PD-0585-15 THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
Appeal from the Court of Appeals for the Fourth District of Texas, at Bexar County, Texas Cause No. 04-14-00115-CR AND
227th District Court of Bexar County Case No. 2012-CR-4029B
LLOYD RECTOR, Petitioner
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Respondent
PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
THE LAW OFFICES OF HOWELL & SABRIN Caitlin B. Howell May 15, 2015 State Bar No. 24069954 Adam Jason Sabrin State Bar No. 24070542 115 E. Travis Suite 1500 San Antonio, Texas 78205 Phone: (210) 875-5452 Fax: (210) 587-2460
Attorneys for Petitioner TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... i
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................ ii - iii
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ......................................................... 1
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ........................................................................................... 1
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY ................................................................. 1
QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW ...................................................................... 2
ARGUMENT.................................................................................................................. 2-10
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 10-11
PRAYER ........................................................................................................................... 11
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .......................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX Attached
i INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASES
Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex.Crim. App. 2000)……………...………………..…....6, 10
Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607 (1946)……………………………..………….6
Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39 (1990)…………………………………….……...………5-6, 7, 8
Colbert v. State, 56 S.W.3d 857 (Tex.App-Corpus Christi 2001) ……………...…………7
Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S 62 (1991) …………………………………………..…….....6
Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999)……………………………7
Garcia v. State, 246 S.W.3d 121 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007). ………………...………7
Hardman v. Dault, 2 S.W.3d 378 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, no pet.)………..……….9
Hicks v. United States, 150 U.S. 442 (1893)……………………………….……..………..6
Holland v. United states, 348 U.S. 121 (1954) …………………………….……...………4
Krishnan v. Ramirez, 42 S.W.3d 205 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied)…...….9
Latson v. State, 440 S.W.3d 119 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet)..…………7
Paulson v. State, 26 S.W.3d 570 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) ……………………………..……4, 5, 8
Rodriguez v. State, 96 S.W.3d 398 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002) ………………………………5
Starr v. United States, 153 U.S. 626 (1894)………………………………………………...6
United States v. Langer, 962 F.2d 592 (7th Cir. 1992) ………………………….………….5
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994) …………………………………...……….………. 4
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
U.S. CONST. AMEND. V…….…………………………………...……………..…………..7
U.S. CONST. AMEND. XIV…………….……………………………….…….……………..7
ii STATUTES AND CODES
TEX. PENAL CODE § 29.03………..………………………………………….…………….. passim
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1…………………………………………………………….…………..8-9
TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(b)………………..…………………………………………………….2, 11
iii STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Petitioner respectfully requests oral argument, to assist the Court with the
interpretation and construction of the cases, statutes, regulations and other authorities
pertinent to the constitutional issues in the case.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Petitioner Lloyd Rector (“Rector”) is a resident of San Antonio, Texas. On
February 16, 2014, Rector was walking in a neighborhood with known drug activity,
when he was stopped and questioned by police as to his presence in the area, due to
several break-ins there. The officer was satisfied with Rector’s explanation that he was
not breaking into homes and released him. At some time thereafter, the officer was called
to the scene of a robbery at a nearby house which may or may not have been selling
illegal narcotics. The witnesses refused to give a statement and did not wish police to
investigate further until several weeks later. Based only on the description of a dark-
skinned black man having been present at the robbery, the police located Rector and
questioned him. He admitted to having been at the house earlier, but denied involvement
in the robbery. The second robber, whom the victim clearly identified – having gone to
school with him – denied knowing Rector at all, though Rector admitted to knowing him.
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lloyd Rector was accused of aggravated robbery by indictment on February 16, 2012.
Rector entered a plea of Not Guilty and proceeded to trial. He was found guilty of aggravated
robbery with a deadly weapon, a firearm, on December 6, 2013 and sentenced to 20 years in a
1 Texas Department of Corrections facility. (1 C.R. 108-110)1. He timely filed a Motion for New
Trial which the 227th refused to hear, citing that it had to be heard by the visiting judge, and was
therefore overruled by operation of law. (1 C.R. 114-117). His Notice of Appeal was timely
filed. (1 C.R. 112-113). Rector filed an appeal, and the Court of Appeals issued and Opinion and
Judgment on April 15, 2015 denying Rector relief.
