Bockes, J.:
By the decision in the certiorari proceedings the action of the city authorities in making provision for payment to the contractor for the work was rescinded and annulled. This decision did not touch the certificate made by the street commissioner and filed with the chamberlain and furnished to the board of contract and apportionment, certifying to the completion of the work, except as it was held that such certificate was not conclusive of what it declared against the city authorities, nor bar the relators from their review [410]*410•of the proceedings brought up by the suit. The decision left the case open following the furnishing and filing of the certificate of the street commissioner, the same as if no apportionment and assessment by the board of contract, or confirmation thereof by the common council, had previously been made. Now it was the duty •of the city authorities again to take action looking to the payment to the contractor for the work certified by the street commissioner to have been duly performed, and such action was taken by the board of contract and apportionment entering upon an investigation as to the truth of the street commissioner’s certificate; that is, whether the contractor had in fact fully performed his contract according to its terms. A conclusion was reached that the work had not been performed nor materials furnished in accordance with its terms and provisions. This conclusion was entered by resolution in the records ■of the proceedings of the board; and on this conclusion the city ■authorities rested and refused to take any further action looking to the payment and satisfaction of the contractor’s claim. At the trial •of this action, brought to recover for the work on an allegation that the contract had in fact been fully performed, such conclusion, and the refusal of the city authorities further to proceed in the matter, were held to bar the right of recovery, and the complaint was dismissed on such ground. We are of the opinion that in this ruling there was error. Admitting that it was proper for the members of the board of contract and apportionment, in the exercise of their right as public officers, to examine into the subject of the due performance of the contract by the contractor before making provision for payment to him (notwithstanding the certificate of due performance by the street, commissioner), we are cited to .no provision of law making such inquiry judicial in character, and, therefore, conclusive in its result. In this respect such voluntary examination is unlike those cases where public officers or bodies are given jurisdiction and vested by law with power and discretion to determine matters confided to them, as in the auditing of accounts, and apportioning of expenses and making assessments, and the like. Such duties, when imposed upon public officers or bodies, are judicial in character, or quasi so, and their action, in the absence of fraud or collusion, concludes all parties concerned; nor can such action be overruled, annulled or reversed, save by certiorari or on appeal.
[411]*411But it is urged that the contractor is estopped from disputing the conclusion reached and declared by the board of contract, because he participated in the examination instituted by it. He was not, however, a party t& the proceeding in any legal sense. There was no provision of law by which he could be brought in and compelled there to litigate his rights; nor did he give his consent in any way to make the examination and conclusion binding upon him as an arbitration. The board understood this otherwise. He came in on mere invitation. The resolution of the board in that respect was a direction to the clerk “ to invite Mr. Reilly to be present.” This was a courtesy extended to the contractor, inasmuch as the board were about to consider a matter in which he was interested. But it is said he appeared and put in proof before the board in his own behalf. This would not bind him to the conclusion of the board in the absence of any provision of law to that effect, and his action in that regard may well have been induced, and probably was induced by the hope that he could there end the matter by showing the truth of the case to the satisfaction of the board. Manifestly he cannot be concluded by the action of the board sitting in judgment in its own case, in effect, unless there be some express provision of law binding him to that result. We are not cited to such provision. In this connection see Duplex Safety Boiler Company v. Garden (101 N. Y., 387; S. C., 4 Eastern R., 180).
