Caton, J.
At the time Strawn purchased the premises in controversy, there is little doubt that some sort of agreement existed between him and Hurham Reeve, by which the latter should be allowed to pay to the former the amount of the purchase-money and interest, and entitle himself to a conveyance of the land. Reeve insists, that Strawn agreed to loan him the funds necessary to purchase in the land, and to take a deed to himself, by way of mortgage, to secure its repayment, and that the money paid by Strawn for the land was the money thus loaned. The defendant insists, that there was no such loan contemplated or effected, but that he paid his own money for the land, which he bought in his own name, for .his own use, and that whatever agreement there was between the parties,' was a mere parol agreement for the sale of the land from Strawn to Reeve, after the former should have purchased it. There can be no serious controversy about the law in this case. If the facts are as insisted by the complainants, then a resulting trust is created, in the nature of a mortgage, and there can be no doubt about the right of the complainants to redeem; but if, on the other hand, there was no loan of the purchase-money, and Strawn paid his own funds for the land, no parol agreement between the parties, that Strawn should purchase for the use and benefit of Reeve, or that Reeve should, at any time, have the right to purchase it, will entitle the complainants to the relief sought, for then it is nothing but a simple parol agreement for the sale of land, which is at once cut off by the plea of the statute of frauds, which has been interposed. The serious question in the case, then, is one of fact. The evidence upon this point is voluminous, and consists principally of proof of declarations of the parties at and subsequent to the time of the purchase, and of their treatment of, and relative position towards, the property after Strawn acquired the title. Strawn purchased the land in his own name, and paid for it. Upon this, the presumption arises that he purchased with his own money. This presumption is sought to be rebutted, by proof of his declarations made at the sale to several witnesses, and by what he said to Mrs. Henderson and others subsequently. Many of these declarations, if taken in a technical sense, would seem to indicate a loan of the purchase-money to Reeve, and that he took the deed in his own name as a security.
Mr. Green, one of the complainants’ witnesses, who does not appear to have been cross-examined, testified, that at the sale Strawn told the witness that he had made an arrangement with the complainants by which they were to redeem the lands, but the particulars of the arrangement he did not state. Upon repeated occasions subsequently, Sirawn told the witness that the purchase was a redeemable one, and that he had made the purchase in order to assist the complainants to pay their debts. He said that Strawn was to buy the lands, and hold them as security for the money advanced by him for the plaintiffs, who were to cultivate the. land, and render to Strawn one third of the products for the use of the money advanced. There were some other details to the arrangement, to which it is unnecessary now to allude. The witness attended the 'sale for the purpose of bidding on the property, so as to secure a debt owing from the complainants to Huffaker, in which the witness was security'; but he refrained from bidding, in consequence of an arrangement made with Strawn that he should pay the debt, which he subsequently did, and promised to cancel it. Other witnesses testify to somewhat similar statements made by Strawn at the time of the sale.; but none state the case so strongly as Green. As before remarked, this testimony, when taken alone, may be understood to imply a loan of the purchase-money, but not necessarily; and it should be remarked, that the witness does not pretend to repeat the words of Strawn, and even if he did, there can be no pretence that Strawn spoke of the complainants’right to redeem, or used, any other particular expressions in their exact sense. Strawn was not a lawyer, and the expressions attributed to him would be as likely to be used to convey the idea that Strawn had agreed to purchase the land and let the complainants have it for the amount which he paid, and interest. According to the understanding of an ordinary business man, this might be a redemption of the land by the complainants, and thus a security for the money which Strawn had paid, when, in fact and in law, the agreement was for a purchase of the land at the price which Strawn had paid. It must-be remembered, that conversations and declarations testified to in this way, after a considerable lapse of time, are not the most reliable evidence to enable us to determine what was the true character of the arrangement between the parties, especially where the distinguishing features between a loan, as claimed, and an absolute purchase, may not be very readily perceived by every one. At least, they cannot be of controlling influence under such circumstances. But in addition to this, is the testimony of Mrs. Henderson. In speaking of a conversation which she had with the defendant, some years before, she says, “ I asked him if he had bought Mr. Reeve’s farm, and he said, ‘yes, he owned it; he held a mortgage on it, and Mr. Reeve never would be able to redeem it.’ ” While this might seem to imply a loan of the purchase-money, and that he had taken the title to himself to secure the money loaned, the same remark is applicable to this, which was made in relation to the evidence of the other declarations. If we apply to each portion of the declarations sworn to by this witness a strict legal meaning, we find an irreconcilable- contradiction. At the same time that he said that he held a mortgage on the land, he also said that he had bought it and owned it. This all may be true in the sense intended by Strawn, and still he may have referred to an agreement which he had made with the Reeves, that they might have the land by paying him the purchase-money and interest. In this, as in all other cases, we must consider all of the testimony together; the facts and circumstances proved, as well as the declarations of the party. In our apprehension, the subsequent relations of the parties, and the manner in which they respectively treated this land, are utterly irreconcilable with the idea that the land was purchased for, and in equity belonged to the complainants. It appears that one of the complainants, Hurham Reeve, continued in possession of the land, and to cultivate it, as the tenant of Strawn, under leases from year to year. Three of these .leases are in this record, and it is testified, by one of the complainants’ witnesses, that the rent reserved was a high rent. Some of the provisions of these leases are worthy of attention, as they indicate clearly the views which the parties themselves entertained of the real ownership of t'he land. In the lease which is proved by Stacy, Reeve agrees “ to keep every thing off of the clover-field-all the time, and pull all the burrs out of all the land that is in clover, before they get ripe, and destroy nothing on the farm, nor cut any green timber for any thing, and give peaceable possession by the 1st of March next. This 5th day of March, 1849.” These terms certainly indicate, that the lessor was something more than a mortgagee, and the tenant something less than the equitable owner of the premises. The strict regard for the judicious management of the farm indicates the highest interest in its ultimate value, and implies a very strong doubt that the lessee would, without such provision, treat the farm with the indifference of a mere tenant with but.
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Caton, J.
At the time Strawn purchased the premises in controversy, there is little doubt that some sort of agreement existed between him and Hurham Reeve, by which the latter should be allowed to pay to the former the amount of the purchase-money and interest, and entitle himself to a conveyance of the land. Reeve insists, that Strawn agreed to loan him the funds necessary to purchase in the land, and to take a deed to himself, by way of mortgage, to secure its repayment, and that the money paid by Strawn for the land was the money thus loaned. The defendant insists, that there was no such loan contemplated or effected, but that he paid his own money for the land, which he bought in his own name, for .his own use, and that whatever agreement there was between the parties,' was a mere parol agreement for the sale of the land from Strawn to Reeve, after the former should have purchased it. There can be no serious controversy about the law in this case. If the facts are as insisted by the complainants, then a resulting trust is created, in the nature of a mortgage, and there can be no doubt about the right of the complainants to redeem; but if, on the other hand, there was no loan of the purchase-money, and Strawn paid his own funds for the land, no parol agreement between the parties, that Strawn should purchase for the use and benefit of Reeve, or that Reeve should, at any time, have the right to purchase it, will entitle the complainants to the relief sought, for then it is nothing but a simple parol agreement for the sale of land, which is at once cut off by the plea of the statute of frauds, which has been interposed. The serious question in the case, then, is one of fact. The evidence upon this point is voluminous, and consists principally of proof of declarations of the parties at and subsequent to the time of the purchase, and of their treatment of, and relative position towards, the property after Strawn acquired the title. Strawn purchased the land in his own name, and paid for it. Upon this, the presumption arises that he purchased with his own money. This presumption is sought to be rebutted, by proof of his declarations made at the sale to several witnesses, and by what he said to Mrs. Henderson and others subsequently. Many of these declarations, if taken in a technical sense, would seem to indicate a loan of the purchase-money to Reeve, and that he took the deed in his own name as a security.
