1 Mar 19, 2026 2 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK
3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6
7 RENATA S. MOON, an No. 2:24-cv-00327-RLP individual, 8
Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 9 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO v. COMPEL IN PART AND DENYING 10 PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR WASHINGTON STATE PROTECTIVE ORDER 11 UNIVERSITY, et al.
12 Defendants.
BEFORE THE COURT is Defendants’ Motion to Compel. ECF No. 50, and 14 Plaintiff’s Motion for Protective Order, ECF No. 52. A hearing was held by 15 videoconference on March 18, 2026. Plaintiff was represented by attorneys Marshall 16 Casey and Karen Osborne. Defendants were represented by Zachary Pekelis and 17 Meha Goyal. 18 Defendants move to compel answers to certain interrogatories and requests for 19 production. Dr. Moon opposed the nature and scope of the requests. For reasons 20 1 further set forth at the hearing, the Court allows limited discovery as it relates to the 2 basis of Dr. Moon’s statements at Senator’s Johnson Roundtable.
3 BACKGROUND 4 In September 2024, Dr. Moon filed a Complaint alleging eight causes of action 5 for First and Fourteenth Amendment violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
6 The Complaint also alleged violation of the Washington State Constitution. Dr. 7 Moon seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, and attorney fees. ECF No. 8 1. The lawsuit named as defendants Washington State University and ten 9 individuals. Id. at ¶¶ 12-46. After a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings and
10 Motion to Dismiss, three defendants were dismissed from the case and the Court 11 dismissed portions of certain claims. 12 The remaining claims have to do with the nonrenewal of Dr. Moon’s teaching
13 contract following Dr. Moon’s December 7, 2022, testimony at a Roundtable event 14 in Washington D.C. titled, “Covid-19 Vaccines: What They Are, How They Work, 15 and Possible Causes of Injuries.” ECF No. 1 at ¶ 209. The caption of the video 16 broadcast of the event included the descriptor, “Clinical Associate Professor, WSU
17 College of Medicine.” Id. at ¶¶ 211-12. During her testimony, Dr. Moon stated she 18 was speaking as a physician and did not make any claims that she was speaking on 19 behalf of any entity including the ESFCOM. Id. at ¶ 216.
20 Dr. Moon’s testimony included statements that myocarditis in children had 1 “gone very high” and there had “clearly been a massive increase” after the COVID 2 vaccines had “rolled out” for children. Id. at ¶218. She showed the package insert of
3 one of the COVID vaccine products which was blank. Id. at ¶219. She pointed out 4 that if she did not say the COVID vaccine was safe and effective, her license was at 5 risk, but that a blank package insert did not include the information she needed to
6 provide to patients to give informed consent, including potential risks and benefits. 7 Id. at ¶¶ 219-20. She gave this testimony as anecdotal based on her own experience 8 and opinion and represented herself as a pediatrician speaking for the well-being of 9 the nation’s children. Id. at 222. She pointed out other “reputable countries” had
10 discontinued use of COVID vaccines for minors. Id. at ¶ 223. 11 In June 2023, Dr. Moon received a non-renewal of contract letter, and her 12 contract expired on June 30, 2023. Id. at ¶ 249. Dr. Moon’s Complaint alleges
13 adverse employment action in violation of her First Amendment Right to free 14 speech. 15 Defendants served interrogatories and requests for production seeking all of 16 Dr. Moon’s communications and materials regarding about the COVID-19 vaccines,
17 social media platforms used since 2020, personal account or devices used for 18 electronic communications since 2020, vaccines in general and Plaintiff’s personal 19 vaccination history, and the nonrenewal of her faculty contract at WSU. ECF No. 50
20 at 6-40. Dr. Moon objected to some of these requests as irrelevant, overly broad, 1 unduly burdensome, and not reasonably calculated to resolve the issues in the case. 2 The parties met and conferred and reached impasse. Accordingly, WSU filed the
3 present Motion to Compel. Dr. Moon filed a Motion for Protective Order regarding 4 similar information. 5 LEGAL STANDARD
6 Nonprivileged information is discoverable under Federal Rule of Civil 7 Procedure 26 if it is (1) relevant to any party's claim or defense, and (2) proportional 8 to the needs of the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b). Information need not be admissible to 9 be discoverable. Id. The Court has broad discretion in determining relevancy for
10 discovery purposes. Surfvivor Media Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th 11 Cir. 2005). 12 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, a party may bring a motion to
13 compel discovery if a party fails to answer an interrogatory or produce a requested 14 document. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(iii), (iv). The party seeking to avoid discovery 15 bears the burden of showing why the discovery should not be permitted. 16 Blankenship v. Hearst Corp., 519 F.2d 418, 429 (9th Cir. 1975). The resisting party
17 must specifically detail the reasons why each request is improper. See Beckman 18 Indus., Inc. v. Int'l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir.1992) (“Broad allegations of 19 harm, unsubstantiated by specific examples or articulated reasoning, do not satisfy
20 1 the Rule 26(c) test.”) (quoting Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 785 F.2d 1108, 1121 2 (3rd Cir. 1986)).
