. Mot. 9–10. 10 The Complaint alleges that Conrad Jr. is the third generation of his family to be involved in 11 the Skimlite pool pole business and is a principal of Defendant Skimlite. Compl. ¶¶ 3–4, 16. 12 Additionally, the Complaint appears to reference certain May 2020 YouTube videos in which 13 Conrad Jr. showcased an allegedly infringing Snaplite pole and demonstrated how to replace a 14 button on such a pole. Id. ¶¶ 57, 224(b); see also Opp., Ex. B. In Defendants’ Motion, Conrad Jr. 15 submitted a declaration attesting that he purchased a house in Florida in October 2021 and have 16 been domiciled there ever since. Mot., Ex. 1 (“Conrad Decl.”) ¶¶ 3–5. 17 The Court finds that the allegations against Conrad Jr. share the same deficiencies as those 18 against Conrad Sr., namely that none of the allegations implicate conduct “during the term of the 19 patent.” Supra Section III(B). The claim against Conrad Jr., accordingly, is subject to dismissal 20 on that basis alone. 21 Additionally, the Complaint also fails to allege that venue is proper in this district for 22 Conrad Jr. The parties agree that venue in this case is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b), which 23 provides that an infringement action may be brought (1) “in the judicial district where the 24 defendant resides,” or (2) “where the defendant has committed acts of infringement and has a 25 regular and established place of business.” Mot. 9–10; Opp. 12–13. As to the first basis for 26 venue, Plaintiff does not dispute Conrad Jr.’s declaration that he was a resident of Florida when 27 1 the Complaint was filed.2 Conrad Decl. ¶¶ 3–5. As to the second § 1400(b) basis, the Court has 2 discussed above why the Complaint fails to state an act of infringement during the patent term, 3 much less one that Conrad Jr. committed in this district. See supra Section II(B). Accordingly, 4 venue is not proper in this district under either basis of the patent venue statute. 5 Because the Complaint does not allege any infringement conduct attributable to Conrad Jr. 6 that occurred after the ’852 patent was issued, it has failed to state a claim for infringement against 7 Conrad Jr. in his individual capacity. The Complaint separately fails under Rule 12(b)(3) to allege 8 proper venue in this district under either prong of the patent venue statute. Accordingly, the Court 9 GRANTS Defendant Barrett Conrad’s Motion. Because the Court does not find that further 10 factual amendment would be futile, the Complaint is DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 11 D. Declaratory Relief 12 Defendants argue that the Complaint’s prayer for a “judgment declaring that the ’852 13 Patent is not invalid” is impermissible as a matter of law. Mot. 11; see also Compl. at 143. 14 Plaintiff argues that it is not seeking a validity declaration but rather “attempt[ing] to finally force 15 Defendants to stop ‘hiding’ whatever evidence that they have” regarding a purported prior art 16 product, and it is “entitled to have that issue resolved.” Opp. 14. 17 As to this requested relief, the Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s prayer for a 18 declaration that the ’852 is “not invalid” is neither appropriate nor cognizable. “[A] patent holder 19 does not have an affirmative right to affirm the validity of a patent [because] patents are presumed 20 valid under 35 U.S.C. § 282. Geovector Corp. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 2016 WL 6662996, at *5 21 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2016) (quoting XimpleWare, Inc. v. Versata Software, Inc., 2014 WL 22 6687219, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2014)) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); see 23 also Semiconductor Energy Lab’y Co. v. Nagata, 706 F.3d 1365, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“[A] 24 declaratory judgment of patent validity . . . is not a viable cause of action.”). In circumstances 25