Mr. Green, one of the complainants’ witnesses, who does not appear to have been cross-examined, testified, that at the sale Strawn told the witness that he had made an arrangement with the complainants by which they were to redeem the lands, but the particulars of the arrangement he did not state. Upon repeated occasions subsequently, Sirawn told the witness that the purchase was a redeemable one, and that he had made the purchase in order to assist the complainants to pay their debts. He said that Strawn was to buy the lands, and hold them as security for the money advanced by him for the plaintiffs, who were to cultivate the. land, and render to Strawn one third of the products for the use of the money advanced. There were some other details to the arrangement, to which it is unnecessary now to allude. The witness attended the 'sale for the purpose of bidding on the property, so as to secure a debt owing from the complainants to Huffaker, in which the witness was security'; but he refrained from bidding, in consequence of an arrangement made with Strawn that he should pay the debt, which he subsequently did, and promised to cancel it. Other witnesses testify to somewhat similar statements made by Strawn at the time of the sale.; but none state the case so strongly as Green. As before remarked, this testimony, when taken alone, may be understood to imply a loan of the purchase-money, but not necessarily; and it should be remarked, that the witness does not pretend to repeat the words of Strawn, and even if he did, there can be no pretence that Strawn spoke of the complainants’right to redeem, or used, any other particular expressions in their exact sense. Strawn was not a lawyer, and the expressions attributed to him would be as likely to be used to convey the idea that Strawn had agreed to purchase the land and let the complainants have it for the amount which he paid, and interest. According to the understanding of an ordinary business man, this might be a redemption of the land by the complainants, and thus a security for the money which Strawn had paid, when, in fact and in law, the agreement was for a purchase of the land at the price which Strawn had paid. It must-be remembered, that conversations and declarations testified to in this way, after a considerable lapse of time, are not the most reliable evidence to enable us to determine what was the true character of the arrangement between the parties, especially where the distinguishing features between a loan, as claimed, and an absolute purchase, may not be very readily perceived by every one. At least, they cannot be of controlling influence under such circumstances. But in addition to this, is the testimony of Mrs. Henderson. In speaking of a conversation which she had with the defendant, some years before, she says, “ I asked him if he had bought Mr. Reeve’s farm, and he said, ‘yes, he owned it; he held a mortgage on it, and Mr. Reeve never would be able to redeem it.’ ” While this might seem to imply a loan of the purchase-money, and that he had taken the title to himself to secure the money loaned, the same remark is applicable to this, which was made in relation to the evidence of the other declarations. If we apply to each portion of the declarations sworn to by this witness a strict legal meaning, we find an irreconcilable- contradiction. At the same time that he said that he held a mortgage on the land, he also said that he had bought it and owned it. This all may be true in the sense intended by Strawn, and still he may have referred to an agreement which he had made with the Reeves, that they might have the land by paying him the purchase-money and interest. In this, as in all other cases, we must consider all of the testimony together; the facts and circumstances proved, as well as the declarations of the party. In our apprehension, the subsequent relations of the parties, and the manner in which they respectively treated this land, are utterly irreconcilable with the idea that the land was purchased for, and in equity belonged to the complainants. It appears that one of the complainants, Hurham Reeve, continued in possession of the land, and to cultivate it, as the tenant of Strawn, under leases from year to year. Three of these .leases are in this record, and it is testified, by one of the complainants’ witnesses, that the rent reserved was a high rent. Some of the provisions of these leases are worthy of attention, as they indicate clearly the views which the parties themselves entertained of the real ownership of t'he land. In the lease which is proved by Stacy, Reeve agrees “ to keep every thing off of the clover-field-all the time, and pull all the burrs out of all the land that is in clover, before they get ripe, and destroy nothing on the farm, nor cut any green timber for any thing, and give peaceable possession by the 1st of March next. This 5th day of March, 1849.” These terms certainly indicate, that the lessor was something more than a mortgagee, and the tenant