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
1. Did the Fourth Court of Appeals err when it found that the trial court’s definition of
“beyond reasonable doubt” given to the venire panel at the beginning of trial, in conjunction with
the trial court’s statement that the jury charge they would receive would not be helpful, was not
an abuse of discretion?
2. Did the Fourth Court of Appeals err when it held that the Defendant waived his objection
and thus preservation of error to the trial court’s sustaining the state’s objection to his attempt
correcting the court’s definition of beyond reasonable doubt during voir dire?
ARGUMENT
Review is necessary pursuant to TEX. R. APP. PROC. 66.3(b) because the Court of
Appeals has decided an important question of state or federal law that has not been, but
should be, settled by the Court of Criminal Appeals. The Court of Criminal Appeals
should grant discretionary review of the erroneous decision by the Court of Appeals
because Rector’s fundamental due process right to be found guilty only by the highest
standard of evidence was violated.
1 Citations to the appellate record are designated as follows: CR refers to the Clerk’s Record;; RR refers to the Reporter’s Record.
2 1. Facts
Lloyd Rector was accused of aggravated robbery by indictment on February 16, 2012. He
was found guilty of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, a firearm, on December 6, 2013
and sentenced to 20 years in a Texas Department of Corrections facility. (1 C.R. 108-110).
At trial, during the trial court’s voir dire of the venire panel he stated as follows:
THE COURT: “Let’s talk about reasonable doubt. I’m going to offer up a definition in a minute. I stole it from a prosecutor 30 years ago. And the reason I did that is because he had a way to define it that I couldn’t say it in better than that. You’re going to get a definition in the Court’s charge. The definition goes something along the lines of, It’s not beyond all doubt but beyond a reasonable doubt. I’m not sure how helpful that is.
My definition that I borrowed is if you go back there in the jury room and you think the Defendant is probably guilty, that’s not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. If you go back there in the jury room and you’re convinced in your heart and in your mind, that is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
All right, that’s the burden.” (2 R.R.at 41).
Immediately following the trial court’s statement, Defense counsel objected and his objection
was overruled by the Court. Id.
“MR. HOELSCHER: Judge I have to object. That’s not a proper statement of the law.
THE COURT: Your objection will be overruled.” Id.
When Defense counsel attempted to explain that “when someone says you got to be
convicted in your heart, in your mind…that’s not beyond a reasonable doubt,” the State objected
to Defense explaining why that was not the definition of the standard of proof, “Judge, I’m going
to object to getting into the definition and misstating the law beyond a reasonable doubt,”
confirming that they believed it to be an accurate statement of the law and that State and Defense
were not in agreement. (2 R.R. 117). The trial court instructed Defense to rephrase what he was
saying. Id.
3 2. The Fourth Court of Appeals erred when it found that the Trial Court’s
Definition of “beyond a reasonablr doubt” given during voir dire and in
conjunction with reference to the jury charge they would later receive did not
constitute reversible error.
Rector was found guilty of Aggravated Robbery with a Deadly Weapon by the jury
who were given a definition of the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard by the Trial
Court Judge during voir dire that impermissibly lowered the burden of proof required by
the State to prove. In doing so the Trial Court abused its discretion and violated Rector’s
Due Process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
A. Definition of Beyond A Reasonable Doubt
“The beyond a reasonable doubt standard is a requirement of due process, but the
Constitution neither prohibits trial courts from defining reasonable doubt nor requires them to do
so as a matter of course.” Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1, 5 (1994). The Constitution does not
require that any particular form of words be used in advising the jury of the government’s burden
of proof, see Id., but “rather, taken as a whole, the instructions must correctly convey the concept
of reasonable doubt to the jury.” Holland v. United states, 348 U.S. 121, 140 (1954).
