Alvey, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Zenos Barnum, by the third clause of his will, devised to his wife, Annie Barnum, for life, his house and lot on Mount 'Vernon Place, in the city of Baltimore; and, by the fourth clause, he gave her full power and authority, at any time, to sell and convey the same, with direction that the proceeds of sale should be invested by her, in conjunction with two other trustees named in the twelfth clause of the will, for her sole and separate use during her life; and that her own receipts should be sufficient to entitle her to receive the interest and income from the investment; and further, that the purchaser of the property should not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money.
By the tenth clause of the will, the testator directed that all the property devised to his wife for life, should, after her death, be equally divided amongst his children. And, by the twelfth clause, the wife, together with E. W. Bennett and [182]*182S. H. Tagart, were constituted trustees, with power to receive the proceeds of the estate, and invest the same in trust, for the.use and benefit of the testator’s children. They were also authorized and empowered to sell and convey any of the testator’s estate when, in their opinion, such sale might be advantageous; and, generally, to do all acts and things which in their judgment should be most conducive to the interest of such children.
A few years after the death of the testator, his widow, Annie Barnum, contemplating a second marriage, made and executed, in conjunction with her intended husband, David C. Gordon, for and in consideration of the intended marriage, and of one dollar, a deed of settlement, whereby she conveyed to S. H. Tagart, one of the trustees named in Zenos Barnum’s will, all the estate and property, real, personal and mixed, of which she, the grantor, was in any manner entitled, except certain specific property other than the house and lot on Mount "Vernon Place; and the trusts and powers declared were, that the grantor should, during her life, hold and enjoy the property as féme sole, without its being in any way subject to the control of her intended husband, or liable for his debts, with full power to sell, dispose of, convey and assign, absolutely or otherwise, all the estate and property conveyed, or any part thereof, for such price or prices, and upon such terms as she might think proper, without the assent or concurrence of either her intended husband or the trustee named in the deed; the proceeds of sale' to be invested in other good security, to be held upon the same trusts, and subject to the same powers before mentioned, in reference to the property conveyed. It is also declared that the purchaser shall not be bound to see to the disposition of the purchase money. The deed contains the further limitations, as to the proceeds of sale, that they shall be held to the use and enjoyment of the intended husband for life, after the death of the wife, if he should survive her, and from and after his death, or the death of the wife, if she should survive the husband, [183]*183to the use and benefit of their children or their descendants; and in default of such descendants, then to the use and benefit of the children of the wife by her first husband, Zenos Barn uni.
The marriage, in the contemplation of which the deed was executed, took place, and children have been born to the parties; and since which events, Mrs. Cordon, the devisee for life under her former husband’s will, in the exercise of the power given her, has sold the house, and lot on Mount Vernon Place to the appellant, in fee simple, to take effect in immediate possession, for the sum of $50,000. This sale she, together with the other two trustees named in the will, have reported to the Circuit Court for Baltimore county, as a Court of Equity, for ratification, under the Act of 1870, ch. 370. The purchaser objected to the ratification, but the Court overruled his exceptions, and ratified the sale, and it is from the order of ratification that the purchaser has appealed; and the question is, was the sale legally made, and such as will secure to the purchaser a good and sufficient title to the property ?
The deed of settlement operated as a bargain and sale, and conveyed, of course, only such right and estate in the property as the bargainor had. It was not made in execution of the power of sale conferred by the will. The legal estate for life, therefore, in the house and lot on Mount Vernon Place was conveyed by the deed, and nothing more, as to that particular property. The legal estate for life devised by the will wras converted into an equitable estate for life in Mrs. Gordon by the deed. The deed operating as a bargain and sale, the legal estate became fixed in the trustee; as a use upon a use is never executed by the Statute of 27 Hen. VIII., ch; 10, known as the Statute of Uses. In the case of a bargain and sale, the Statute expends its whole force in transferring the legal title to the bargainee; and the second and subsequent uses can only take effect as trusts, to be enforced in equity. Matthews vs. Ward, 10 G. & J., 443; Croxall vs. Shererd, 5 Wall., 268. Hence Mrs. Gordon has but an equitable life [184]*184éstate under the deed, instead of the former legal estate for life under the will. But, in the contemplation of a Court of Equity, she is actually seized of the freehold, and is the beneficial and substantial owner; and, in the absence of any disability, she could alien it, and any legal conveyance by her would have the same operation in equity upon the trust, as it would have had at law upon the legal estate. 10 Gill & John., 443; 5 Wall., 268; Burgess vs. Wheat, Eden., 226; Boteler, vs. Allington, 1 Bro. Ch. Cases, 72. The trustee holds the mere dry legal title, and his conveyance is of importance to the purchaser of the equitable title only as it may be required to give the latter a standing in a Court of Law.
