Hornblower, C. J.
The first four counts are upon promises, made by the testator in Ins life time. The fifth is on a promise, made by the defendant as executor, in consideration of the indebtedness of the testator in his life time, to the plaintiff— T hese counts are admitted to be good, and consistent with each other. The Gth and 7th counts, are upon promises of the defendant as executor,in consideration of money paid by the plaintiff, for the defendant as executor, since the death of the testator. To these, there is a general demurrer : and it is objected that they are improperly joined with the first five counts. Upon the subject of joinder of counts, in actions by and against executors and administrators, there is certainly much confusion in the hooks. At least, in my opinion, the cases cannot all be reconciled to each other upon principle. The case of Sibbits v. Lloyd et al. administrators, &c. 6 Halst. 163, was cited, and much relied on by the defendant’s counsel : but the question presented [416]*416by this demurrer, was not directly before the court in that case; and therefore it cannot be considered as authoritatively ruling the point now before us. It was conceded in that case, (whether properly or not, is immaterial) that the defendants therein charged, were only personally liable: and the court assuming that to be so, proceeded to consider the propriety of rendering judgment de bonis propriis, upon a declaration framed as that was. It was admitted, however, by Chief Justice Ewing, in the course of his argument, in that case, that whenever the recovery, would be a direct charge upon the estate of the deceased, the executor may be sued in his representative capacity.
The question then is, whether upon the counts demurred to, a judgment de bonis test of oris, would be the lawful and appropriate judgment ?
In Ashby v. Ashby et al. executors, &c. 7 B. & C.444, in 14 Cond. R. 77, the declaration contained three coun s. 1st. For money paid, &c. for the use of defendants, as executors. 2d. For money had and received by defendants,as executors,to and for the use of the plaintiff. And the 3d. On an account stated between plaintiff and defendants, as executors of and concerning money due from them as executors, to the plaintiff. Upon demurrer, judg men was given for the defendant. But Lord Tenterden, C. J. said, “if the matter was quite now, I am not sure, it might not beas well to hold that the plaintiffmightclcct, to treat the receipt of the money, as done by the defendant, in bis character of executor, and take his chance whether lie would bo paid out of the assets or not” — in which case, he adds, “the plaintiff must shew, that the.monoy came info the defendant’s hands, because he was executor.” His Lordship concludes, by remarking as to the first count (which is like the one in this case) for money paid, &c. to the use of the defendants, as executors, that although there might be some doubt,” tbe strong inclination “of his mind was that it was good ; (hat the defendant might plead plene administravit, and that the judgment should be de bonis testatoris.
Bailey, Justice, said, he could not get over the authorities— but for them, he should have thought all the counts good, and rightly framed. That there might be cases in which the creditor might have his election to sue the defendant, either in his personal or representative character. In the first count,” he [417]*417says, “the money is stated to have been paid by the plaintiff to the use of the defendants, as executors: that imports, that the plaintiff paid it, not on the persona! account of the defendants, but because they were executors, and in release of something which otherwise would have been a burden on the assets of the testator. I think,” he says, “ that the plaintiff having paid the money to the use of defendants, as executors, Isas the same right that, before such payment, belonged to the person to whom it was paid; and consequently may charge the assets of the testator”— and 1 think so too, provided the plaintiff was not a mere volunteer, but was legally bound for the payment of the debt. Mr. Justice Bailey, then puts the ca.se of two persons bound as sureties — one dies and the survivor has to pay the whole debt; or, ho might have put a case like the present; one bound as security foi; another, the principal died, and the security has to pay the money. In cither case, if the co-obligor bad been living, the security'paying the money,might have sued him; and why not, in case of bis death, sue his executor for money paid to his use, as executor. Surely, ex equo et bono, the surety, in such case, would be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the principal,— The executor in his own estate, may be insolvent; as executor lie may have funds. Why, in such case, drive the creditor into a court of equity, when there are funds under the control of the court, to which in equity and good conscience, the plaintiff is entitled.