Both this Court and the United States Supreme Court have similarly stressed the importance
of protecting a defendant’s right to Due Process under the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard
as well as the difficulty in defining the standard. See Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 575-576
(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). In Paulson, this Court explained that upon review of the United States
Supreme Court cases Jackson v. Virginia and Holland v. United States, there existed no explicit
support for the instruction or definition of reasonable doubt. See Id. At 575 (referencing Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S 307 (1979) and Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121 (1954)). This Court
4 stated that, in fact, “it is ill-advised for us to require trial courts to provide the jury with a
redundant, confusing, and logically flawed definition when the Constitution does not require it.
Paulson, 28 S.W.3d at 573. Emphasizing the danger of defining reasonable doubt, in Rodriguez
v. State the court stated that “it has been said that “any use of an instruction defining reasonable
doubt presents a situation equivalent to playing with fire.” Rodriguez v. State, 96 S.W.3d 398,
405 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002)(quoting United States v. Langer, 962 F.2d 592, 600 (7th Cir. 1992)).
The United States Supreme Court has also identified when the mere language used by a court
to define reasonable doubt violates a defendants Due Process rights under the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments. U.S. CONST. AMEND. V, XIV; see Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39, 40
(1990). In Cage, the trial courts definition of reasonable doubt submitted to the jury read as
follows:
“[A reasonable doubt] is one that is founded upon a real tangible substantial basis and not upon mere caprice and conjecture. It must be such doubt as would give rise to a grave uncertainty, raised in your mind by reasons of the unsatisfactory character of the evidence or lack thereof. A reasonable doubt is not a mere possible doubt. It is an actual substantial doubt. It is a doubt that a reasonable man can seriously entertain. What is required is not an absolute or mathematical certainty, but a moral certainty.”
Id.
The court in Cage concluded that this definition of reasonable doubt violated the
defendant’s Due Process rights as a reasonable juror could have interpreted the instruction to
allow a finding of guilt based on a degree of proof below that which is constitutionally required.
See Id. at 41. The court in Cage further explained that a reasonable juror could have confused a
standard of “moral certainty” with that of evidentiary certainty and found the defendant guilty
based on an unconstitutionally low standard of proof. Id. Subsequent to the court’s holding in
Cage, the court stated that “the proper inquiry is not whether the instruction could have been
applied in an unconstitutional manner but whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury
5 did so apply it.” Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72 and n.4 (1991).
This Court has also recognized that just because a statement by the trial court judge does
not later appear in the jury charge reversible error is still appropriate. See Blue v. State, 41
S.W.3d 129, 131 (Tex.Crim. App. 2000). In Blue this Court stated that
“too much caution cannot be exercised in the effort to avoid impressing the jury with the idea that the court entertains any impressions of the case which he wishes them to know, and putting before them matters which should not enter into or affect their deliberations ... should in all cases be avoided. To the jury the language and conduct of the trial court have a special and peculiar weight. The law contemplates that the trial judge shall maintain an attitude of impartiality throughout the trial. Jurors are prone to seize with alacrity upon any conduct or language of the trial judge which they may interpret as shedding light upon his view of the weight of the evidence, or the merits of the issues involved. The delicacy of the situation in which he is placed requires that he be alert in his communications with the jury, not only to avoid impressing them with any view that he has, but to avoid in his manner and speech things that they may so interpret. (citing Lagrone v. State, 84 Tex.Crim. 609, 209 S.W. 411, 415 (1919).
Similarly the United States Supreme Court commented that "[i]t is obvious that under any
system of jury trials the influence of the trial judge on the jury is necessarily and properly of
great weight, and that his lightest word or intimation is received with deference, and may prove
controlling." Starr v. United States, 153 U.S. 614, 626 (1894)(citing Hicks v. United States, 150
U.S. 442, 452 (1893)); see also Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612 (1946).