- The power of sale reserved in the deed of settlement has no reference whatever to that existing under the will; it has reference to and can only operate upon the property actually conveyed by the deed. If it be exercised, the right and estate conveyed by the deed can be sold under it, and that alone. If the power under the will had been reserved, and the right and estate of the devisee in the property conveyed subject to the exercise of such power, there could be no such question raised as is presented in this case. Such power could then have been effectually exercised notwithstanding the deed. The question in this case is produced by what is supposed to be a conflict between the estate granted by the deed, and the subsequent attempt to exercise the power of sale under the will.
•Powers, it is said, are either appendant, or in gross, or altogether collateral; appendant, when the exercise of them is in the first instance to interfere with, and to a certain extent, to supersede the estate of the donee of such power; in gross, when they do not commence until the determination of the estate of the donee; and collateral, when the donee has no estate at all in 'the property which'is the subject of the power. 1 Sand., on U. & T., 177; 1 Sugd. on Pow., 40, 41, 42.
[185]*185In this case, the power of sale given to the wife, under the will, was partly appendant, and partly in gross; it was appendant as it overreached and affected the life estate of the wife, and in gross as to the estate in remainder or reversion.
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Alvey, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Zenos Barnum, by the third clause of his will, devised to his wife, Annie Barnum, for life, his house and lot on Mount 'Vernon Place, in the city of Baltimore; and, by the fourth clause, he gave her full power and authority, at any time, to sell and convey the same, with direction that the proceeds of sale should be invested by her, in conjunction with two other trustees named in the twelfth clause of the will, for her sole and separate use during her life; and that her own receipts should be sufficient to entitle her to receive the interest and income from the investment; and further, that the purchaser of the property should not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money.
By the tenth clause of the will, the testator directed that all the property devised to his wife for life, should, after her death, be equally divided amongst his children. And, by the twelfth clause, the wife, together with E. W. Bennett and [182]*182S. H. Tagart, were constituted trustees, with power to receive the proceeds of the estate, and invest the same in trust, for the.use and benefit of the testator’s children. They were also authorized and empowered to sell and convey any of the testator’s estate when, in their opinion, such sale might be advantageous; and, generally, to do all acts and things which in their judgment should be most conducive to the interest of such children.
A few years after the death of the testator, his widow, Annie Barnum, contemplating a second marriage, made and executed, in conjunction with her intended husband, David C. Gordon, for and in consideration of the intended marriage, and of one dollar, a deed of settlement, whereby she conveyed to S. H. Tagart, one of the trustees named in Zenos Barnum’s will, all the estate and property, real, personal and mixed, of which she, the grantor, was in any manner entitled, except certain specific property other than the house and lot on Mount "Vernon Place; and the trusts and powers declared were, that the grantor should, during her life, hold and enjoy the property as féme sole, without its being in any way subject to the control of her intended husband, or liable for his debts, with full power to sell, dispose of, convey and assign, absolutely or otherwise, all the estate and property conveyed, or any part thereof, for such price or prices, and upon such terms as she might think proper, without the assent or concurrence of either her intended husband or the trustee named in the deed; the proceeds of sale' to be invested in other good security, to be held upon the same trusts, and subject to the same powers before mentioned, in reference to the property conveyed. It is also declared that the purchaser shall not be bound to see to the disposition of the purchase money. The deed contains the further limitations, as to the proceeds of sale, that they shall be held to the use and enjoyment of the intended husband for life, after the death of the wife, if he should survive her, and from and after his death, or the death of the wife, if she should survive the husband, [183]*183to the use and benefit of their children or their descendants; and in default of such descendants, then to the use and benefit of the children of the wife by her first husband, Zenos Barn uni.
