Reid v . Simmons, et a l . CV-89-152-M 03/26/97 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gordon C . Reid
v. Civil N o . 89-152-M
Officers Gary Simmons, Ronald Paul, James Ahern, and Richard Gilman
O R D E R
A number of motions are again pending in this civil rights
action arising from Gordon Reid’s arrest and prosecution on
charges of sexual assault of a six-year-old girl (“Misty”).
Plaintiff’s remaining claims (state law claims for false arrest
and malicious prosecution, and a federal procedural due process
claim for withholding exculpatory evidence) are pending against
four City of Manchester police officers. See Reid v . State of
New Hampshire, 56 F.3d 332 (1st Cir. 1995) (providing factual and
procedural background, affirming dismissal of claims against some defendants, explaining remaining causes of action, and remanding
for further proceedings). Basically, Reid asserts that the
police defendants had information in their possession, when he
was arrested and during his criminal prosecution, which was
exculpatory in character and which effectively undermined the
validity of the proceedings against him, but which they
wrongfully concealed. In particular, Reid contends that police reports related to two prior complaints of sexual assault
involving Misty (the 1985 and the 1986 reports), and Department
of Children and Youth Services (“DCYS”) reports about relevant
family history, fall into that category. The currently pending
motions are resolved as follows.
Documents 153 Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and 165 Plaintiff’s Motion for an Extension of Time
Defendants have filed a second motion for summary judgment
in which they argue that the undisputed facts of record show that
they had no knowledge of the prior DCYS reports related to Misty
and her family when plaintiff was arrested and prosecuted; that
they owed plaintiff no legal duty to disclose the two police
reports of prior incidents involving Misty; and that in any event
probable cause existed to arrest and hold Reid on charges of
sexual assault. In response, Reid moved for an extension of time
to object to the motion on grounds that the defendants still had
not properly answered his first set of interrogatories related to
the police investigation and their involvement in providing
information to prosecutors in his case. Thereafter, Reid and
defendants filed a series of motions and objections related to
discovery in this case.
Although defendants are well aware that the First Circuit
reversed this court’s earlier entry of summary judgment in their
2 favor, and remanded the case for additional discovery relevant to
Reid’s claims, defendants have not addressed the discovery issues
raised by Reid in their opposition to Reid’s motion for an
extension. The court will first examine Reid’s motion to
determine whether it complies with the requirements of Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f). 1
To avoid summary judgment under Rule 56(f), the objecting
party must “(1) articulate a plausible basis for the belief that
discoverable materials exist which would raise a trialworthy
issue and (2) demonstrate good cause for failure to have
conducted discovery earlier.” Reid, 56 F.3d at 341 (internal
quotation omitted). Reid says in his motion, supported by his
own affidavit, that defendants have yet to answer some of the
interrogatories propounded in his first set, originally sent to
defendants in January 1993, and sent again in January 1996. He
contends that he cannot adequately respond to defendants’
assertion that they were not involved in providing materials to
the prosecutors in his criminal case until he obtains “proper
1 Defendants’ argument that Reid’s motion was not filed in a timely fashion necessarily fails as time was extended to August 9, 1996, for Reid’s response (see Order, document number 155 dated July 9, 1996) and his motion was filed on that date. Nevertheless, the court notes that the protection afforded by Rule 56(f) ordinarily should be invoked within a reasonable time of receiving a motion for summary judgment, which requirement is being stretched in this case in Reid’s favor. See Ayala-Gerena v . Bristol Myers-Squibb Co., 95 F.3d 8 6 , 92 (1st Cir. 1996).
3 answers” to the propounded interrogatories. He also contends
that the Hillsborough County Attorney’s file in his criminal
case, which is the subject of a pending subpoena duces tecum and
a Rule 45(d)(2) objection, is necessary to show when the
prosecutors received the police and DCYS reports about Misty and
her family as well as the significance of that information during
the prosecution of his case.
The First Circuit decided that Reid is entitled to discovery
on those issues before he is required to respond to defendants’
motion for summary judgment. Reid, 56 F.3d at 341-42.