B. The Exception to the Rule
Though this Court in Paulson made it clear that defining reasonable doubt to a jury was
problematic at best and should be avoided by trial courts, the court did carve out a specific
exception for defining or explaining the term: when the State and the defendant agree on the
wording within the limits of the Due Process Clause. See Id. For example, in Vosberg v. State the
court concluded that no error was committed in defining reasonable doubt when the State
presented the proposed language to defense counsel and no objections were made. See Vosberg
6 v. State, 80 S.W.3d 320, 321 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2002). Similarly and more recently in Garcia
v. State, the Fourth Court also held that without an objection by the defense to an explanation of
reasonable doubt to a jury, such an explanation given by the trial court does not constitute
reversible error. See Garcia v. State, 246 S.W.3d 121, 142-143 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007).
Conversely, in Colbert v. State, a definition of reasonable doubt was submitted to the jury
without the agreement or permission of either the State or the defense. See Colbert v. State, 56
S.W.3d 857, 860 (Tex.App-Corpus Christi 2001). In that case, defining reasonable doubt was
ruled to be reversible error. See Id.
In finding that the court’s comments regarding the definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt”
did not constitute reversible error, the lower court leaned heavily on its misconstruction of the
opinion in Latson v. State, 440 S.W.3d 119 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet). In
Latson, the court found simply the statement during voir dire did not constitute fundamental
error, therefore excusing trial counsel’s failure to object to the instruction. Id. at 121. The Latson
court itself relies on Fuentes v. State, which also found only that the defense waived its objection
to the judge’s comments by failing to object to the judge repeating his definition of the standard
of the burden of proof. Latson, 440 S.W.3d at ; Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 273
(Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Feuntes and Latson fail to address whether a definition of beyond a
reasonable doubt is permissible when the Defense objects to the obstruction properly. Finally,
the Fourth Court claimed that Appellant has not shown that this affected a substantial right;
however, the alteration of the burden of proof and definition thereof implicates Due Process
rights guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, which
Appellant clearly stated in his brief to that court. See Cage, 498 U.S. at 40; U.S. CONST.
AMENDS. V, XIV
7 Moreover, unlike in those cases, the trial court expressly stated that he did not believe the
definition given in the jury charge was helpful to the jury. 2 R.R.at 41. While this may not be an
explicit instruction to ignore the jury charge, it certainly tainted the jury’s minds that the charge
they would be given would be inadequate, and therefore they should use his definition instead.
See Latson at 121. Given these circumstances, the rule elicited in Paulson should stand: when the
defense and state do not agree, no definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt” should be given,
even during the trial court’s vior dire. 28 S.W.3d at 573. To do otherwise would permit the trial
court to side-step Paulson whenever it wanted simply by instructing the venire panel as to a
definition during voir dire but not placing that instruction in the court’s charge. In addition, the
trial court’s instruction differs from that in Latson in that the instruction in Latson involved
whether the state had proved to the juror in each of their hearts and minds that the defendant was
guilty. In this case, the trial court stated that if the jury was “convinced” in their hearts and
minds; the issue here being that a juror could be “convinced” of a defendant’s guilt in his heart
and in his mind, even though the state had not proved each element of the case. As such, the trial
court’s instruction is a moral judgment, not a legal standard, and constitutes reversible error,
especially considering defense counsel’s objection to the same. See Cage, 498 U.S. at 40.
3. The Fourth Court of Appeals erred when it found that Appellant had not
preserved error for the trial court restricting his discussion of the “beyond a
reasonable doubt” standard.
When Rector’s counsel attempted to explicitly state to the venire panel that the definition of
“beyond a reasonable doubt” given by the trial court was incorrect, the State objected and the
judge instructed him to rephrase. The Fourth Court of Appeals stated that because defense
counsel failed to object to the court’s ruling on the State’s objection, the error was not preserved.
8 A. Explicit Language Not Required
The Fourth Court complained that Rector’s counsel failed to preserve error by failing to
object to a ruling on an objection; however, they cited case authority requiring parties to
continuously object to a judge sustaining an opposing party’s objection. In fact, the only
authority they cite for their entire rationale is TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1, the general rule for preserving
error. The court failed to even specify which portion of that rule covers the situation where the
opposing party objects and the judge sustains the objection.