That a count, upon an account stated between the, plaintiff and the defendants, as executors, of and concerning moneys before then due and owing from the defendants, as executors, is a good count, and may be joined with counts on debts due from, and promises made by the testator, seems now tobe admitted. See Powell v. Graham, 7 Taunt. 580; Ashby v. Ashby et al. executors, 7 B. & C. 444; although it was formerly held otherwise, as in Ross v. Bowler, 1 H. Bl. R. 108; 2 Saund. 117, b. note 2.
But a promise made by an executor to pay tbo plaintiff money found due to him upon an accounting between the plaintiff and the executor, of and concerning moneys due the plaintiff from the defendant as executor, is no more a promise to pay money which the testator owed to the plaintiff, than is a promise made by the executor to pay the plaintiff money which the plaintiff had paid [418]*418for the use of defendant as executor, or to pay money which the-' defendant had received as executor, for the use of the plaintiff.
In Ord v. Fenwick, 3 East, 104, in the 2d count, the plaintiff declared, for that the defendant was indebted to her, as executrix? in divers sums of money, by her as executrix paid, laid out and' expended, &c. and being so indebted; the defendant in consideration thereof, promised the plaintiff to pay herns executrix &c. The first count was upon a promise made to the plaintiff’s testator, and upon an objection that there was a misjoinder of counts, Lord Elienborough and the whole court, upon a writ of errory held that if they could suppose a case where the money must have been paid by the plaintiff below as executrix, and for which she must entitle herself to recover as such, they must support the judgment: they then say that if she had been sued on the obligation of her testator, given as security for the defendant whose debt she as executrix had been obliged to pay, the law would raise an implied promise by the defendant, to her as executrix, to repay the money; and the judgment was affirmed. Now I put the question : If the plaintiff, as security for the testator, has-been compelled to pay a debt, due from him since his death, and which his executor
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Hornblower, C. J.
The first four counts are upon promises, made by the testator in Ins life time. The fifth is on a promise, made by the defendant as executor, in consideration of the indebtedness of the testator in his life time, to the plaintiff— T hese counts are admitted to be good, and consistent with each other. The Gth and 7th counts, are upon promises of the defendant as executor,in consideration of money paid by the plaintiff, for the defendant as executor, since the death of the testator. To these, there is a general demurrer : and it is objected that they are improperly joined with the first five counts. Upon the subject of joinder of counts, in actions by and against executors and administrators, there is certainly much confusion in the hooks. At least, in my opinion, the cases cannot all be reconciled to each other upon principle. The case of Sibbits v. Lloyd et al. administrators, &c. 6 Halst. 163, was cited, and much relied on by the defendant’s counsel : but the question presented [416]*416by this demurrer, was not directly before the court in that case; and therefore it cannot be considered as authoritatively ruling the point now before us. It was conceded in that case, (whether properly or not, is immaterial) that the defendants therein charged, were only personally liable: and the court assuming that to be so, proceeded to consider the propriety of rendering judgment de bonis propriis, upon a declaration framed as that was. It was admitted, however, by Chief Justice Ewing, in the course of his argument, in that case, that whenever the recovery, would be a direct charge upon the estate of the deceased, the executor may be sued in his representative capacity.
The question then is, whether upon the counts demurred to, a judgment de bonis test of oris, would be the lawful and appropriate judgment ?
In Ashby v. Ashby et al. executors, &c. 7 B. & C.444, in 14 Cond. R. 77, the declaration contained three coun s. 1st. For money paid, &c. for the use of defendants, as executors. 2d. For money had and received by defendants,as executors,to and for the use of the plaintiff. And the 3d. On an account stated between plaintiff and defendants, as executors of and concerning money due from them as executors, to the plaintiff. Upon demurrer, judg men was given for the defendant. But Lord Tenterden, C. J. said, “if the matter was quite now, I am not sure, it might not beas well to hold that the plaintiffmightclcct, to treat the receipt of the money, as done by the defendant, in bis character of executor, and take his chance whether lie would bo paid out of the assets or not” — in which case, he adds, “the plaintiff must shew, that the.monoy came info the defendant’s hands, because he was executor.” His Lordship concludes, by remarking as to the first count (which is like the one in this case) for money paid, &c. to the use of the defendants, as executors, that although there might be some doubt,” tbe strong inclination “of his mind was that it was good ; (hat the defendant might plead plene administravit, and that the judgment should be de bonis testatoris.