3 Although courts liberally construe the discovery provisions to encourage the 4 free flow of information among litigants, limits do exist. For example, a court may 5 issue a protective order and limit the scope of discovery for “good cause” to protect
6 a party from “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.” 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). 8 ANALYSIS 9 MOTION TO COMPEL
10 Defendants seek information and documents regarding Dr. Moon’s 11 communications about various aspects of the COVID-19 vaccines, social media 12 platforms used since 2020, personal account or devices used for electronic
13 communications since 2020, vaccines in general and Plaintiff’s personal vaccination 14 history, and the nonrenewal of her faculty contract at WSU. Nonprivileged 15 information is discoverable under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 if it is (1) 16 relevant to any party’s claim or defense, and (2) proportional to the needs of the
17 case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b). Dr. Moon makes no argument that the requests are 18 disproportional to the needs of the case, so only the relevance of the requests is at 19 issue.
20 1 Whether evidence is relevant depends on whether “(a) it has any tendency to 2 make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the
3 fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid.
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1 Mar 19, 2026 2 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK
3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6
7 RENATA S. MOON, an No. 2:24-cv-00327-RLP individual, 8
Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 9 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO v. COMPEL IN PART AND DENYING 10 PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR WASHINGTON STATE PROTECTIVE ORDER 11 UNIVERSITY, et al.
12 Defendants.
BEFORE THE COURT is Defendants’ Motion to Compel. ECF No. 50, and 14 Plaintiff’s Motion for Protective Order, ECF No. 52. A hearing was held by 15 videoconference on March 18, 2026. Plaintiff was represented by attorneys Marshall 16 Casey and Karen Osborne. Defendants were represented by Zachary Pekelis and 17 Meha Goyal. 18 Defendants move to compel answers to certain interrogatories and requests for 19 production. Dr. Moon opposed the nature and scope of the requests. For reasons 20 1 further set forth at the hearing, the Court allows limited discovery as it relates to the 2 basis of Dr. Moon’s statements at Senator’s Johnson Roundtable.
3 BACKGROUND 4 In September 2024, Dr. Moon filed a Complaint alleging eight causes of action 5 for First and Fourteenth Amendment violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
6 The Complaint also alleged violation of the Washington State Constitution. Dr. 7 Moon seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, and attorney fees. ECF No. 8 1. The lawsuit named as defendants Washington State University and ten 9 individuals. Id. at ¶¶ 12-46. After a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings and
10 Motion to Dismiss, three defendants were dismissed from the case and the Court 11 dismissed portions of certain claims. 12 The remaining claims have to do with the nonrenewal of Dr. Moon’s teaching
13 contract following Dr. Moon’s December 7, 2022, testimony at a Roundtable event 14 in Washington D.C. titled, “Covid-19 Vaccines: What They Are, How They Work, 15 and Possible Causes of Injuries.” ECF No. 1 at ¶ 209. The caption of the video 16 broadcast of the event included the descriptor, “Clinical Associate Professor, WSU
17 College of Medicine.” Id. at ¶¶ 211-12. During her testimony, Dr. Moon stated she 18 was speaking as a physician and did not make any claims that she was speaking on 19 behalf of any entity including the ESFCOM. Id. at ¶ 216.