Rule 33.1(a)(2) states that a trial court may rule “implicitly,” and an explicit, formal
exchange of exact language between the parties and the judge is not required. In Krishnan v.
Ramirez, the exchange in question was similar to the one in question here: one side objected to
the other’s closing statement, to which the trial court simply responded, “You may proceed.” 42
S.W.3d 205, 220 n.3 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied). As the court points out, when
it is apparent that an issue has been raised and that the trial court is aware of the objection and
response to the objection, the court’s statement to “proceed” was implicitly overruling the
objection. Id. The requirement of an explicit, formal exchange is not necessary where an
objection is lodged and the exchange and ruling is implied. See id.; see also Hardman v. Dault, 2
S.W.3d 378, 381 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, no pet.).
In this case Mr. Rector’s attorney was making an argument to the venire panel when the state
objected. 2 R.R. 117. The judge implicitly knew the arguments between the parties: the state
objected to defense counsel discussing the judge’s definition of reasonable doubt, and the
defense believed it had a right to correct the improper definition. Id. The judge’s statement to
rephrase is clearly and implied ruling sustaining the objection. Id. The Fourth Court’s assertion is
that a party must object to a judge ruling on an objection in order to preserve error. If the judge
9 were to change his ruling, would the first party then have to object to the new ruling? Or does the
original objection preserve the error on the second ruling as well? The implication leads to a
ridiculous theoretical result, which would seem to be the basis for Rule 33.1(a)(2) permitting
implied rulings and exchanges.
B. The Cumulative Effect
The judge sustaining the state’s objection had an additional effect: it emphasized that the
judge’s definition was correct and any attempts to state otherwise would be shot down. The
judge had disclaimed the jury charge as unhelpful; given the jury a new definition to which
Rector’s counsel objected; overruled counsel’s objection; and, finally, sustained objections to
that same counsel attempting to mitigate the damage. In this context, it seems clear that the judge
wanted the jury to hear and use his definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt,” no matter what
defense felt. The fact that this definition did not appear in the jury charge is inapposite in this
case; the trial court’s repeated insistence on this definition combined with the strong influence
the judge has on the jurors had the same effect as if it had. See Blue, 41 S.W.3d at 131; Starr,
153 U.S. at 626.
Conclusion
Rector sought to have his circumstantial case weighed by the correct standard: to only be
found guilty if each and every element is proven beyond a reasonable doubt, not if the jurors
believe in their hearts and in their minds that he is guilty. By discounting the jury instruction,
inserting a definition of his own over Rector’s objections, and denying Rector the opportunity to
correct this definition, the trial court denied Rector his Due Process rights guaranteed by the
United States Constitution. Because the Court of Appeals has decided an important
question of state or federal law that has not been, but should be, settled by the Court of
10 Criminal Appeals, review is proper under TEX. R. APP. PROC. 66.3(b).
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, Lloyd Rector prays that the Court grant Rector his Petition for
Discretionary Review and grant him such further relief to which he is entitled by law or equity.
Respectfully Submitted,
___________________________ CAITLIN HOWELL State Bar No. 24069954 THE LAW OFFICES OF HOWELL & SABRIN 115 E. Travis Street, Suite 1500 San Antonio, Texas 78205 (210) 857-5452 Fax: (210)587-2460 Co-counsel for Appellant
___________________________ ADAM SABRIN State Bar No. 24070542 THE LAW OFFICES OF HOWELL & SABRIN 115 E. Travis Street, Suite 1500 San Antonio, Texas 78205 (770) 366-3780 Fax: (210)587-2460 Co-counsel for Appellant
11 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
Under Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 9.5, I hereby certify that this 15th day of May,
2015, a copy of the above Petition for Discretionary Review has been delivered via facsimile to
Bexar County District Attorney’s Office, Assigned Assistant District Attorney, Appellate
Division, at (210) 335-2436.