An examination by the board of contract to find out whether contracts with the city have been performed is certainly commendable, and this even if the street commissioner has given his certificate of complete performance. It affords an additional check against improvident • action. Action without knowledge as to expenses claimed to have been incurred and may well be pursued, as a matter of precaution against fraud, before making payment or providing therefor. The city is, nevertheless, bound to a correct conclusion on the part of its officers on the question of fact, whether the contract has or has not been performed. If found that the work is satisfactory, payment will be provided for. If otherwise, the city authorities will rest upon their conclusion, and are bound to make it good against the claim and proof to the contrary, when challenged by the contractor, by a suit involving the question of fact. So here the city refuses to pay the contractor [412]*412bis claim and refuses to take any step, sucb as is authorized by law in cases of just claims, towards raising the money to satisfy it, resting upon the alleged fact that the claim is groundless by reason of the non-performance of the contract. Thus this Ss made a question of fact on which the right of the contractor is made to depend, and is open to proof, in the action brought by him to substantiate his claim, and the complaint was dismissed, notwithstanding the offer of proof that the contract had been performed in all its parts, and the concession that the city authorities refused to take any steps towards payment of the contract-price, as in the contract stipulated.
It is also urged that this subject — the performance or nonperformance of the contract — was determined by adjudication in favor of the city in the certiorari proceedings, hence that the contractor is concluded on that question having been a party thereto. But this is a mistaken position. The decision in those proceedings went no further than to vacate and amend the apportionment and assessment of the board of contract, and the confirmation thereof by the common council, judicial or quasi judicial, acts brought under review thereby. As stated in the opinion of the court, it was the regularity and sufficiency of the apportionment and assessment that was then brought under examination. And it was then further remarked, as follows: “ The relator contends that the judgment to be given by this court should be final and conclusive upon Reilly, and absolutely determine his rights. This cannot be done. We review only the assessment made. If illegal, it must be set aside.” And, further, this will not “ prevent, under .proper circumstances, the bringing of an action by Reilly against the city for his pay, upon his claim that he has fully and in all things performed his contract. We cannot, in this collateral way, deprive Reilly of his constitutional right to try the question of his performance, and his right to payment therefor.
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Bockes, J.:
By the decision in the certiorari proceedings the action of the city authorities in making provision for payment to the contractor for the work was rescinded and annulled. This decision did not touch the certificate made by the street commissioner and filed with the chamberlain and furnished to the board of contract and apportionment, certifying to the completion of the work, except as it was held that such certificate was not conclusive of what it declared against the city authorities, nor bar the relators from their review [410]*410•of the proceedings brought up by the suit. The decision left the case open following the furnishing and filing of the certificate of the street commissioner, the same as if no apportionment and assessment by the board of contract, or confirmation thereof by the common council, had previously been made. Now it was the duty •of the city authorities again to take action looking to the payment to the contractor for the work certified by the street commissioner to have been duly performed, and such action was taken by the board of contract and apportionment entering upon an investigation as to the truth of the street commissioner’s certificate; that is, whether the contractor had in fact fully performed his contract according to its terms. A conclusion was reached that the work had not been performed nor materials furnished in accordance with its terms and provisions. This conclusion was entered by resolution in the records ■of the proceedings of the board; and on this conclusion the city ■authorities rested and refused to take any further action looking to the payment and satisfaction of the contractor’s claim. At the trial •of this action, brought to recover for the work on an allegation that the contract had in fact been fully performed, such conclusion, and the refusal of the city authorities further to proceed in the matter, were held to bar the right of recovery, and the complaint was dismissed on such ground. We are of the opinion that in this ruling there was error. Admitting that it was proper for the members of the board of contract and apportionment, in the exercise of their right as public officers, to examine into the subject of the due performance of the contract by the contractor before making provision for payment to him (notwithstanding the certificate of due performance by the street, commissioner), we are cited to .no provision of law making such inquiry judicial in character, and, therefore, conclusive in its result. In this respect such voluntary examination is unlike those cases where public officers or bodies are given jurisdiction and vested by law with power and discretion to determine matters confided to them, as in the auditing of accounts, and apportioning of expenses and making assessments, and the like. Such duties, when imposed upon public officers or bodies, are judicial in character, or quasi so, and their action, in the absence of fraud or collusion, concludes all parties concerned; nor can such action be overruled, annulled or reversed, save by certiorari or on appeal.