20 Dr. Moon’s testimony included statements that myocarditis in children had 1 “gone very high” and there had “clearly been a massive increase” after the COVID 2 vaccines had “rolled out” for children. Id. at ¶218. She showed the package insert of
3 one of the COVID vaccine products which was blank. Id. at ¶219. She pointed out 4 that if she did not say the COVID vaccine was safe and effective, her license was at 5 risk, but that a blank package insert did not include the information she needed to
6 provide to patients to give informed consent, including potential risks and benefits. 7 Id. at ¶¶ 219-20. She gave this testimony as anecdotal based on her own experience 8 and opinion and represented herself as a pediatrician speaking for the well-being of 9 the nation’s children. Id. at 222. She pointed out other “reputable countries” had
10 discontinued use of COVID vaccines for minors. Id. at ¶ 223. 11 In June 2023, Dr. Moon received a non-renewal of contract letter, and her 12 contract expired on June 30, 2023. Id. at ¶ 249. Dr. Moon’s Complaint alleges
13 adverse employment action in violation of her First Amendment Right to free 14 speech. 15 Defendants served interrogatories and requests for production seeking all of 16 Dr. Moon’s communications and materials regarding about the COVID-19 vaccines,
17 social media platforms used since 2020, personal account or devices used for 18 electronic communications since 2020, vaccines in general and Plaintiff’s personal 19 vaccination history, and the nonrenewal of her faculty contract at WSU. ECF No. 50
20 at 6-40. Dr. Moon objected to some of these requests as irrelevant, overly broad, 1 unduly burdensome, and not reasonably calculated to resolve the issues in the case. 2 The parties met and conferred and reached impasse. Accordingly, WSU filed the
3 present Motion to Compel. Dr. Moon filed a Motion for Protective Order regarding 4 similar information. 5 LEGAL STANDARD
6 Nonprivileged information is discoverable under Federal Rule of Civil 7 Procedure 26 if it is (1) relevant to any party's claim or defense, and (2) proportional 8 to the needs of the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b). Information need not be admissible to 9 be discoverable. Id. The Court has broad discretion in determining relevancy for
10 discovery purposes. Surfvivor Media Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th 11 Cir. 2005). 12 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, a party may bring a motion to
13 compel discovery if a party fails to answer an interrogatory or produce a requested 14 document. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(iii), (iv). The party seeking to avoid discovery 15 bears the burden of showing why the discovery should not be permitted. 16 Blankenship v. Hearst Corp., 519 F.2d 418, 429 (9th Cir. 1975). The resisting party
17 must specifically detail the reasons why each request is improper. See Beckman 18 Indus., Inc. v. Int'l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir.1992) (“Broad allegations of 19 harm, unsubstantiated by specific examples or articulated reasoning, do not satisfy
20 1 the Rule 26(c) test.”) (quoting Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 785 F.2d 1108, 1121 2 (3rd Cir. 1986)).
3 Although courts liberally construe the discovery provisions to encourage the 4 free flow of information among litigants, limits do exist. For example, a court may 5 issue a protective order and limit the scope of discovery for “good cause” to protect
6 a party from “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.” 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). 8 ANALYSIS 9 MOTION TO COMPEL
10 Defendants seek information and documents regarding Dr. Moon’s 11 communications about various aspects of the COVID-19 vaccines, social media 12 platforms used since 2020, personal account or devices used for electronic
13 communications since 2020, vaccines in general and Plaintiff’s personal vaccination 14 history, and the nonrenewal of her faculty contract at WSU. Nonprivileged 15 information is discoverable under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 if it is (1) 16 relevant to any party’s claim or defense, and (2) proportional to the needs of the
17 case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b). Dr. Moon makes no argument that the requests are 18 disproportional to the needs of the case, so only the relevance of the requests is at 19 issue.
20 1 Whether evidence is relevant depends on whether “(a) it has any tendency to 2 make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the
3 fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. With respect to 4 the first inquiry, relevance for discovery purposes is construed broadly to encompass 5 “‘any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could
6 bear on, any issue that is or may be in a case.’” Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 7 437 U.S. 340, 351, 98 S. Ct. 2380 (1978). 8 To assess relevance, the Court looks at the claims and defenses of the parties. 9 Dr. Moon alleges that Defendants’ nonrenewal of her teaching contract was based on
10 her speech at the Roundtable, which she asserts is protected by the First 11 Amendment. 12 In the context of public employment “the State has interests as an employer in
13 regulating the speech of its employees that differ significantly from those it 14 possesses in connection with regulation of the speech of the citizenry in general.” 15 Pickering v. Bd. of Ed. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, Will Cnty., Illinois, 391 U.S. 16 563, 568, 88 S. Ct. 1731 (1968). The Pickering court established a test which
17 requires a “fact-sensitive and deferential weighing of the government employer’s 18 legitimate interests against its employees’ First Amendment rights.” Bd. of Cnty. 19 Commissioners, Wabaunsee Cnty., Kansas v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 668, 116 S. Ct.
20 2342 (1996). 1 2 In evaluating a retaliation claim under Pickering, the plaintiff must first
3 establish a prima facie case showing: (1) she “engaged in expressive conduct that 4 addressed a matter of public concern; (2) the government officials took an adverse 5 action against [her]; and (3) [her] expressive conduct was a substantial or motivating
6 factor for the adverse action.” Riley’s Am. Heritage Farms v. Elsasser, 32 F.4th 707, 7 721 (9th Cir. 2022). 8 If the plaintiff meets the burden of showing these three elements, the burden 9 shifts to the government, which can avoid liability in one of two ways. Id. First, the
10 state can demonstrate that its “legitimate administrative interests in promoting 11 efficient service-delivery and avoiding workplace disruption outweigh the plaintiff’s 12 First Amendment interests.” Damiano v. Grants Pass Sch. Dist. No. 7, 140 F.4th
13 1117, 1137 (9th Cir. 2025) (internal citation and quotation omitted). The extent of 14 disruption is based on a “sliding scale” when balanced against the weight of the First 15 Amendment interests. See Thompson v. Cent. Valley Sch. Dist. No 365, 163 F.4th 16 654, 665 (9th Cir. 2025) (citing Moser v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 984 F.3d
17 900, 905 (9th Cir. 2021)). Second, “the government can show that it would have 18 taken the same actions in the absence of the plaintiff’s expressive conduct.” 19 Damiano, 140 F.4th at 1137.
