Reserve Life Insurance v. United States

640 F.2d 368, 226 Ct. Cl. 169, 47 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 582, 1981 U.S. Ct. Cl. LEXIS 58
CourtUnited States Court of Claims
DecidedJanuary 14, 1981
DocketNo. 8-75
StatusPublished
Cited by11 cases

This text of 640 F.2d 368 (Reserve Life Insurance v. United States) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Court of Claims primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Reserve Life Insurance v. United States, 640 F.2d 368, 226 Ct. Cl. 169, 47 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 582, 1981 U.S. Ct. Cl. LEXIS 58 (cc 1981).

Opinions

FRIEDMAN, Chief Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

This case, before us on the defendant’s exceptions to the recommended decision of Senior Trial Judge White, presents a narrow statutory question under the Life Insurance Company Income Tax Act of 1959, 26 U.S.C. §§ 801-20 (1976). Section 818(c)(2) of the Code1 permits a life insurance company to recompute in a specified way the amount of its reserves for federal income tax purposes. The question is whether a company that makes that recomputation also is required to recompute its assets and gross premium income to reflect the recomputation of its reserves. The trial judge held that the company is not required to make that further recomputation. We agree and therefore hold for the plaintiff.

I.

A. The Life Insurance Income Tax Act of 1959 provided a complicated series of multiple computations to determine an insurance company’s tax base, to which ordinary corporate tax rates apply. Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Co. v. United States, 408 F.2d 842, 844-46 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 828 (1969).

In recognition that a part of the premiums charged, and a part of the income derived from investments, will be repaid to policyholders at a future date, in satisfaction of a contractual obligation, the Act purports to tax only the portions of premium income and investment income which represent profit to the company, available legally for distribution to policyholders or stockholders as dividends, as distinguished from those gains which, under state law, must be set aside to meet the company’s future contractual obligations.

Id. 844. Although the statutory computations are intricate, there is no need to explain or probe those complexities in the present case.

The "gross premium” is the amount charged a life insurance policyholder. It comprises two elements: "net [171]*171valuation premium” and "loading.” The "net valuation premium” is the portion of the gross premium that represents the amount required to pay the benefits under the policy. The "loading” portion of the gross premium covers deductible expenses such as overhead, salesmen’s commissions, and state taxes.

"Under the 1959 Act the undivided part of a life insurance company’s assets represented by its reserves is considered as a fund held for the benefit of the policyholders.” United States v. Atlas Life Insurance Co., 381 U.S. 233, 239 (1969). The "reserves” reflect a life insurance company’s benefit obligations to its policyholders. They are not trust funds or held in escrow, but are shown on the company’s books as liabilities, which state law requires. Three elements determine the amount of such reserves: (1) the policyholders’ life expectancies based upon mortality tables, (2) the interest rate by which the face amount of the policy is discounted to determine its present value, and (3) the method used to compute reserves.

Life insurance companies use two methods in computing reserves: (1) The "net level premium method” assumes that the net valuation premium is uniform throughout the term of the policy. (2) The "preliminary term method” reflects the greater expenses during the first year of a policy,2 by using a smaller first year net valuation premium and larger uniform net valuation premiums in subsequent years.3

B. In a growing company, reserves would be greater if valiied under the net level method. The preliminary term method makes more funds available in the first year to enable the company to pay the larger, initial expenses.4 All [172]*172other things being equal, the net level method of computing reserves results in a lower tax liability.

In order to alleviate this tax inequality,5 section 818(c) permits a taxpayer that computes its reserves on a preliminary term basis to recompute them for tax purposes on a net level basis by either of two methods. See pp. 6-9, infra.

Although life insurance premiums typically are calculated and quoted on an annual basis, payments generally are made in installments (i.e., monthly, quarterly, or semiannually). The policyholder is not legally obligated to pay an installment; the policy ordinarily will lapse after a grace period following the missing installment. "Deferred premiums” are installments due after the end of the insurance company’s tax year on December 31 and before the policy’s anniversary (renewal) date. "Uncollected premiums” are premiums on life insurance policies that are still in effect but are overdue at the end of the tax year. Together, deferred and uncollected premiums comprise "unpaid premiums.” With regard to the accounting procedures for unpaid premiums, the Supreme Court has stated:

Under normal accounting rules, unpaid premiums would simply be ignored. They would not be properly accruable since the company has no legal right to collect them. Nevertheless, for the past century, insurance companies have added an amount equal to the net valuation portion of unpaid premiums to their reserves, with an offsetting addition to assets. State law uniformly requires this treatmént of unpaid premiums, as does the accounting form issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). This national organization of state regulatory officials, which acts on behalf of the various state insurance departments, performs audits on insurance companies like respondent which do business in many States. The NAIC accounting form, known in the industry as the "Annual Statement,” is used by respondent for its financial reporting. In effect, in calculating its reserves, the company must treat these premiums to some extent as if they had been paid.

[173]*173Commissioner v. Standard Life & Accident Insurance Co., 433 U. S. 148, 150 (1977).

Plaintiff Reserve Life, which values a significant portion of its reserves on a preliminary term basis, elected for its 1969 tax year to revalue upwardly its reserves under section 818(c)(2) to an approximation of the net level premium method, and reported its taxable income for that year on that method. The actual use of the net level premium method for valuing reserves would have resulted in decreased loading because the net level premium method does not assume a smaller net valuation premium during the first year of the policy. Because the loading portion of unpaid premiums is excluded from assets and gross premium income, see p. 174, infra, this revaluation would result in increased assets and gross premium income. Reserve Life, however, did not revalue these items to reflect its section 818(c)(2) election. Had it done so, its tax liability would have been increased.

The Commissioner concluded that Reserve Life was required to make those further adjustments and assessed a deficiency reflecting them. The company paid the deficiency and filed suit in this court to recover that amount.

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Bluebook (online)
640 F.2d 368, 226 Ct. Cl. 169, 47 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 582, 1981 U.S. Ct. Cl. LEXIS 58, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/reserve-life-insurance-v-united-states-cc-1981.