Bailey, Justice, said, he could not get over the authorities— but for them, he should have thought all the counts good, and rightly framed. That there might be cases in which the creditor might have his election to sue the defendant, either in his personal or representative character. In the first count,” he [417]*417says, “the money is stated to have been paid by the plaintiff to the use of the defendants, as executors: that imports, that the plaintiff paid it, not on the persona! account of the defendants, but because they were executors, and in release of something which otherwise would have been a burden on the assets of the testator. I think,” he says, “ that the plaintiff having paid the money to the use of defendants, as executors, Isas the same right that, before such payment, belonged to the person to whom it was paid; and consequently may charge the assets of the testator”— and 1 think so too, provided the plaintiff was not a mere volunteer, but was legally bound for the payment of the debt. Mr. Justice Bailey, then puts the ca.se of two persons bound as sureties — one dies and the survivor has to pay the whole debt; or, ho might have put a case like the present; one bound as security foi; another, the principal died, and the security has to pay the money. In cither case, if the co-obligor bad been living, the security'paying the money,might have sued him; and why not, in case of bis death, sue his executor for money paid to his use, as executor. Surely, ex equo et bono, the surety, in such case, would be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the principal,— The executor in his own estate, may be insolvent; as executor lie may have funds. Why, in such case, drive the creditor into a court of equity, when there are funds under the control of the court, to which in equity and good conscience, the plaintiff is entitled.
That a count, upon an account stated between the, plaintiff and the defendants, as executors, of and concerning moneys before then due and owing from the defendants, as executors, is a good count, and may be joined with counts on debts due from, and promises made by the testator, seems now tobe admitted. See Powell v. Graham, 7 Taunt. 580; Ashby v. Ashby et al. executors, 7 B. & C. 444; although it was formerly held otherwise, as in Ross v. Bowler, 1 H. Bl. R. 108; 2 Saund. 117, b. note 2.
But a promise made by an executor to pay tbo plaintiff money found due to him upon an accounting between the plaintiff and the executor, of and concerning moneys due the plaintiff from the defendant as executor, is no more a promise to pay money which the testator owed to the plaintiff, than is a promise made by the executor to pay the plaintiff money which the plaintiff had paid [418]*418for the use of defendant as executor, or to pay money which the-' defendant had received as executor, for the use of the plaintiff.
In Ord v. Fenwick, 3 East, 104, in the 2d count, the plaintiff declared, for that the defendant was indebted to her, as executrix? in divers sums of money, by her as executrix paid, laid out and' expended, &c. and being so indebted; the defendant in consideration thereof, promised the plaintiff to pay herns executrix &c. The first count was upon a promise made to the plaintiff’s testator, and upon an objection that there was a misjoinder of counts, Lord Elienborough and the whole court, upon a writ of errory held that if they could suppose a case where the money must have been paid by the plaintiff below as executrix, and for which she must entitle herself to recover as such, they must support the judgment: they then say that if she had been sued on the obligation of her testator, given as security for the defendant whose debt she as executrix had been obliged to pay, the law would raise an implied promise by the defendant, to her as executrix, to repay the money; and the judgment was affirmed. Now I put the question : If the plaintiff, as security for the testator, has-been compelled to pay a debt, due from him since his death, and which his executor ought to have paid out of his estate, why will stoI; the law, equally, as in the former case, imply a promise, by the executor as such, to refund the money to the plaintiff, out of the tesfator’s assets ? I am at a loss for an- answer.