The marriage, in the contemplation of which the deed was executed, took place, and children have been born to the parties; and since which events, Mrs. Cordon, the devisee for life under her former husband’s will, in the exercise of the power given her, has sold the house, and lot on Mount Vernon Place to the appellant, in fee simple, to take effect in immediate possession, for the sum of $50,000. This sale she, together with the other two trustees named in the will, have reported to the Circuit Court for Baltimore county, as a Court of Equity, for ratification, under the Act of 1870, ch. 370. The purchaser objected to the ratification, but the Court overruled his exceptions, and ratified the sale, and it is from the order of ratification that the purchaser has appealed; and the question is, was the sale legally made, and such as will secure to the purchaser a good and sufficient title to the property ?
The deed of settlement operated as a bargain and sale, and conveyed, of course, only such right and estate in the property as the bargainor had. It was not made in execution of the power of sale conferred by the will. The legal estate for life, therefore, in the house and lot on Mount Vernon Place was conveyed by the deed, and nothing more, as to that particular property. The legal estate for life devised by the will wras converted into an equitable estate for life in Mrs. Gordon by the deed. The deed operating as a bargain and sale, the legal estate became fixed in the trustee; as a use upon a use is never executed by the Statute of 27 Hen. VIII., ch; 10, known as the Statute of Uses. In the case of a bargain and sale, the Statute expends its whole force in transferring the legal title to the bargainee; and the second and subsequent uses can only take effect as trusts, to be enforced in equity. Matthews vs. Ward, 10 G. & J., 443; Croxall vs. Shererd, 5 Wall., 268. Hence Mrs. Gordon has but an equitable life [184]*184éstate under the deed, instead of the former legal estate for life under the will. But, in the contemplation of a Court of Equity, she is actually seized of the freehold, and is the beneficial and substantial owner; and, in the absence of any disability, she could alien it, and any legal conveyance by her would have the same operation in equity upon the trust, as it would have had at law upon the legal estate. 10 Gill & John., 443; 5 Wall., 268; Burgess vs. Wheat, Eden., 226; Boteler, vs. Allington, 1 Bro. Ch. Cases, 72. The trustee holds the mere dry legal title, and his conveyance is of importance to the purchaser of the equitable title only as it may be required to give the latter a standing in a Court of Law.
- The power of sale reserved in the deed of settlement has no reference whatever to that existing under the will; it has reference to and can only operate upon the property actually conveyed by the deed. If it be exercised, the right and estate conveyed by the deed can be sold under it, and that alone. If the power under the will had been reserved, and the right and estate of the devisee in the property conveyed subject to the exercise of such power, there could be no such question raised as is presented in this case. Such power could then have been effectually exercised notwithstanding the deed. The question in this case is produced by what is supposed to be a conflict between the estate granted by the deed, and the subsequent attempt to exercise the power of sale under the will.
•Powers, it is said, are either appendant, or in gross, or altogether collateral; appendant, when the exercise of them is in the first instance to interfere with, and to a certain extent, to supersede the estate of the donee of such power; in gross, when they do not commence until the determination of the estate of the donee; and collateral, when the donee has no estate at all in 'the property which'is the subject of the power. 1 Sand., on U. & T., 177; 1 Sugd. on Pow., 40, 41, 42.
[185]*185In this case, the power of sale given to the wife, under the will, was partly appendant, and partly in gross; it was appendant as it overreached and affected the life estate of the wife, and in gross as to the estate in remainder or reversion.
With respect to powers, says Mr. Sanders, (1 vol., U. & T., 179,) “so far as they are appendant, it may be considered as a principle, that the donee of a power shall not be allowed, by the exercise of such power, to defeat any charge, estate or incumbrance, which he himself had previously made or created ; and therefore, if a tenant for life, having a power of leasing, previously conveys Ms legal estate, the power of leasing, to the extent of such conveyance, will be defeated. So, in the case mentioned of an estate being limited to A for life, with remainder to B in tail, with remainder to A in fee, with a general power of revocation reserved to A, if A by lease and release, not executed according to the forms required by the power, convey to C in fee, he cannot afterwards exercise his power as to his own life estate, and his remainder in fee; but the pow7er will remain as to the estate tail of B.”