[411]*411But it is urged that the contractor is estopped from disputing the conclusion reached and declared by the board of contract, because he participated in the examination instituted by it. He was not, however, a party t& the proceeding in any legal sense. There was no provision of law by which he could be brought in and compelled there to litigate his rights; nor did he give his consent in any way to make the examination and conclusion binding upon him as an arbitration. The board understood this otherwise. He came in on mere invitation. The resolution of the board in that respect was a direction to the clerk “ to invite Mr. Reilly to be present.” This was a courtesy extended to the contractor, inasmuch as the board were about to consider a matter in which he was interested. But it is said he appeared and put in proof before the board in his own behalf. This would not bind him to the conclusion of the board in the absence of any provision of law to that effect, and his action in that regard may well have been induced, and probably was induced by the hope that he could there end the matter by showing the truth of the case to the satisfaction of the board. Manifestly he cannot be concluded by the action of the board sitting in judgment in its own case, in effect, unless there be some express provision of law binding him to that result. We are not cited to such provision. In this connection see Duplex Safety Boiler Company v. Garden (101 N. Y., 387; S. C., 4 Eastern R., 180).
An examination by the board of contract to find out whether contracts with the city have been performed is certainly commendable, and this even if the street commissioner has given his certificate of complete performance. It affords an additional check against improvident • action. Action without knowledge as to expenses claimed to have been incurred and may well be pursued, as a matter of precaution against fraud, before making payment or providing therefor. The city is, nevertheless, bound to a correct conclusion on the part of its officers on the question of fact, whether the contract has or has not been performed. If found that the work is satisfactory, payment will be provided for. If otherwise, the city authorities will rest upon their conclusion, and are bound to make it good against the claim and proof to the contrary, when challenged by the contractor, by a suit involving the question of fact. So here the city refuses to pay the contractor [412]*412bis claim and refuses to take any step, sucb as is authorized by law in cases of just claims, towards raising the money to satisfy it, resting upon the alleged fact that the claim is groundless by reason of the non-performance of the contract. Thus this Ss made a question of fact on which the right of the contractor is made to depend, and is open to proof, in the action brought by him to substantiate his claim, and the complaint was dismissed, notwithstanding the offer of proof that the contract had been performed in all its parts, and the concession that the city authorities refused to take any steps towards payment of the contract-price, as in the contract stipulated.
It is also urged that this subject — the performance or nonperformance of the contract — was determined by adjudication in favor of the city in the certiorari proceedings, hence that the contractor is concluded on that question having been a party thereto. But this is a mistaken position. The decision in those proceedings went no further than to vacate and amend the apportionment and assessment of the board of contract, and the confirmation thereof by the common council, judicial or quasi judicial, acts brought under review thereby. As stated in the opinion of the court, it was the regularity and sufficiency of the apportionment and assessment that was then brought under examination. And it was then further remarked, as follows: “ The relator contends that the judgment to be given by this court should be final and conclusive upon Reilly, and absolutely determine his rights. This cannot be done. We review only the assessment made. If illegal, it must be set aside.” And, further, this will not “ prevent, under .proper circumstances, the bringing of an action by Reilly against the city for his pay, upon his claim that he has fully and in all things performed his contract. We cannot, in this collateral way, deprive Reilly of his constitutional right to try the question of his performance, and his right to payment therefor. All we can here decide is that he shall not demand or receive payment under the invalid and illegal proceedings of the board of contract, and confirmation thereof by the common council. Those proceedings shall be wiped from the recoi’ds and he, being a party, shall be bound by our action in that respect.” These remarks present the law on the subject here under examination, and show that this action is not barred by the adjudication in these proceedings, as [413]*413regards the question of fact whether the contract has or has not been performed.