In the language of Chief Justice Best, in A'Court v. Cross, 3 Bingh. R. 329, when by distinctions, and refinements, which as Lord Mansfield says, the common sense of mankind cannot keep pace with, any branch of the law is. brought into a state of uncertainty, the evil is only to be remedied by going back to the-statute ; or if it be in the common law, by settling it upon some broad and intelligible principles; and it docs seem to me impossible to'reconcile the cases, or ever to arive at any certainty, if we rely upon tiie books ; and that we ought therefore to settle this case upon principle, so as to constitute one uniform rule of action in future.
In Cowel and ux. adm. &c. v. Watts, 6 East, 405, Lord Eifenborough remarks, “It is certainly a more convenient rule to say that counts may be joined, where the fund out of which the damages are to come,or to which they are to be applied, is thesame,’-'' [419]*419Baton this point he admits the decisions have not been uniform. Why not adopt the rule here suggested ? If applied to the case under consideration, it would avoid all difficulty — all the counts in this declaration charge the defendant as executor, they all make a demand on the assets of the testator ? And if the money was paid by the plaintiff in discharge of a burden upon the estate of the testator, it ought upon every principle of law and justice, to be repaid out of those assets.
In the case of Ashby v. Ashby, 7 B. and C. 444, the great doubt was upon the count for money had and received, by the defendants as executors,to the use of the plaintiff. Littledale, Justice, thought such a count would not warrant a judgment de bonis teslatoris, because it never was the debt of the testator.— That if the money received by the executor, though received in his representative character, belonged to the plaintiff, it instantly became a personal debt due from the executor to the plaintiff, and never became any part of the assets, or bad any thing to do with the accounts of the testator. However just the reasoning of the judge was in that case, it is different from the one now before the court. The debt paid by the plaintiff, was the debt of the testator: it was a charge upon his estate. It never was, it is true, a debt due from the testator to the plaintiff, but it was a debt duo from his estate to the original creditor : — and the moment the plaintiff paid the money it became due to him. It was a debt for which the executor might have been sued as such by the original creditors and the plaintiff having been compelled to pay it, ought to oe reimbursed out of the same fund that was originally chargeable with the debt. I see, therefore, no valid objection to the counts demurred to; on the contrary,it would e unreasonable to turn the plaintiff round upon the personal responsibility of the executor, who may he insolvent and unable to pay out of his private estate. In my opinion, the demurrer ought to bo overruled, with costs.
Ford, J.
Reeve having been security for Cawley’s testator, in a bond, and having given evidence that he bad paid it off, recovered tiie amount of it against Cawley the executor, on a count for money paid to the use of the testator in his lifetime. The evidence was that the payment had all-(except a trifling part for [420]*420interest) been made since the testator’s decease; this did not maintain the count for payment in the testator’s lifetime, and the ver» diet was set aside. Then the plaintiff amended his declaration, by leave of the court, and inserted a count fir money paid by him as surety for a debt of the testator, after Ms death,to the use of Cawley the executor, as executor; in consideration whereof, Cawley the executor, as executor, promised to pay, &c.
To this amended declaration, the defendant demurs for misjoinder of causes of action ; the counton the indebtedness of the testator in Isis life time, requiring as (he demurrer supposes, judgment de bonis testatoris,and that on the indebtedness of Cawley personally, requiring a judgment de bonis propriis.