20 Defendants contend the Requests seeking information about Dr. Moon’s 1 statements and views on COVID-19 vaccines are relevant under the above analysis 2 for two reasons: (1) the requests seek to discover materials probative of Dr. Moon’s
3 motivations for opposing the COVID-19 vaccines, which goes to the weight of her 4 expressive interests; and (2) they show the degree to which Dr. Moon knew (or 5 should have known) that her Roundtable remarks were false, which goes to whether
6 Dr. Moon’s speech is protected, the weight of her interests, and the weight of 7 WSU’s injury to its legitimate interests. ECF No. 50 at 9-11; ECF No. 52 at 6. The 8 Court considers these reasons in turn. 9 Motivation
10 An employee’s motivation and the audience chosen for the speech are relevant 11 factors in the public-concern inquiry, Gilbrook v. City of Westminster, 177 F.3d 839, 12 866 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Johnson v. Multnomah County, 48 F.3d 420, 425 (9th
13 Cir.1995)). At this point in the litigation, the Court need not determine whether the 14 topic of Dr. Moon’s remarks involved a matter of public concern. However, the 15 Court observes that the forum and topic of the Roundtable strongly suggest Dr. 16 Moon’s remarks involved a matter of public concern. Defendants appear to have a
17 significant challenge to overcome what seems to be almost an obvious conclusion. 18 Dr. Moon’s motivations for speaking at the Roundtable are unlikely to change that 19 analysis, and in this case, the Court concludes discovery probing those motivations
20 is not relevant. 1 Defendant contends that all factors, including motivation, are relevant to the 2 Court’s ultimate weighing of the parties’ interests, and that discovery should be
3 allowed to determine whether, for example, Dr. Moon had a financial interest in her 4 position at the Roundtable. In Johnson v. Multnomah County, the Ninth Circuit 5 stated that “motivation and the chosen audience are among the many factors to be
6 considered,” and when the subject matter is “only marginally related to issues of 7 public concern,” a grudge or other private interest “may lead the court to conclude 8 the statement does not substantially involve a matter of public concern.” 48 F.3d 9 420, 423 (9th Cir. 1995). Based on the facts of this case, which do not seem to
10 involve statements “marginally related” to a matter of public concern, the Court 11 concludes discovery regarding Dr. Moon’s motivations would not impact the 12 analysis and are therefore not relevant.
13 Falsity or Reckless Disregard for the Truth 14 Defendants contend Dr. Moon knew or should have known that her 15 Roundtable remarks were false, which makes discovery of information and 16 documents about her views and knowledge relevant.
17 At the hearing, Defendants identified four statements made by Dr. Moon at 18 the Roundtable which they assert are false or made with reckless disregard for the 19 truth: (1) that there was increase in juvenile myocarditis in her practice following the
20 vaccine; (2) that a blank vaccine insert meant there was no information available to 1 provide informed consent about COVID-19 vaccines to patients; (3) that young 2 people have essentially a zero percent chance of harm from COVID-19; and (4) that
3 other reputable countries banned COVID-19 vaccines. Plaintiff does not object to 4 limited discovery related to these four statements. 5 The Court concludes Defendants are entitled to discovery regarding the facts,
6 research, and/or experiences Dr. Moon relied on in making the four statements at the 7 Roundtable. In addition, Defendants may inquire as to whether certain information 8 or research was disregarded by Dr. Moon in developing the basis for her testimony 9 and, if so, why she disregarded such information. Any additional discovery related
10 to Dr. Moon’s general or religious beliefs regarding vaccines, her beliefs about the 11 COVID-19 pandemic and its origins or alternative treatments, and her vaccine status 12 is prohibited as irrelevant.
13 PROTECTIVE ORDER 14 Dr. Moon’s request for a broad protective order is denied. However, should 15 discovery encompass third party medical records, the parties shall prepare and file a 16 protective order that would redact personally identifying information before
17 disclosure to Defendants and prohibit disclosure of the medical records outside the 18 scope of this litigation. 19
20 1 ACCORDINGLY, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 2 1. Defendants’ Motion to Compel, ECF No. 50, is GRANTED in part as set 3 forth above. 4 2. Plaintiff's Motion for Protective Order, ECF No. 52, is DENIED with 5 leave to renew. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. The District Court Executive is directed to enter this 7\| Order and forward copies to counsel. 8 DATED March 19, 2026.
10 Rebecca L- Pennell United States District Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO COMPEL IN PART ANTI DENVING DT ATINTIBE?S MATION COR DROTECTTIVE ORNER _ 11