____________________________________ Adam Sabrin Co-counsel for Appellant
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
Pursuant to Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure rule 9.4, I certify that the above Petition
for Discretionary Review contains 3,276 words, which is in compliance with the length limit for
briefs under the rule 9.4.
____________________________________ Adam Sabrin Co-counsel for Appellant
12 APPENDIX Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-14-00115-CR
Lloyd RECTOR, Appellant
v. The /s The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 227th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2012-CR-4029B Honorable George H. Godwin, Judge Presiding 1
Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: April 15, 2015
AFFIRMED
Lloyd Rector appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, arguing
the trial court abused its discretion by defining “beyond a reasonable doubt” during voir dire and
by denying him access to evidence with potential exculpatory and impeachment value. We
overrule Rector’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
1 Sitting by assignment. 04-14-00115-CR
BACKGROUND
At approximately 5:00 a.m. on February 16, 2014, Jennifer Delgado and her friend Alex
were asleep on her living room couch when they heard loud banging on the front door and two
men entered the home. The darker-skinned man pointed a gun at them and instructed them to lie
down on the floor and be quiet. Both men were wearing hoodies and had pulled them down to
obscure their faces; the darker-skinned man was also wearing a red bandana across his mouth.
When Jennifer screamed, the lighter-skinned man grabbed the gun from the first man and fired a
shot in her direction, instructing her to be quiet. The darker-skinned man demanded, “Give me
everything you’ve got” and started walking around the house collecting items in a plastic garbage
bag. Meanwhile, the lighter-skinned man took Jennifer into the kitchen at gunpoint and instructed
her to undress and perform a sexual act, which Jennifer refused to do. During this time the man’s
hoodie fell away from his face and Jennifer recognized him as Oscar Aguilera, with whom she had
attended middle school. At that point, the darker-skinned man told Aguilera they “didn’t come for
that,” and the men then left with the trash bag, threatening to come back and kill Jennifer if she
told anyone about the robbery. Two other friends who had been sleeping in a back bedroom
escaped out of a window when they heard the commotion, ran down the street to a neighbor’s
house, and called 911.
At approximately 4:45 a.m. that same day, San Antonio Police Officer Deidra Dawson was
down the street from Jennifer’s house investigating a “suspicious person” call about a young man
in a black t-shirt running down the street ringing doorbells. Dawson saw Rector running down the
sidewalk carrying a plastic trash bag and looking “very stressed out.” Dawson stopped Rector and
asked for his identification, talking to him for about three to four minutes. Rector stated that he
was on his way home from a friend’s house and that the bag was full of clothes. Because Rector
had no outstanding warrants and she did not observe him committing a crime, Dawson released -2- 04-14-00115-CR
Rector without looking inside the bag; she stated she had no probable cause to search the bag.
About thirty seconds later, Dawson received a call for the robbery at Jennifer’s house about one
block away. Dawson went to the robbery scene and interviewed the witnesses. She broadcast a
description of the suspects, based on her earlier encounter with Rector, but no one was
apprehended that night. Dawson listed Rector as a suspect in her report.
Several days later, Jennifer decided to make a statement and identified Aguilera as one of
the men who robbed her. Aguilera was arrested but denied involvement in the robbery and denied
knowing Rector. About two weeks later, Rector was arrested on outstanding traffic citations and
was questioned about the robbery. Rector admitted going to Jennifer’s house to buy drugs, but
stated he left before the robbery occurred. Rector also admitted knowing Aguilera and stated that
Aguilera had told him about the robbery.
Rector was indicted for aggravated robbery involving the use or exhibition of a deadly
weapon, to wit: a firearm. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03 (West 2011). A jury found Rector
guilty as charged in the indictment, and the trial court sentenced him to twenty years’
imprisonment. Rector now appeals.
ANALYSIS
Definition of “Beyond a Reasonable Doubt” – Voir Dire
In his first and second issues, Rector asserts the trial court abused its discretion by
providing the jury panel with a definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt” during voir dire and by
sustaining the State’s objection to defense counsel’s attempt to “correct” the definition. The State
replies that the trial court’s definition did not constitute error and that Rector failed to preserve his
second complaint.
In discussing the State’s burden to prove every element of the charged offense beyond a
reasonable doubt during his general remarks to the venire panel, the trial court stated, -3- 04-14-00115-CR
Let’s talk about beyond a reasonable doubt. I’m going to offer up a definition in a minute. I stole it from another prosecutor 30 years ago. And the reason I did that is because he had a way to define it that I couldn’t say it in [sic] better than that. You’re going to get a definition in the Court’s Charge. The definition goes something along the lines of, ‘It’s not beyond all doubt but beyond a reasonable doubt.’ I’m not sure how helpful that is.
My definition that I borrowed is if you go back there in the jury room and you think the Defendant is probably guilty, that’s not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. If you go back there in the jury room and you’re convinced in your heart and in your mind, that is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
All right. That’s the burden. It’s not beyond all doubt. It’s not beyond a shadow of a doubt.
(emphasis added).
Defense counsel objected that the court’s comments were not a proper statement of the
law. The court overruled the objection and continued explaining the meaning of “beyond a
reasonable doubt” by comparing the different burdens of proof, from “preponderance of the
evidence” to “clear and convincing” to “beyond a reasonable doubt,” which the court stressed was
the highest burden. The court finished by repeating that beyond a reasonable doubt is “not proof
beyond all doubt. It is proof that convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt, which says it for
itself.”
(1) The Trial Court’s Definition of “Beyond a Reasonable Doubt”
In his first issue on appeal, Rector argues that the italicized portion of the definition was
error because it lowered the State’s burden of proof by suggesting the jury could convict if they
were merely “convinced in [their] heart and [their] mind” rather than convinced by legally
sufficient evidence. All of the cases relied on by Rector involve definitions of “reasonable doubt”
that were included in jury instructions contained in the court’s charge. The function of the court’s
charge is very different from that of the court’s general voir dire, as the jury charge instructs the
jury on the law applicable to the case which the jury is obligated to follow. See Dinkins v. State,
-4- 04-14-00115-CR
894 S.W.2d 330, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Rector cites no case involving allegedly improper
comments by the trial court or counsel during voir dire, nor any case holding that comments on
the meaning of reasonable doubt during voir dire constitute error. The State also fails to cite any
case addressing allegedly improper comments made by the court or counsel during voir dire, and
relies solely on jury charge cases.
Rector’s complaint is that the trial court defined “reasonable doubt” as merely what is in
each juror’s “heart and mind,” thereby reducing the State’s burden of proof and constituting
harmful error. In evaluating a complaint about the trial court’s remarks during voir dire, we must
examine the remark within the entire context of the record. Infante v. State, 397 S.W.3d 731, 738
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.). Here, as noted above, the trial court suggested a
definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt” as being convinced in one’s “heart and mind,” but did
so within the context of its discussion of the various levels of proof in civil and criminal cases.
The court repeatedly stressed that beyond a reasonable doubt is “the highest burden” in our judicial
system. Finally, the court explained that it is “not proof beyond all doubt,” but “[i]t is proof that
convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt, which says it for itself.”
We disagree that the court’s comments about the meaning of “beyond a reasonable doubt,”
when read in context, were error. In Texas, jurors must decide what “proof beyond a reasonable
doubt” means to them. Murphy v. State, 112 S.W.3d 592, 597 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). While it
is no longer required that trial courts define “reasonable doubt” for the jury, it is also not prohibited.
Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (overruling that portion of Geesa v.