It is fully settled that a count for money lent to the executor, or paid for his use, or goods sold to him, or work done for him? though alíedged tobe to or for him “as executor,” shews a contract since the testator’s death, made by the executor himself personally; and the judgment to be rendered on it, must be against bis own goods, not those of the testator. In Rose v. Bowler and another, executors of Bowler, 1 Hen. Bl. 108, the counts were for money had and received, not by the testator, but by them “ as executors;” ami money lent to them “ as executors.’ Heath, J. “These counts make the executors liable personally only-” Judgment could not be rendered on those counts against the goods of the testator. But if the testator in his life time, had contracted the debt, as for goods sold to him, or money borrowed by him, or paid at Ms request, oribe like ; these being bis own acts, they would warrant a judgment to bind his estate; and if, after his death, the executor promise to pay such debts of the testator’s contracting, it warrants a like judgment; for the executor promises to pay the testator’s old debt; he does not contract a new one. Thus in Secar v. Atkinson, administrator of Atkinson, 1 Hen. Bl. 102, on a count for goods sold to the intestate in his life time ; in consideration whereof, after his death, the administrator promised to pay, &c., it was argued that the promise made by the administrator, rendered him personally liable for the debt; and that the judgment on this count, must be personally against him and his proper goods, not against the goods of the intestate. But the court, (Heath, J. said,) “this is the common mode of declaring against executors and adminis[421]*421trators, to save the statute of limitations ; it is not true that the judgment on it. must be de bonis propriis• If it were to be considered as snaking tlse_administrator personally liable, I do not know who would overtake out administration.” The law as thus stated, was afterwards clearly admitted by the"court, Spencer J. in Whitaker v. Whitaker, executor, 6 Johns. 112; and afterwards in Carter v. Phelps, administrator, 8 Johns. 440. A count on the indebtedness of the testator, cannot'be united in the same action, with one on the indebtedness of the executor, because they require different judgments. Thus in Jennings v. Newman, administrator, 4 Ter. Rep. 347; the first four counts char-god that the intestate was indebted ; the last one charged that the administrator was indebted as administrator, and on demurrer, ‘‘The court was clearly of opinion that these counts could not be joined together; because the last was for a cause of action arising after the intestate’s death, against the administrator personally, and warranted a different judgment from the former counts.” It was a misjoinder of causes of action, requiring different judgments.
After a testator’s death, the executor often contracts debts “as executor,” and pays them out of the estate; as for funeral expenses, cartage and storage of testator’s goods, for care and sustenance of his stock until a sale, for inventory, appraisement and vendue expenses, fees to officers, and the like; but if bo has to be sued for these debts of his own contracting, the judgments will be not against his testator, but against him personally de bonis propriis.
Plain as the difference appears between a debt contracted by the testator, and one contracted after his death, by the executor, as executor, the case before us is of a middle class, that seems new and never yet adjudged at law. A man gives a bond, with another person in it, as his surety, and. dies. The surety after his death, has to pay the money. I think he may sue the executor for money paid to his use as executor, and recover judgment de bonis testaloris; and for these reasons, 1. It was the duty of the executor to pay the bond as a debt of the testator. 2. If the surety has to sue the executor personally,and he prove insolvent, the surety will lose the money, though there is plenty of the testator’s estate to pay it. 3. It is a debt that arises out of the tes[422]*422tator’s own act in his life time’, for a person asking another to be his surety, impliedly promises that if the surety has to pay the money, he the principal will reimburse him. It is a promise on contingency, and though the contingency happen after the testator’s death, the money is paid in pursuance of an implied contract with the testator himself; and when the facts so appear on the face of the count, and it charges that in consideration thereof, the executor promised as executor to pay, &c. it may well warrant a judgment de boni testatoris. A personal promise of an executor to pay a debt of the testator, will warrant a judgment of this kind.as where an executor promised as executor to pay a sum of money found due and owing/rom his testator, to the plaintiff, on an insimul compuiasset. Secar v. Atkinson, 1 Hen. Bl. 102. The point of a surety paying a bond after the death of the principal, was incidentally argued by the court, in Ashby v. Ashby, exr. 7 Bar. &. Creswell, 444, from 14 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 77, and the obiter opinion of all the judges seems to have been that such surety might have an action on the executor’s personal promise “ as executor,” and that the judgment thereon would be de bonis testatoris; and I think it was a sound opinion. Therefore the same judgment may be given on all the counts in this declaration; there is no misjoinder of causes of action, judgment may be giycn against the estate of the testator, on each of them, and the demurrer cannot be maintained.
White and Baxtoji, Justices, concurred.
Nevius, J.
The declaration contains seven counts, the last two of which, it becomes necessary here to notice, as the questions have arisen on a general de'murrer to these counts, to which the plaintiff has filed-his joinder. As these counts differ materially from each other, 1 will consider them separately.