The ground upon which a party is denied the right of exercising a power, after he has conveyed away his estate to which the power is appendant, is, that it would derogate from his grant, and operate a fraud upon his grantee. But, in this case, as we have seen, nothing passed by the deed of marriage settlement, in respect to this particular property, except the bare legal estate for life, the beneficial estate remaining in the donee of the power under the will. Ho fraud or injury, therefore, could be done by the exercise of the power of sale, so tar as the tenant for life of the legal estate is concerned.., The execution of such power was perfectly effective as to the estate in remainder or reversion, (1 Sudg. on Pow., 49 to 53; Sand. Uses & Trusts, 182; Long vs. Rankin, 2 Appendix to 2 Sugd. on Pow., 519; Jones vs. Winwood, 4 M. & Wels., 653,) and the only question is, whether the conveyance of the naked legal estate for life, the donee of the power still holding the equitable estate, necessarily operates,.either to suspend or ex-[186]*186tinguisli the power of sale under the will, as to such life estate? That such is not the operation of the conveyance in equity, we think is entirely free from doubt. On the contrary, it would seem to be plain that, in the contemplation of a Court of Equity, this power has been well executed, whatever technical difficulty may exist in the contemplation of a Court of Law, in reference to the outstanding legal estate for the life of the donee of the power. In the view of a Court of Equity, the bare outstanding legal estate for life creates no difficulty; and as that Court looks rather to the substance of things than to technical distinction, it will not treat the power as either suspended or curtailed by the mere conversion of the legal into an equitable estate. But, while this is the light in which a Court of Equity may view the matter, it is, nevertheless, the right of the purchaser to insist upon a title that is good and defensible in a Court of Law as ■well as in a Court of Equity; and as the exercise of the power, so far as it affects the life estate of the donee, can only have an equitable operation, before the purchaser can be compelled to accept the title, the outstanding legal estate for life must be conveyed or extinguished. This, however, can be easily done, by requiring the trustee to join in the conveyance to the purchaser. Holding the bare legal estate, in trust for the donee of the power, a Court of Equity will compel him to join in the conveyance, at the instance of such donee, in order to render perfect her execution of the power under the will. Such joining of the trustee will remove all objection founded upon the conflict between the legal estate for life, and the exercise of the power of sale under the will of Zenos Barnum.
In 2 vol. of Chance on Powers, sec. 3166, it is said: “ Tenants for life, under settlements containing powers of sale, exchange, &c., to be exereised by them, or with their consent, sometimes mortgage their estates, or convey them in trust. It seems that whether the mortgage or conveyance comprises the reversion in fee or not, the powers may, in general, be ex[187]*187ercised with the consent of the mortgagees or grantees and all proper parties. The forms of the mortgage or conveyance, or other circumstances, mayr present distinctions. So on a re-conveyance it seems that the powers revive in their original state.” See, also, 1 Sugd. on Pow., 74, 76, particularly the latter page.
It is insisted, however, that in the event of sale under the power in the deed, the limitations and declarations of trusts, in resjiect of the proceeds, are different in the deed from the limitations of trusts in respect of the proceeds of sale declared in the will. But it may be replied to this objection, that the event of a sale of this particular property, under the power in the deed, is but a bare possibility, if the sale to the appellant had never been made. The power might be exercised or not. The mere option to exercise it is certainly not a trust, the execution of which could be enforced. It is mere matter of discretion, and, therefore, not of any positive right on the part of those in whose favor the trusts of the proceeds of saie are declared. By the sale to the appellant, Mrs. Gordon has made her election not to exercise the power of sale, as to this particular property, under the deed. That power, not being a mere collateral authority, to be exercised exclusively for the benefit of others, she is at liberty to bar, release or disclaim; and any dealing with the estate, inconsistent with the exercise of the power, determines and precludes the option to exercise it. 1 Sugd. on Pow., 90-102.
As, however, it is necessary, in order to secure to the appellant a good legal title in possession, that the legal estate for life, now outstanding in a trustee, should be united with the equitable estate of the donee of the power under the will, we shall reverse the order appealed from, but without setting aside the sale; leaving the donee of the power at liberty to take the proper proceedings in equity, if it shall become necessary, to secure, the joining of the trustee holding the legal estate for life, in the conveyance to' the purchaser. The decree of reversal will be without prejudice to such proceeding.
[188]*188(Decided 15th February, 1872.)
The other trustees named in the will, with power under the twelfth clause to sell any part of the testator’s estate, may well join in the conveyance, although the sale to the appellant appears to have been made by Mrs. Gordon under the power conferred upon her alone, by the fourth clause.' They simply concur in and recommend the ratification of the sale, as having been judiciously made, looking to the rights of those interested in the proceeds of sale, after Mrs. Gordon’s death. These proceeds will, of course, be invested as directed by the will, but with that the purchaser has nothing to do.
Order reversed and
cause remanded.