26 2 Plaintiff’s request for venue discovery into Conrad Jr.’s residence is unsupported by any 27 suggestion that discovery would yield a different outcome or be anything more than a fishing expedition. Opp. 13. The Court accordingly DENIES the request for venue discovery. 1 where the prayer requests certain relief that is precluded as a matter of law, those portions may be 2 properly dismissed per Rule 12(b)(6). See Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 3 974 (9th Cir. 2010) (noting that defendant’s motion to strike prayer for lost profits and 4 consequential damages was “really an attempt to have certain portions of [the] complaint 5 dismissed . . . [which is an] action[] better suited for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion or a Rule 56 motion, 6 not a rule 12(f) motion”). 7 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion and DISMISSES the Complaint’s 8 prayer “[f]or a judgment declaring that the ’852 Patent is not invalid” WITHOUT LEAVE TO 9 AMEND. 10 E. Motion to Strike Complaint Paragraphs 11 Finally, Defendants move to strike paragraphs 140–222 of the Complaint because they 12 relate solely to Plaintiff’s requested declaration that the patent is not invalid. Mot. 12. Plaintiff 13 argues that it is not seeking a validity declaration but rather “attempt[ing] to finally force 14 Defendants to stop ‘hiding’ whatever evidence that they have” regarding a purported prior art 15 product, which they claim they are “entitled to have that issue resolved.” Opp. 14. Alternatively, 16 Plaintiff asserts that these Complaint paragraphs are relevant to its claim for attorneys’ fees, costs, 17 and treble damages, because those allegations demonstrate Defendants’ bad faith. Opp. 15. 18 The paragraphs at issue appear to have been made in anticipation of certain invalidity 19 defenses or declaratory counterclaims Defendants may assert based on an “A.G. Pro Pole” prior 20 art. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 141. Plaintiff openly admits that it included these allegations because it 21 “needs to be able to take discovery to resolve the [prior art] issue formally . . . and therefore needs 22 those paragraphs to remain in the Complaint and to be answered by Defendants.” Opp. 15. 23 However, complaint allegations that solely seek to avoid or defeat an anticipated affirmative 24 defense are not proper pleadings because they are “not an integral part of the plaintiff’s claim for 25 relief and lie outside his or her burden of pleading.” 5 Wright & Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 26 1276 (4th ed.); see also Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980) (holding plaintiff has no 27 obligation to anticipate affirmative defenses). In such cases, district courts “should treat the 1 plaintiff’s references to the defense as surplusage.” 5 Wright & Miller § 1276; see also Hearns v. 2 San Bernardino Police Dep’t, 530 F.3d 1124, 1132 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting that one option to 3 “relieve a defendant of the burden of responding to a complaint with excessive factual detail . . . 4 would have been to simply strike the surplusage”). Here, the Court finds that, although the 5 substance of the disputed paragraphs could conceivably be relevant after Defendants assert a 6 specific affirmative defense, this material is currently premature and not properly pled in a 7 complaint for infringement and, therefore, is subject to being stricken as immaterial surplusage. 8 Striking the disputed paragraphs is doubly warranted here where the surplusage is 9 accompanied by verbosity that begins to strain Rule 8(a)’s directive for a “short and plain 10 statement of the claim.” The 82 paragraphs at issue span nearly 60 pages. Compl. ¶¶ 140–222. 11 Approximately 16 pages—many single-spaced—of the Complaint are dedicated to summarizing 12 Supreme Court and Federal Circuit cases in enough detail to approach this district’s page limits 13 had they been briefed in a motion. See Civil L.R. 7-4(b). Another 35 pages recite evidence of 14 Plaintiff’s extensive pre-suit negotiations with Defendants and presents arguments as to the 15 credibility and sufficiency of Defendants’ prior art corroborating evidence. Compl. ¶¶ 166–222. 16 Although the Court does not find these paragraphs to be “so confused, ambiguous, vague, or 17 otherwise unintelligible” to warrant Rule 8(a) dismissal, see Hearns, 530 F.3d at 1131 (citing 18 Wynder v. McMahon, 360 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir. 2004)), it does find the veritable treatise and prolix 19 narrative contained therein to be nonetheless excessive, given that all 60 pages are surplusage 20 directed at an anticipated affirmative defense.3 21 In its opposition, Plaintiff does not put forth a permissible basis for keeping the 82 22 paragraphs in the Complaint. Plaintiff’s stated intent for these paragraphs to function as “an 23 attempt to finally force Defendants to stop ‘hiding’ whatever evidence that they have” regarding 24

25 3 The Court also expresses some concern that the Complaint’s blatantly legal and evidentiary 26 language begin to more resemble a summary judgment motion and less a properly pled complaint. Mot. 12; Reply 10. This is especially noticeable in the Complaint’s final paragraph, which 27 references “the case law discussed above,” the “complete absence of [evidence],” the “credibility of Defendants’ allegations,” and Defendants failure to “[meet] their burden.” Compl. ¶ 222. 1 their prior art invalidity defense is hardly a material or pertinent purpose for a “short and plain 2 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Opp. 14; see also id. at 15 3 (“Resh needs to be able to take discovery to resolve this [prior art] issue formally . . . and therefore 4 needs those paragraphs to remain in the Complaint.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Unsurprisingly, 5 Plaintiff does not cite any legal authority supporting the proposition that tactical discovery can 6 justify the inclusion of allegations unrelated to any asserted claim. Nor are the disputed 7 paragraphs related to Plaintiff’s claims for attorneys’ fees and costs. Opp. 15. The Complaint 8 already contains a separate 40-page damages section titled, “Defendants Are Liable for Pre- 9 Issuance Damages, Enhanced Damages for Willful Infringement, and Reasonable Attorney’s 10 Fees.” Compl. ¶¶ 90–139 (emphasis added). Defendants do not move to strike this section. 11 Instead, they are moving to strike the paragraphs comprising the section titled, “Defendants’ 12 Alleged Evidence of Prior Art ‘A.G. Pro Pole’ Is Insufficient as a Matter of Law.” Plaintiff’s 13 attempt to recast paragraphs 140–222 as damages allegations instead of impermissible legal and 14 evidentiary arguments is not persuasive. 15 Because paragraphs 140–222 provide a lengthy recitation of case law and evidence 16 pertaining to a hypothetical affirmative defense, the Court finds that these paragraphs are 17 immaterial surplusage to Plaintiff’s claim for patent infringement. Such preemptive and 18 protracted allegations are not appropriate at the pleading stage, though they may become relevant 19 later in the litigation once Defendants have responded with affirmative defenses. Accordingly, the 20 Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to strike paragraphs 140–222 of the Complaint WITHOUT 21 PREJUDICE to the arguments and evidence contained in those paragraphs being re-asserted in 22 subsequent motion practice beyond the pleadings stage. These paragraphs are STRICKEN 23 WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND, but Plaintiff may re-allege the facts contained therein for the 24 purpose of supporting its affirmative claims, instead of in anticipation of any affirmative defenses. 25 IV. CONCLUSION 26 Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion as follows: 27 1 1. The Complaint is DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND the generalized 2 references to “Defendants” as outlined in Section III(A); 3 2. The Complaint is further DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND as to 4 Defendant James Conrad for the reasons addressed in Section HI(B); 5 3. The Complaint is further DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND as to 6 Defendant Barrett Conrad for the reasons addressed in Section III(C); 7 4. The request in the prayer for a “judgment declaring that the °852 Patent is not 8 invalid” is DISMISSED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND; and 9 5. Paragraphs 140-222 are STRICKEN WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND and 10 WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 11 Any amended complaint shall be filed no later than 21 days after the entry of this Order. 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 Dated: March 31, 2023 14 FL (¢ Or EDWARD J. DAVILA = 16 United States District Judge

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 || Case No.: 5:22-cv-01427-EJD ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS