Reed v. Getco, LLC

2016 IL App (1st) 151801

Opinion

2016 IL App (1st) 151801

FIFTH DIVISION

September 30, 2016

No. 1-15-1801

ZACHARIAH REED, an individual, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County ) v. ) No. 13 CH 17892 ) GETCO, LLC, an Illinois limited liability company, ) Honorable ) James E. Snyder, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Hall concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant Getco, LLC, a proprietary trading and financial services firm, appeals an order

of the circuit court of Cook County granting summary judgment in favor of and awarding

$1 million to plaintiff Zachariah Reed, a former employee. On appeal, defendant argues the

circuit court erred in: (1) finding defendant did not properly waive the noncompete provision in

defendant’s employment agreement with plaintiff; (2) interpreting the language of the

employment agreement which granted defendant the sole and absolute discretion to modify

plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions; and (3) finding plaintiff did not have a duty to mitigate

damages. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 On October 12, 2005, plaintiff began working for defendant as a developer/technical

trader, pursuant to an employment agreement. Approximately 15 months later, defendant 1-15-1801

requested its employees, including plaintiff, to sign a new employment agreement (“the

agreement”). The initial draft of the agreement had new terms and conditions, including in

relevant part: (1) an exclusivity clause; (2) restrictive covenants (non-competition); (3)

ownership of intellectual property developments; (4) mandatory alternative dispute resolution

procedures for certain types of disputes; and (5) indemnification conditions. 1

¶4 After negotiation between the parties, the agreement was revised. Section 6 of the

agreement included the noncompetition provisions. Subsection 6(a) provides that plaintiff

“agree[s] not to, directly or indirectly, alone or in association with or on behalf of any other

person, engage in any competitive activity” during his employment and for a period of six

months after the termination of his employment, regardless of the reason for his departure.

Section 6(b) was a provision unique to plaintiff’s agreement and provides, “[defendant] will pay

[plaintiff]” $1 million or an amount based on a set formula. Subsection 6(b) further provides,

“these payments will stop if [defendant] determines that I have violated any provision of this

Agreement or if a court determines that any provision of this Section 6 is unenforceable.”

Subsection 6(d) reads, in relevant part, “if [plaintiff] believe[s] in good faith that the restrictions

in this Section 6 will prevent [him] from obtaining a new job, [plaintiff] may notify [defendant]

in writing, providing reasonable details about the proposed responsibilities of the new job ***.

[Plaintiff] will discuss with [defendant] whether appropriate accommodations can be made to

protect [defendant’s] interests while allowing [plaintiff] to take the new job and any appropriate

adjustments to the payments provided for in Section 6(b). [Defendant] shall be under no

obligation to modify the restrictions in this Section 6, but may do so in its sole and absolute

discretion.” (Emphases added.) In addition, section 9 was entitled “Intellectual Property 1 The sections in the agreement that address exclusivity, mandatory alternative dispute resolution procedures, and indemnification conditions are not relevant to the disposition of this matter.

1-15-1801

Developments.” Section 9 provides that plaintiff “irrevocably sell[s], assign[s] and transfer[s] to

[defendant] all of [his] right[s], title[s] and interests” in intellectual property developments

conceived by plaintiff, during his employment or for six months after the termination of his

employment, regardless of the reason for his departure. Further, section 13 was entitled

“Miscellaneous,” and provides that subsection 13(j) governs all waivers and modifications of any

provision in the agreement. Subsection 13(j) states that no waiver or modification of any

provision in the agreement would be effective “unless made pursuant to a writing signed by the

party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced.”

¶5 On January 19, 2007, the parties signed the agreement. Six years later, on July 11, 2013,

plaintiff resigned. A little over a week thereafter, on July 19, 2013, plaintiff received an email

from defendant stating, “The Company hereby notifies you that the Restricted Period will be

zero (0) months and/or is waived. You will not receive any Non-compete payments. For the

avoidance of doubt, you may begin working for any employer immediately following your

Separation Date.” After his resignation, plaintiff received offers of employment from

defendant’s competitors. Plaintiff, however, did not accept any offers until the restricted period

ended. On March 31, 2014, he began working for one of defendant’s competitors.

¶6 On July 30, 2013, plaintiff filed a three-count verified complaint against defendant,

alleging specific performance (count I), breach of contract (count II), and fraud, in the alternative

(count III). In count II, plaintiff claimed defendant breached the noncompete provision in the

agreement in its failure to pay plaintiff $1 million after the termination of his employment.

¶7 In response, defendant filed affirmative defenses claiming: (1) plaintiff had no cause of

action because defendant had the sole and absolute discretion to modify the restrictions in

section 6; (2) plaintiff is estopped from obtaining relief because he resigned and failed to

mitigate his damages; and (3) plaintiff is barred from recovery because he contributed to his own

damages by resigning when he knew defendant could not waive the restricted period.

¶8 On January 8, 2015, plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on count II of the

verified complaint, i.e., breach of contract. Plaintiff argued he had affirmatively established:

(1) the agreement was valid and enforceable; (2) plaintiff performed all his obligations pursuant

to the agreement; (3) defendant breached the agreement; and (4) plaintiff suffered damages as a

result of defendant’s breach. Plaintiff also moved for summary judgment on defendant’s

affirmative defenses.

¶9 On the same day, January 8, 2015, defendant also filed a motion for summary judgment

on plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. In its motion, defendant argued: (1) defendant properly

waived plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions in the agreement because the restrictions were

exclusively for defendant’s benefit; (2) defendant properly exercised its discretion to modify the

noncompete restrictions, under subsection 6(d) of the agreement, which provides, “[defendant]

shall be under no obligation to modify the restrictions in this Section 6, but may do so in its sole

and absolute discretion”; and (3) even if defendant had breached the agreement, plaintiff failed to

mitigate his damages.

¶ 10 On May 20, 2015, the trial court entered an order finding in favor of plaintiff. The trial

court stated, the rule that a party to a contract may unilaterally waive provisions contained in the

contract for its sole benefit cannot apply in the instant case because “Section 13(j) prohibits any

waiver or modification that is not in writing and signed by the party to be charged.”

¶ 11 In addition, the trial court further found the sentence in subsection 6(d) did not grant

defendant with absolute discretion to modify the noncompete provision in section 6, because the

sentence in subsection 6(d) “does not stand alone.” The trial court noted the sentence in

subsection 6(d) “follows plain language” that contemplates a situation where plaintiff could

request relief from the noncompetition provisions if he found other employment he believed

could violate his noncompete restrictions. The trial court explained that subsection 6(d) allows

defendant to reject in its sole and absolute discretion such a request by plaintiff, but does not

permit defendant to unilaterally waive or modify section 6 as a whole.

¶ 12 Further, the trial court found plaintiff had no duty to mitigate damages because the terms

of the agreement: (1) obligated plaintiff to refrain from engaging in competitive activity for a set

period of six months after he left defendant; and (2) in exchange, defendant agreed to pay

plaintiff. The trial court reasoned that, “[a] breach of this – or any – provision in the [a]greement

was not a condition precedent to [defendant’s] obligation to pay [plaintiff]. Rather, [plaintiff]

and [defendant] negotiated and agreed that [plaintiff] would be paid a sum *** if and when he

left [defendant].” This appeal followed.

¶ 13 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 14 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in: (1) finding defendant did not

properly waive the noncompete provision in the agreement; (2) interpreting the language in

subsection 6(d) of the agreement; and (3) finding plaintiff did not have a duty to mitigate

damages. We address each issue in turn, but first discuss our standard of review.

¶ 15 A. Standard of Review

¶ 16 Summary judgment is appropriate only where the pleadings, depositions, and admissions

on file, together with the affidavits, demonstrate no genuine issue as to any material fact exists

and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West

2012); Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 417 (2008). “When parties file cross-motions for

summary judgment, they agree that only a question of law is involved and invite the court to

decide the issues based on the record.” Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. We review grants

of summary judgment de novo. Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at 417. Under de novo review, we perform

the same analysis that a trial court would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d

564, 578 (2011). Given this court’s independent review, we may affirm on any basis that is

supported by the record, regardless of whether that basis was the reason for the trial court’s

judgment. Hess v. Flores, 408 Ill. App. 3d 631, 636 (2011). Having set forth our standard of

review, we turn to consider whether the trial court erred in finding defendant did not properly

waive the noncompete provision in the agreement.

¶ 17 B. Waiver

¶ 18 Defendant asserts the trial court erred in finding that it did not properly waive the

noncompete provision in the agreement. Defendant sets forth three arguments in support of this

contention. First, defendant argues the noncompete provision in section 6 was exclusively for its

own benefit, which was “an option” it could unilaterally waive. According to defendant, the

very nature of noncompete provisions makes them a benefit to the employer and a detriment to

the employee, as it restricts the employee’s ability to work postemployment. Second, defendant

contends its waiver complied with the terms set forth in section 13(j) of the agreement, which

required that modifications and waivers of any provision in the agreement must be in “writing

signed by the party against whom the modification or waiver would be enforced.” Defendant

maintains the party against whom the waiver would be enforced is defendant, and argues the

email it sent to plaintiff on July 19, 2013, constituted a proper waiver. Third, defendant contends

the noncompete payment was not a contractual right or benefit plaintiff was entitled to or could

enforce and two conditions were required before payment: (1) plaintiff’s employment

terminated; and (2) defendant exercised its option to enforce the noncompete provision.

¶ 19 Plaintiff responds that the trial court did not err in rejecting defendant’s unilateral waiver

argument because the noncompete provision was for the benefit of both parties to the contract.

Plaintiff also argues the noncompete restrictions in section 6 of the agreement were effective

immediately on January 19, 2007, when the agreement was executed. 2

¶ 20 We now turn to address defendant’s first contention that the trial court erred in finding

that it did not properly waive the noncompete provision in the agreement. Generally, a party to a

contract may waive provisions contained in the contract for its benefit. Bartels v. Denler, 30 Ill.

App. 3d 499, 501 (1975). When interpreting a contract, however, the primary objective is to

give effect to the intent of the parties. Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill. 2d 208, 232 (2007) (citing

Virginia Surety Co. v. Northern Insurance Co. of New York, 224 Ill. 2d 550, 556 (2007)).

Where, as here, the parties agree the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the court

will accordingly ascertain the intent of the parties solely from the plain and ordinary meaning of

the language of the contract. See Sheehy v. Sheehy, 299 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1000 (1998) (citing

Srivastava v. Russell's Barbecue, Inc., 168 Ill. App. 3d 726, 730 (1988) and Stichter v. Zuidema,

269 Ill. App. 3d 455, 459 (1995)). Although the parties here disagree whether the party against

whom the waiver is enforced is defendant or plaintiff, contract language is not ambiguous simply

because the parties do not agree on its meaning. Srivastava, 168 Ill. App. 3d at 732 (citing

Schroeder v. CMC Real Estate Corp., 157 Ill. App. 3d 757, 762 (1987)). We will thus examine

only the plain language of the agreement to determine the parties’ intent. See Sheehy, 299 Ill.

App. 3d at 1000. 2 Plaintiff also claims defendant argued in its opening brief that the requirements of section 13(j) were waived by defendant because the requirements were for defendant’s sole benefit. Plaintiff maintains this argument is forfeited because defendant did not raise such an argument before the trial court. Stuckey v. Renaissance at Midway, 2015 IL App (1st) 143111, ¶ 30 (an issue that was not raised in the trial court results in forfeiture of that issue on appeal). However, after having reviewed defendant’s briefs, we find defendant did not make this argument on appeal. We thus conclude defendant has not forfeited any issues it has raised on appeal. 7

¶ 21 In the instant case, subsection 13(j) of the agreement governs all waivers and

modifications of any provision in the agreement. Subsection 13(j) provides, in its entirety:

“(j) No waiver or modification of any provision of this Agreement or any rights or

obligations of either party hereunder will be effective unless made pursuant to a writing

signed by the party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced. A waiver or

modification will be effective only in the specific instances and for the specific purpose

of that writing.”

¶ 22 After closely examining the language of subsection 13(j), we reject defendant’s argument

that it could waive the noncompete provision in the agreement because the provision was

provided for its sole benefit. We agree with the trial court that the language in subsection 13(j)

precludes such a waiver, as it expressly provides that all waivers and modifications require a

writing signed by the party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced.

¶ 23 Moreover, we reject defendant’s claim that its waiver complied with the terms in

subsection 13(j). After closely examining the entire agreement, we agree with the trial court that

“the party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced” stated in subsection 13(j) does

not refer to defendant, but rather describes plaintiff. This term, by its plain and ordinary

meaning, directs us to distinguish between the party who would enforce the waiver or

modification, i.e., defendant, and the party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced,

i.e., plaintiff. See Stichter, 269 Ill. App. 3d at 458-59. Here, plaintiff did not sign any written

waiver or modification to the noncompete provision in section 6 of the agreement, and thus

defendant’s alleged waiver was not compliant with subsection 13(j).

¶ 24 In addition, we find there is no language in the entire agreement to indicate that

defendant’s decision to enforce the noncompete restrictions was a condition precedent to the

payment under subsection 6(b). Subsection 6(b) provides, in its entirety:

“(b) [Defendant] will pay me the greater of: (i) one million dollars ($1,000,000)

or (ii) an amount equal to the number of months of the Restricted Period, multiplied by

an amount equal to my monthly base salary in effect immediately prior to the termination

of my employment plus an amount equal to 75% of the sum of all cash bonuses paid to

me during the immediately preceding four quarters multiplied by a fraction the numerator

of which is 1 and the denominator of which is 12. These payments will stop if

[defendant] determines that I have violated any provision of this Agreement or if a court

determines that any provision of this Section 6 is unenforceable; however, if that occurs I

will not be released from any other obligations that I have under this Agreement.”

¶ 25 Reading subsection 6(b) and the agreement as a whole, we find that the only conditions

that would result in excusing defendant from making the payment are the two conditions stated

in subsection 6(b): (1) defendant determines that plaintiff has violated any provision of the

agreement; or (2) a court determines that any noncompete provision in section 6 is

unenforceable. We thus find defendant did not have the discretion to unilaterally waive the

noncompete provision. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 233. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

finding that defendant did not properly waive the noncompete provision. Id.

¶ 26 C. Modification

¶ 27 Defendant argues it had the sole and absolute discretion to modify all of plaintiff’s

noncompete restrictions in section 6 of the agreement. In so arguing, defendant relies on the

sentence in subsection 6(d) that states, “[defendant] shall be under no obligation to modify the

restrictions in this Section 6, but may do so in its sole and absolute discretion.” Defendant

asserts that accordingly, the trial court erred in holding that its discretion to modify the

restrictions was limited to the situation provided in section 6(d) of the agreement. Defendant

maintains the trial court’s holding is not supported by the plain and unambiguous language of

this sentence in subsection 6(d).

¶ 28 Plaintiff responds the trial court did not err in rejecting defendant’s argument because

subsection 6(d) is not a general mechanism for defendant to unilaterally rewrite section 6.

According to plaintiff, subsection 6(d) is only applicable to a very limited set of circumstances

where an employee finds other employment he believes may violate his noncompete restrictions

and, as a result, requests defendant to modify his restrictions. Plaintiff also points out that

subsection 13(j) of the agreement provides “[n]o waiver or modification of any provision of this

agreement * * * will be effective unless made pursuant to a writing signed by the party against

whom the waiver is enforced.” Plaintiff further asserts that accordingly, there was no proper

modification because plaintiff did not agree to modify or waive his right to the $1 million

payment.

¶ 29 Subsection 6(d) provides, in its entirety:

“Nothing in this Agreement prevents me from participating in a business that is

not a Competitive Business, including any business involving an electronically tradeable

product or commodity where each order is entered manually. However, if I believe in

good faith that the restrictions in this Section 6 will prevent me from obtaining a new job,

I may notify [defendant] in writing, providing reasonable details about the proposed

responsibilities of the new job (without disclosing another person’s confidential

information). I will discuss with [defendant] whether appropriate accommodations can

be made to protect [defendant’s] interests while allowing me to take the new job and any

appropriate adjustments to the payments provided for in Section 6(b). [Defendant] shall

be under no obligation to modify the restrictions in this Section 6, but may do so in its

sole and absolute discretion.” (Emphases added.)

¶ 30 We observe that our supreme court has held that courts must construe contracts as a

whole and view each provision in light of the others, because words derive their meaning from

the context in which they are used. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 233 (citing Board of Trade of the

City of Chicago v. Dow Jones & Co., 98 Ill. 2d 109, 122-23 (1983)). As aforementioned, the

primary objective in interpreting a contract is to give effect to the intent of the parties.

Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 232 (citing Virginia Surety Co., 224 Ill. 2d at 556). The intent of the

parties is “not determined by viewing a clause or provision in isolation, or in looking at detached

portions of the contract.” Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 441 (2011) (citing Gallagher,

226 Ill. 2d at 233).

¶ 31 With these principles in mind, upon examining the entire agreement we reject

defendant’s claim that it had discretion to unilaterally modify plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions

because of the sentence at issue in subsection 6(d) i.e., “[defendant] shall be under no obligation

to modify the restrictions in this Section 6, but may do so in its sole and absolute discretion.”