Apparently, discovery continues to stagnate despite the First
Circuit’s directive and the discovery orders subsequently issued by this court.2
As defendants have not shown that the discovery sought by Reid has in fact been produced, or is unnecessary,3 Reid’s Rule
2 Defendants’ obvious reluctance to comply with discovery requirements and to facilitate other necessary discovery is mildly surprising given their position on the merits, the fact that failure to comply merely delays the resolution of this case, and that unwarranted discovery disputes directly increase legal costs to clients or their insurers. 3 In defendants’ motion for summary judgment, although not in their objection to Reid’s Rule 56(f) motion, defendants say that they have disclosed the police reports about Misty. Cf. Reid, 56 F.3d at 340 n.17. Defendants’ attachments to their motion for summary judgment include a copy of the state court decision setting aside Reid’s convictions on sexual assault charges in which the state trial judge found and ruled that Manchester Police Officer Simmons (one of the defendants in this
4 56(f) motion (document n o . 165) is granted; defendants’ motion
for summary judgment (document n o . 153) is denied without
prejudice refiling an appropriate summary judgment motion when
all required discovery is complete.
Document 160 Plaintiff’s Motion for Access to Law Library
As plaintiff has withdrawn it (see document n o . 1 8 1 ) , his
motion for access to the law library (document n o . 160) is denied
as moot.
Document 177 Plaintiff’s Motion for Enlargement of Completion of Discovery Date
The date for completion of discovery in this case was set by
pretrial order as October 1 , 1996. See Pretrial Order (document
n o . 116) Dec. 5 , 1995. Long before October, the parties fell
into discovery disputes requiring intervention by the court. See
case) referred to his reports of the two incidents (involving Misty) during Reid’s probable cause hearing and that the state was “on notice” from that time that the reports existed. See State v . Reid, Nos. S-86-1819, S-86-1820, S-86-1821, (N.H. Sup. C t . Oct. 1 3 , 1988). When defendants again move for summary judgment, following completion of necessary discovery, that issue is likely to fall from this case by application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. In contrast, defendants’ interrogatory answers, which state that they do not recall a DCYS file, do not resolve the issue of when they may have had access to DCYS information about Misty and her family and whether they provided any available information to the prosecutors in Reid’s case.
5 Order (document n o . 154) dated July 9, 1996. The discovery
deadline of October 1 , 1996, precludes all new discovery.
However, to the extent that discovery initiated prior to the
deadline remains incomplete, the deadline is stayed, and
obligations arising from such discovery requests shall be
completed expeditiously and in accord with the orders of this
court. Plaintiff’s motion to enlarge the discovery deadline
(document n o . 177) is otherwise denied.
Document 179 Plaintiff’s Motion for Subpoena Duces Tecum II (For File Prepared in Criminal Defense)
Reid seeks the court’s assistance in recovering the original
file prepared by his counsel while representing Reid during his
state criminal case, which he identifies as State of New
Hampshire v . Gordon Reid, 86-1819-221. Reid says that he was
represented by James McNamee when McNamee was with the law firm
of Sullivan and Gregg in Nashua, New Hampshire. Attorney McNamee, who no longer practices with Sullivan and Gregg,
directed Reid to contact Anne Fabian at that firm to access his
file. Reid attaches a copy of his letter to M s . Fabian, dated
August 1 3 , 1996, and attests in his affidavit that he has not
received a response. Defendants do not object to Reid’s efforts
to recover his file from Sullivan and Gregg but ask that Reid
6 provide them with copies of records in the file pertaining to the
DCYS or Easter Seal files.
Mr. McNamee and the Sullivan and Gregg firm are obligated to
respond to Reid’s request for his file. See N.H. Rule of Prof.
Conduct 1.16(d); see also Spivey v . Zant, 683 F.2d 8 8 1 , 884-86
(5th Cir. 1982). Accordingly, the clerk shall prepare and issue
a subpoena duces tecum to the Sullivan and Gregg law firm to
produce, within fourteen (14) days of the date of the subpoena,
either the originals or copies of all papers and materials
generated during and related to Attorney McNamee’s representation
of Gordon Reid, or file an appropriate objection within the same
time period. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c)(2)(B). A copy of the
plaintiff’s “Motion for Issuance of Subpoena Duces Tecum II”
(document n o . 179) and this order shall be attached to the
subpoena, and a copy of the subpoena shall be mailed by the clerk
to the plaintiff and to defendants’ counsel. The subpoena shall
be delivered to the United States Marshall for service on the
Sullivan and Gregg law firm in Nashua, New Hampshire.
Defendants’ request for copies of materials thought to be in
Reid’s file is directed to Reid as a discovery request. See,
Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a). Plaintiff’s motion for a subpoena duces
tecum (document n o . 179) is granted as provided herein.
7 Document 180 Plaintiff’s Motion for Subpoena Duces Tecum III (To DCYS for Files) Reid moves for a subpoena duces tecum to require DCYS to
produce an original certified copy of its file pertaining to
Misty P. and her family. More specifically, Reid seeks copies of
files or materials about Misty and her family which existed at
the time of his arrest and criminal prosecution for sexual
assault of Misty. The DCYS reports about Misty and her family
and defendants’ knowledge of the reports and their access to the
information are essential to Reid’s claims. See Reid, 56 F.3d at
341. Accordingly, the clerk shall prepare and issue a subpoena
duces tecum to the New Hampshire Department of Children and Youth
Services to produce, within thirty (30) days of the date of the
subpoena, certified original copies of the file pertaining to
Misty P. and her family during the relevant time period, or file
an appropriate objection within the same time period. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 45(c)(2)(B). A copy of the plaintiff’s “Motion for Issuance of Subpoena Duces Tecum III” (document n o . 180) shall be
attached to the subpoena, and a copy of the subpoena shall be
mailed by the clerk to Reid and to defendants’ counsel. The
subpoena shall be delivered to the United States Marshall for
service on DCYS in Concord, New Hampshire. A copy of any
documents produced in response to the subpoena by DCYS shall also
be provided to defendants, but at their expense.
8 Documents 159 Objection to Service of Process 167 Plaintiff’s Motion for a Protective and 168 Order and Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Compliance with Subpoena Duces Tecum In response to an earlier motion by plaintiff, the court
ordered a subpoena duces tecum to issue to the Hillsborough
County Attorney to provide copies of files in that office related
to Reid’s criminal prosecution. The Hillsborough County Attorney
filed a timely objection to the subpoena on grounds that copying
the file would be unduly burdensome, that the parties already are
in possession of the nonprivileged information in the file, and
that the remaining materials are protected by the attorney work
product doctrine. The Hillsborough County Attorney also suggests
alternative relief: that the subpoena be quashed, that
discoverable materials in the file be determined at a hearing, or
that the court conduct an in camera review of the file for
discoverable materials. Reid moves to compel compliance with the
subpoena as issued on grounds that he never had all of the materials and does not have those that were provided to his
counsel during his criminal case. Based on Reid’s affidavit, it
appears that he is most interested in the two police reports, the
DCYS and Easter Seal files pertaining to Misty and her family,
and investigative notes in the County Attorney’s file. In
addition, Reid moves for a protective order to prevent the
9 Hillsborough County Attorney from releasing to defendants “inmate
incident reports” pertaining to Reid.
To avoid further delay and protracted litigation over
production of the contents of the file, the Hillsborough County
Attorney shall deliver the entire file to the court within
fourteen (14) days of the date of this order for in camera review
to resolve its discoverability. Once in camera review is
complete, the court will issue an order as to what materials
shall be produced and how the discoverable materials shall be
provided to the parties. In the meantime, the Hillsborough
County Attorney shall not provide copies of any materials in the
file to any parties in this litigation.
Plaintiff’s motion to compel (document n o . 168) and motion
for a protective order (document n o . 167) are granted to the
extent described in this order. Hillsborough County Attorney’s
Objection (document n o . 1 5 9 ) , to the extent it suggests in camera
review is sustained (granted).
Document 182 Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Answers to Set I Interrogatories
Reid moves to compel defendants to answer his “Set I Interrogatories,” but does not include a copy with his motion.4
4 Plaintiff is directed to the Local Rules of this district which require parties to include a copy of the discovery document
10 The court assumes that plaintiff refers to the interrogatories
that he originally propounded to defendants in the early stages
of this litigation. Defendants say that they answered and stated
objections to the interrogatories and that Reid’s motion to
compel answers was denied before the court granted summary
judgment in favor of defendants in February 1993. Defendants
seem to believe that their obligation to answer was then
terminated. However, as they well know, the decision of the
Court of Appeals in this case reinstated plaintiff’s discovery
requests and determined that plaintiff is entitled to certain
information.