It seems that the dismissal of the complaint was directed partly, if not entirely, upon the ground that the contract was entered into in view of the provisions of the city charter, as to the mode in which payment to contractors was to be made; that here, according to a provision in the contract, payment could not be required, nor was the contract-price to be deemed due, until the lapse of thirty days after the apportionment and assessment of the expense of the work had been duly approved by the common council. True, but the contract was also made with reference to the payment of the contract-price, in. case of its due performance by the contractor (Duplex S. B. Co. v. Garden, above cited); and the action is based upon the alleged neglect and refusal of the city authorities to perform the statutory obligations devolving upon them, which would have produced the means of payment, had they been observed. It is charged that the city had failed and neglected to do its duty by the contractor. This, as is claimed, gave the right of action. (Hunt v. The City of Utica, 18 N. Y., 442; Baker v. The City of Utica, 19 id., 326; Beard v. The City of Brooklyn, 31 Barb., 142.) If, then, it be true, as a matter of -fact, that the contract was fully and completely performed in all respects, as stated in the certificate of the street commissioner, and as was offered to be proved, the city authorities were in default in not making pi-ovision for the payment of the money due under' it, and can only justify their neglect and refusal to proceed to raise the money, by the conclusion of the board of contract and apportionment, that the contract had not been performed. And this brings us back to the question whether the contractor was concluded and estopped from showing the truth by such determination.
Our conclusion, above stated, is that he was not so bound and estopped. Without discussing the question whether relief might not have been obtained by certiorari or mandamus, we are of the opinion that a suit at law, on the facts here presented, was the proper and appropriate remedy to pursue (see cases above cited), and it may be well questioned whether either of those proceedings, if admissible, could have been entirely efficacious in affording the relief sought for.
[414]*414We are of the opinion that dismissal of the complaint was erroneous and that there should be a new trial.
Landon, J.:
The plaintiff was nonsuited. He had made a prima, facie case to the effect, first, that he had performed the work according to the contract; second, that he had obtained as the contract required the proper certificate from the street commissioner; third, that the defendant through its officers, charged with the function of performance, deliberately refused to perform the acts precedent and requisite to enable him to get his pay. The answer is that these officials have decided that he did not do his work according to his-contract, and they thereupon refused to do the precedent and requisite acts. If the plaintiff is bound by the judgment of these officials the nonsuit was right; if not it was wrong. I think he was not bound. The plaintiff was one party to the contract, the city the other. They dealt at arms length with each other, and each side is so far interested as to be disqualified to pronounce final judgment upon the claim of the other. They have reached that stage in this business where an impartial tribunal is necessary. The plaintiff appealed to a jury of his country, and he was dismissed because it was thought that he was bound by the judgment of his adversary. When a party claims to be the creditor of a city he must, in the first instance, permit the city to examine and satisfy the demand according to the methods prescribed by its charter. This is for the-protection of the city. JBut when that opportunity has been fully accorded, and the claim deliberately repudiated or neglected, the claimant is not bound by the adverse action. He may then appeal to the courts and have his case there decided in a constitutional way. The cases cited by my brother BocKES sustain this view; others may be added. (Buck v. City of Lockport, 6 Lans., 251; Ganson v. City of Buffalo, 1 Keyes, 457; Cumming v. Mayor, 11 Paige, 596; Bowery Bank v. Mayor, 63 N. Y., 336; Sage v. City of Brooklyn, 89 id., 189; Moore v. Mayor of New York, 73 id., 238.) The contrary doctrine may obtain in cases against boards of supervisors when these officers do not act for their county as a corporation, but as officers of the State for the political division of their county; the State cannot be sued, nor a [415]*415mere political division of it. But a city is a corporatiotí, and is sued as a corporation, and it shocks tbe sense of justice that it should in cases of dispute be the final judge of its liability.
"When the court set aside the apportionment and assessment made-by the board of contract and confirmed by the common council, it left the city free to consider this matter further. If it should decide to reject the claim of the plaintiff and stand upon the ground that he had not performed his contract, the court gave to the city the privilege to insist that the plaintiff should satisfy a jury that he had performed it before it should respond.
I fully concur with my brother Bocees.
Leaened, P. J., dissented.
Judgment reversed, new trial granted, costs to abide the event*