After reading the sentence at issue in the context of subsection 6(d) and the entire agreement as a

whole, we agree with the trial court that the parties’ intent was to provide plaintiff with a

mechanism to request that his noncompete restrictions be modified in the event that plaintiff was

offered other employment he believed would violate his noncompete restrictions. The language

in subsection 6(d) expressly provides that it is under such limited circumstances that defendant

would have the sole and absolute discretion to allow or deny plaintiff’s request to modify his

noncompete restrictions. We further agree with the trial court that the parties also intended to

emphasize that defendant was not obligated to accept plaintiff’s request under these limited

circumstances.

¶ 32 Having so interpreted the plain language of the agreement, we find that the situation

contemplated in subsection 6(d) is not present in the instant case. Plaintiff did not seek other

employment after his resignation and he did not request that his noncompete restrictions be

modified to accommodate his resignation. In arguing that the sentence at issue in subsection 6(d)

granted defendant the sole and absolute discretion to modify plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions,

defendant is essentially requesting that this court read the sentence in isolation. We decline to do

so. Rather, we must read the sentence at issue in the context of subsection 6(d) as a whole,

viewing the sentence in light of the other languages in the subsection. Thompson, 241 Ill. 2d at

441; Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 233; Northwest Podiatry Center, Ltd. v. Ochwat, 2013 IL App (1st)

120458, ¶ 40 (improper to determine the parties’ intent by reading a contract clause or provision

in isolation). Moreover, the sentence at issue does not provide defendant the sole and absolute

discretion to modify plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions particularly after plaintiff has already left

defendant’s employment. We thus find that the sentence at issue in subsection 6(d) did not grant

defendant the sole and absolute discretion to modify plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions.

¶ 33 Further, assuming arguendo that the sentence at issue was not strictly limited to the

situation provided in subsection 6(d), defendant’s argument still fails. As aforementioned,

subsection 13(j) provides the conditions required to waive or modify any of the provisions in the

agreement. As also previously mentioned, the plain language in subsection 6(j) provides that

only a writing signed by the party against whom the waiver or modification is enforced can be

used to modify the agreement, which we concluded was plaintiff. Here, there was no writing

signed by plaintiff that modified the agreement. Accordingly, we find defendant did not properly

modify plaintiff’s noncompete restrictions and has failed to establish that the trial court

erroneously interpreted the language of section 6(d). Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 233 (the language

of the contract is the best indication of the parties’ intent).

¶ 34 D. Duty to Mitigate

¶ 35 Defendant asserts that even if the trial court was correct in finding it had breached the

agreement, the trial court still erred in finding plaintiff did not have a duty to mitigate his

damages. According to defendant, the non-breaching party always has a duty to mitigate.

Defendant further argues the trial court erred in finding plaintiff could not have mitigated his

damages without breaching the noncompete provision himself. Defendant maintains that if “a

party materially breaches a contract, the non-breaching party is no longer required to perform

under that contract.” Defendant argues that accordingly, if defendant had breached the

agreement, plaintiff would no longer have been restricted from engaging in competitive activity.

Defendant concludes plaintiff is particularly disingenuous in attempting to recover damages after

having declined lucrative job offers, despite having knowledge that defendant did not intend to

enforce the noncompete restrictions.

¶ 36 Plaintiff responds that the doctrine of mitigation of damages does not apply to the present

case because, according to the agreement: (1) defendant made an absolute promise to pay

plaintiff $1 million for his performance under the noncompete provision in section 6; and (2)

plaintiff’s contractual right to the $1 million payment had already vested when plaintiff agreed to

and complied with the noncompete provision in section 6. Plaintiff further argues defendant’s

mitigation argument is disingenuous because: (1) the agreement did not obligate plaintiff to find

other employment after his departure; and (2) defendant did not seek to waive or modify other

noncompetitive restrictions contained in section 9 of agreement, i.e., intellectual property

developments, that similarly prevented defendant from seeking employment with defendant’s

competitors.

¶ 37 In its reply brief, defendant asserts plaintiff may not have had a duty to mitigate if

defendant had never waived the noncompete restrictions and plaintiff had fulfilled his post-

employment obligations. As this is not the case here, defendant maintains plaintiff had a duty to

mitigate, especially because defendant had already informed plaintiff he was released from his

noncompete restrictions prior to plaintiff’s performance under section 6, i.e., not engaging in any

competitive activity for six months after his departure.