In its decision the First Circuit noted that the police
defendants had been ordered to answer interrogatories and to
respond to requests for production of documents in 1992 and
thereafter Reid filed repeated motions to compel. Reid, 56 F.3d
at 341-42. The First Circuit determined that the defendants had
never complied with the order to respond to the interrogatories
and held, “Reid was entitled to receive responses to the
unanswered interrogatories as previously ordered by the court,
and the additional discovery requested in the Rule 56(f) motion.”
Reid, 56 F.3d at 342.
that is the subject of motions to compel or for protective orders. See L.R. 37.1.
11 Accordingly, as it appears that the First Circuit was likely
referring to plaintiff’s first set of interrogatories, which
apparently is also the subject of Reid’s pending motion to
compel, defendants shall answer plaintiff’s first set of
interrogatories or state appropriate objections and serve their
answers and (or) their objections on Reid within thirty (30) days
of the date of this order.
Plaintiff’s motion to compel (document n o . 182) is granted.
Document 162 Defendants’ Motion to Compel Answers to Interrogatories
Defendants also move to compel Reid to answer
interrogatories that were sent to him on December 1 2 , 1995.
Defendants state that Reid has neither answered the
interrogatories nor filed objections. Reid has not objected to
defendants’ motion. Accordingly, Reid is ordered to answer
defendants’ interrogatories as required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and to send his answers (or his objections) to
defendants within thirty (30) days of the date of this order.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(b). Defendants’ motion (document n o . 162)
is granted.
Document 178 Plaintiff’s Motion for Imposition of Sanctions
12 Defendants were ordered by this court to answer particular
interrogatories propounded in “Interrogatories, Set II” “as
candidly, fully, and completely as [they] are able, given the
context.” Order, (document n o . 154) July 9, 1996, at 7 . Reid
contends that defendants are attempting to avoid answering the
interrogatories by offering to send him copies of the two police
reports at issue in this case (if he will first agree to preserve
the confidentiality of the reports). Reid asks that defendants
be sanctioned for failure to answer the particular
interrogatories under oath as required by the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, and as directed in this court’s earlier order.
Defendants’ response, through counsel, is curiously
obfuscating. Defendants admit that they have not answered the
interrogatories and have instead attempted to reach some sort of
agreement with the plaintiff to provide copies of the police
reports, subject to a confidentiality agreement. Defendants’
counsel also offers to “stipulate” that “none of the defendants
have any knowledge beyond what is in these police reports,” and
alternatively he offers to obtain affidavits from each of the
defendants, although counsel characterizes plaintiff’s need for
affidavits as “harassing conduct.”
Defense counsel entirely misses the point. Defendants were
ordered to answer particular interrogatories and, therefore, must
13 do so in compliance with the court’s order and the requirements
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Because the delay in
discovery seems to be the result of defense counsel’s
misapprehension, rather than due to a contemptuous refusal to
comply with the court’s order by the individual defendants, the
court finds sanctions to be inappropriate at this time.
However, defendants shall answer the interrogatories in the
manner specified by this court’s order of July 9 , 1996, and shall
send their answers to Reid within thirty (30) days of the date of
this order. Defendants shall provide full, complete, candid, and
sworn answers to the interrogatories and shall in all other
respects comply with the requirements of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(b). If police records
or other information would provide an appropriate source or
augmentation of any of the defendants’ answers, those records
shall be attached to the interrogatory answers and shall be
referenced with sufficient specificity to locate and identify the
answer. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(d). To the extent that any
materials provided by defendants are claimed to be confidential,
they shall be appropriately marked. The parties, including Reid,
are ordered to preserve the confidentiality of all information so
marked during the course of this litigation (i.e. disclose the
documents to no one unless necessary for the proper conduct of
14 this litigation) and to return copies of materials marked
confidential when this litigation terminates.
Plaintiff’s motion for imposition of sanctions (document n o .