The 6th count states in substance that in the life time of the testator, in consideration that the plaintiff at the request of said testator and for his accommodation, and as his surety would sign and execute a certain bond, whereby the said testator and plaintiff bound themselves to one Henry Allen, in the penal sum of $2000, conditioned for the payment of $1000 with interest (of which said sum of $1000 the said testator received $300) and in [423]*423consideration thereof, undertook and promised the said plaintiff to indemnify him from all damage by reason of his executing said bond, as surely for the said sum of g300, and that he would repay the said sum of gSOO to the said Henry Allen, with interest — and that he did sign and execute said bond as surety for the said testator, for 300 dollars, which was delivered to Henry Allen ; and the testator did receive the SOO dollars; and although the said bond has been long due and payable, yet neither the testator in his life time, nor the defendant as his executor, paid the said sum; by means whereof, the plaintiff as surety and joint obligor, after the death of the testator, was obliged to pay, and did pay the whole sum of 300 dollars, with interest, to the use of the defendant as executor as aforesaid; whereof he had notice, and in consideration whereof, he promised tiie said plaintiff, to pay him, the said sum of 300 dollars.
This count shews a claim in behalf of the plaintiff against the estate of the testator, for which tiie executor is liable in his representative character; and if sustained by evidence, must entitle him to a judgment against the defendant, de bonis testator-is. From this statement of facts, no one'can deny that the plaintiff has cause of action, and that that cause of action exists against the testator’s estate; and it would be difficult indeed, if not impossible to state it in a more legal manner, or more consistent with the fact, and more conformable with the rules and forms of pleading. The foundation of the claim, is in the testator’s own contract to indemnify and save the plaintiff harmless from all payment and damages arising from the signing of the bond. These damages accrued after his death, but by reason of his own request and engagement, and in consideration of which, the defendant as his executor, cither expressly promised to pay,r or the iaw raises an implied assumpsit on his part, to pay. If lie, as executor,is legally bound to pay this amount, the plaintiff has properly charged that it was paid by him to the defendant’s use as executor. The defendant may avail himself of his representative plea of no assets, and the judgment must necessarily be against him in that character precisely in the same way as it would have been if the plaintiff had paid this money in the testator’s life time. I can perceive no legal objection to this count, nor any reason why the plain tiff should not be entitled to a repav* cry under if.
[424]*424The seventh and last count alleges that the defendant, as executor, was indebted, &c. for so much money before that time paid to his use as executor, &c. in consideration whereof, he afterwards promised to pay when as executor, he should be requested ; yet as executor, lie disregarded his promise and neglected and refused, &c. This count does not state the precise cause of action, yet the claim is distinctly charged against the defendant in his representative character. Ho was indebted as executor, for money paid for him as executor, and as such executor, and in that capacity, andón account of the liability of the estate he represented, he promised to pay. If then a case can be conceived where a payment could be legally made for an executor as such, and which be in liis representative capacity would be bound to repay, this count is good, and his plea of no assets, would be a good plea, and the judgment legally de bonis testatoris.' It cannot be denied that numerous cases may exist, where the law would make an executor liable for such payment, on on implied promise; and the case set forth in the 6th count, is one. I am of opinion that this count is also good; and that diereis no misjoinder. In arriving at this conclusion, it is not necessary to impugn any of the decisions that have been cited in the argument. Imthe case of Sibbit v. Lloyd, 6 Hal. 163, the first count all edged that the defendant’s administrators were indebted for money paid and the defendant’s administrators promised. And the second count was for monies had and received by them, wherefore as administrators, they were indebted, and that they promised to pay, &c., The term administrators, as used in Use first count, ¡.«"clearly a descriptio peraonse, and the second court lias been frequently adjudged bad, for upon such a count, die judgment must be de bonis propriis — 2 Saun. 117, note — and untncrous other cases.
Let the demurrer be overruled.
Demurrer overruled with costs.