¶ 38 Generally, when an employer breaches an employment contract, the employee has a duty

to reasonably mitigate damages. Gray v. Mundelein College, 296 Ill. App. 3d 795, 809 (1998)

(citing Arneson v. Board of Trustees, McKendress College, 210 Ill. App. 3d 844, 851-52 (1991).

This duty includes seeking other employment. Id. As aforementioned, however, where the

parties agree the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the court must ascertain the

parties’ intent solely from the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the contract.

Sheehy, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 1000.

¶ 39 In the instant case, in arguing that plaintiff had a duty to mitigate his damages by seeking

employment, defendant sidesteps the plain language of subsections 6 (a) and (b) of the

agreement. Subsection 6(a) expressly provides that plaintiff agrees not to engage in competitive

activity during his employment with defendant and for six months after his departure, regardless

of the reason for his termination. Subsection 6(b) further provides that defendant “will pay”

plaintiff the greater of $1 million or a sum based on a formula specified in subsection 6(b). After

close examination of subsections 6(a) and 6(b), we agree with the trial court that the parties

exchanged promises in subsections 6(a) and 6(b): (1) plaintiff promised not to engage in

competitive activity for six months after his departure; and (2) in exchange, defendant promised

to pay plaintiff a sum pursuant to subsection 6(b).

¶ 40 In addition, subsection 6(b) also provides, “[t]hese payments will stop if [defendant]

determines that [plaintiff has] violated any provision of this Agreement or if a court determines

that any provision of this Section 6 is unenforceable,” which is inapplicable to the present case.

Our review of the entire agreement reveals there are no other provisions that allow defendant to

forgo this payment to plaintiff. Further, as aforementioned, there is no other language in the

agreement that indicates defendant’s decision to enforce the noncompete restrictions, and

plaintiff’s performance, i.e., not engage in competitive activity for six months after his departure,

were condition precedents for defendant to pay under subsection 6(b).

¶ 41 Defendant relies on Arneson, Calabrese v. Chicago Park District, 294 Ill. App. 3d 1055

(1998), and Feldstein v. Guinan, 148 Ill. App. 3d 610 (1986), to argue that defendant’s damages

should be reduced by the sum he could have earned through reasonable diligence. We find

defendant’s reliance on these cases to be unpersuasive because these cases each involve facts and

issues that are distinguishable from the case at bar.

¶ 42 In Arneson, this court addressed an issue that is irrelevant to the instant case: whether a

faculty member that was wrongfully discharged was required to mitigate damages by accepting

reemployment as chief of security with the original employer. Arneson, 210 Ill. App. 3d at 851­

52. The facts in Arneson are distinguishable because, in the present case, plaintiff resigned and

defendant did not offer reemployment. Further, and more importantly, in Arneson, the parties

did not exchange promises that the former employer would pay the former employee a sum, and

in exchange, the former employee would not engage in competitive activity after the termination

of his employment. Id.

¶ 43 In Calabrese, a park district reduced an employee’s discharge to a ten-day suspension but

refused to award the employee back pay and benefits. Calabrese, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 1059. The

Calabrese court recognized that a wrongfully discharged employee must act to mitigate his

damages that should be reduced by the sum he could have earned through other employment.

Id. at 1068. The Calabrese court, however, affirmed the trial court’s decision that the

employee’s back pay award was not to be reduced by the earnings he allegedly earned from other

employment because the employer failed to demonstrate that the trial court’s decision was

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at 1068-69. Thus, the facts and issues in

Calabrese are irrelevant to the present case. Further, the facts in Calabrese are distinguishable

because they do not address a situation where, as here, defendant contracted to pay plaintiff a

sum in exchange for plaintiff’s promise to not engage in competitive activity after his departure.

Id.

¶ 44 In addition, defendant’s reliance on Feldstein is inapposite. As defendant cites in its

opening brief, the Feldstein court recognized that when an employee has been wrongfully

discharged during his contract term, his damages should be reduced by the wages he earned

during the same period and which could not have been earned in the same employment.

Feldstein, 148 Ill. App. 3d at 613. The facts in Feldstein, however, are distinguishable from the

instant case, because again in Feldstein, there was no promise exchanged between the parties that

defendant would pay plaintiff a sum in exchange for plaintiff’s promise to abide by his

noncompete restrictions. Id. at 613-14. Accordingly, we conclude defendant has failed to

demonstrate that plaintiff had a duty to mitigate his damages. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 233.

¶ 45 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 46 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 47 Affirmed.