something less than the equitable owner of the premises. The strict regard for the judicious management of the farm indicates the highest interest in its ultimate value, and implies a very strong doubt that the lessee would, without such provision, treat the farm with the indifference of a mere tenant with but. a temporary interest, rather than with that care and regard which a permanent interest in the estate might be supposed to excite. Similar provisions are found in the lease dated the 5th of March, 1850, which also binds the tenant to make certain permanent improvements, for which Strawn was to find the materials. Each of the leases created strictly a tenancy for a single year, with an explicit provision, that at the end of the year the possession should be surrendered to Strawn. The testimony shows that other permanent improvements were made on the premises by the tenant, for which he was paid by Strawn. Here both parties have certainly treated Strawn as the real owner; it may be with a verbal agreement for the sale of the land to the tenant, but that had existed for several years, and with a very remote probability, that the complainants would be able to perform it. Indeed, all the circumstances connected with this tenancy and the treatment of the estate by the parties, would seem to indicate that they all considered even that parol agreement as practically at an end. Is it to be believed that Reeve would ask, or that Strawn would grant, that the latter should pay the former for permanent improvements made upon the estate belonging to the former, and in which the latter had but a mortgage interest, while* the premises were manifestly, in any event, more than sufficient to pay the amount said to have been secured ? If we are to draw reasonable deductions from facts proved or admitted, we must say, that both parties considered the property as belonging to Strawn, and that they supposed in all probability he would continue to be the owner.
It may be here remarked in reference to the alleged loan of the purchase-money by Strawn to the complainants, that no person ever heard him agree to make such a loan, or heard the parties treat or negotiate for any loan of money. Nor in all of the testimony in this case, from the beginning to the end, is there one word said in reference to a loan of money, nor does such an expression once occur in the testimony. Before we transfer the title to real estáte upon th'e strength of parol testimony alone, the facts upon which such change is asked should be so convincing as to leave no reasonable doubt in the mind of the court, and not, as in this case, consist of ambiguous expressions and uncertain declarations made by the party sought to be charged, and testified to by witnesses after the lapse of several years. In the case of Furguson. v. Sutphur, 3 Gilman, 447, so much relied upon at the bar, the loan of the purchase-money was so conclusively proved that no room for doubt was left; but it was insisted that it was not competent to prove it by parol, even where the whole transaction was manifestly for the purpose of- covering up an usurious loan. There the whole history of the negotiation was spread out before the court by such convincing proofs that nothing was left for inference. In the case of Coates v. Wood-worth, 13 Illinois, 654, it is true, that the entire negotiation between the parties was not shown, but enough was shown to establish satisfactorily that a loan had in fact been negotiated at a usurious interest. The parties had been in actual negotiation for a loan, and no negotiation ever took place between the grantor and the grantee, but Woodworth, who claimed to be the cestui que trust, negotiated alone with the grantor. That case was only sustained, upon the ground that the land was purchased with the money of Woodworth, and the deed given to Coates as a security for the money loaned. The court in that case said, “ No agreement between Coates and Wood-worth, that Coates should buy the land and then sell it to Woodworth upon any terms, will support the bill; nor will a subsequent agreement by Coates to let Woodworth have the land upon any terms sustain the case, if Coates in fact purchased the land with his own money from Tarbox.”
In the case before us, the evidence points very clearly to the conclusion that there was no agreement for a loan of money, and that Strawn purchased the land with his own funds, agreeing by parol, no doubt, that he would let the complainants have it for the same price which he paid, and interest. This was an agreement by parol to sell Strawn’s land to them, and not for them to redeem the land from an incumbrance which Strawn had upon it. At any rate, it certainly fails to establish satisfactorily, that there was a loan of the purchase-money by Strawn, and that he purchased with their funds, instead of his own, and for their use, and not for himself.
Of this opinion was the circuit court, and we think the decree should be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.