178) is granted in part as described herein.
Document 183 Plaintiff’s Motion for Clarification of Capacity of Defendants
Reid moves for “clarification” that his claims against the
defendant police officers are brought in both their individual
and official capacities. Defendants object on the grounds that
Reid’s complaints do not raise a claim of official capacity and
that he should not be allowed to amend, at this late date, to add
official capacity parties.
Claims against individuals in their “official capacity” in §
1983 suits “generally represent only another way of pleading an
action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’”
Kentucky v . Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985)(quoting Monell v . New York City Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 6 5 8 , 690 n.55
(1978)). In this case, claims against the police officers in
their official capacities, therefore, would in reality be claims
against the City of Manchester. “In order to prevail on an
‘official capacity’ claim, Reid would have to show that the
particular governmental entity [the City of Manchester] had an
unconstitutional custom or policy, . . . which its
15 representatives were executing with at least the tacit approval of governmental policymakers.” Reid, 56 F.3d at 337 (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 6 9 0 ) . Reid seems to misunderstand the nature of a claim against an individual in his “official capacity.” Based on Reid’s motion, he seems to intend to sue the police officers as persons acting under color of state law, which is an individual capacity claim under § 1983, but does not seem to be trying to add a claim against the City of Manchester. Although Reid’s original complaint, filed on April 3 , 1989, describes Officer Simmons as acting in his official capacity, the amended complaint filed on September 2 2 , 1989, (which added Officers Paul, Ahern, and Gilman) does not mention the capacity in which they are sued. The second amended complaint filed on December 2 7 , 1989, (which added Governor John Sununu as a defendant) does not mention the police defendants at all, and the third amended complaint filed on July 2 , 1992, describes the police officers as acting individually and jointly but does not mention official capacity. None of the complaints include any allegations that Manchester had some custom or policy that directed, encouraged, or tolerated unconstitutional arrests, unlawful prosecutions, or the wrongful withholding of exculpatory evidence, nor that any of the named defendants acted pursuant to such a policy with the approval of
16 Manchester policymakers. Thus, Reid has not stated a claim
against the defendants in their official capacities, and an
amendment to add such a claim at this late date would likely be
denied due to obvious prejudice that would inure to the
defendants. Accordingly, Reid’s motion to clarify the status of
the defendants (document n o . 183) is denied as no clarification
beyond the discussion above is warranted.
Documents 190 Plaintiff’s Motions for Recusal and and 192 for Ruling
Plaintiff moves for recusal of this judge pursuant to 28
U.S.C.A. § 455(a). Section 455(a) directs judges to disqualify
themselves if their “impartiality might reasonably be
questioned.” The question of a judge’s impartiality depends upon
whether the facts relied upon by the moving party “‘would create
a reasonable doubt concerning the judge’s impartiality’” in the
mind of a reasonable person. United States v . Voccola, 99 F.3d 3 7 , 42 (1st Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v . Cowden, 545 F.2d
257, 265 (1st Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 909 (1977)).
Reid contends that his case has been delayed and that his
motions have not been decided expeditiously. While this case has
endured beyond the usual life of civil litigation in this
district, having commenced long before this judge took the bench,
and Reid’s prolific motions have not been resolved as soon as he
17 might have wished, neither situation reflects any bias on the part of the court. Reid’s motions have received consideration in the usual course of the court’s business, without preference over other pending matters and without placement behind other pending matters. This court endeavors to resolve all pending motions in accordance with time periods consistent with the goals of the Civil Justice Reform Act, and Reid’s motions have all been resolved within that period. Reid is entitled to no more. Having carefully considered Reid’s motion in light of the factual circumstances of this case, there appears to be no factual basis upon which a reasonable person could doubt the assigned judge’s impartiality, and recusal, however personally desirable, would only unfairly transfer the burden of this litigation to another judge of this court.
Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion for recusal (document n o . 190) is denied. Plaintiff’s motion for ruling (document n o . 192) is also denied as moot.
18 SO ORDERED.
Steven J. McAuliffe United States District Judge March 2 6 , 1997 cc: Robert G. Whaland, Esq. Carolyn M . Kirby, Esq. Gordon C . Reid