State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), which required trial courts to include a
particular instruction in the jury charge defining “beyond a reasonable doubt”). While expressing
its opinion that the better practice is to give no definition of “reasonable doubt” to the jury, the
Paulson court acknowledged that, “the Constitution neither prohibits trial courts from defining -5- 04-14-00115-CR
reasonable doubt nor requires them to do so as a matter of course.” Id. (quoting Victor v. Nebraska,
511 U.S. 1, 5 (1994)). Here, the trial court’s voir dire comments about the meaning of “reasonable
doubt” did not convey the court’s opinion about whether Rector was guilty, did not apply the
burden of proof to the facts of the case, and did not shift or lower the State’s burden of proof. See
Latson v. State, 440 S.W.3d 119, 121 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (holding
that court’s statement during voir dire that beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that “proves to you
individually kind of in your heart, in your mind that the Defendant is guilty” did not taint the
presumption of innocence); see also Wilkerson v. State, 347 S.W.3d 720, 725-26 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (rejecting defendant’s argument that court’s explanation to
venire panel that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is “what’s in your mind to be a reasonable
doubt” diminished the State’s burden of proof). Most importantly, the trial court’s remarks during
voir dire did not direct the jurors to follow their “hearts and minds” and ignore the court’s written
instructions in the jury charge. See Latson, 440 S.W.3d at 121. The court’s charge did not contain
the challenged language about “hearts and minds.” The charge simply instructed the jury that the
State had the burden to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt and that
“[i]t is not required that the prosecution prove guilt beyond all possible doubt; it is required that
the prosecution’s proof excludes all ‘reasonable doubt’ concerning the defendant’s guilt.” We
therefore conclude the court’s voir dire comments about the meaning of “beyond a reasonable
doubt” were not error, and even if they were error, Rector has not shown that they affected a
substantial right. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b).
(2) Restriction on Defense Counsel’s Discussion of “Beyond a Reasonable Doubt”
Rector also argues that the trial court deprived him of the opportunity to “correct” the
court’s definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt” during his voir dire of the jury panel. However,
the record reflects that Rector’s counsel was permitted to discuss and contrast the various burdens -6- 04-14-00115-CR
of proof, to give examples of their application, and to stress that “beyond a reasonable doubt” is
the highest burden. Defense counsel further explained that a definition of “beyond a reasonable
doubt” is no longer given because “the Supreme Court has decided that it’s up to each person
individually. I can discuss it with you. I can give you some ideas, but I can’t actually come out
and give you like a litmus test . . . .” Finally, counsel specifically addressed the language used by
the trial court by telling the venire, “So, that’s why when somebody says you got to be convinced
in your heart, in your mind, you see, that’s not beyond a reasonable doubt . . . it’s got to go beyond
that. Just because you feel it powerful, just because it’s something that might inform a lot of your
life, doesn’t make it true.” At that point, the State objected that counsel was misstating the law on
reasonable doubt. The court instructed defense counsel to rephrase and he did so by stating, “You
got to look at the evidence and make sure it’s all there on each element.” Defense counsel then
moved on to another subject. Because defense counsel did not object to having to rephrase his
statements, the error, if any, was not preserved. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
Access to Exculpatory and Impeachment Evidence
In his third and fourth issues, Rector complains that the trial court abused its discretion by
improperly denying him access to: (1) potentially exculpatory evidence consisting of the 911 call
and dispatch and the communication logs from the mobile data terminal (“MDT”) in Officer
Dawson’s vehicle at the time she detained Rector; and (2) potential impeachment evidence
consisting of the internal affairs records of the investigating police officers, and the police
interview with Aguilera in which he denies any involvement with Rector. The State replies that
Rector has failed to meet his burden to show a due process violation under Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963).
In April 2013, Rector served a subpoena duces tecum on the San Antonio Police
Department (SAPD) seeking “[a]ny communications involving officers or investigators or -7- 04-14-00115-CR
audio/video recordings in this case; including but not limited to Mobile Data Terminal logs,
conversations between Officers and Dispatchers, 911 telephone calls.” The subpoena also sought
the disciplinary history, including internal affairs reports, for the officers involved in the case and
“witness statements” discoverable by the defense. 2 The City of San Antonio, on behalf of the
SAPD, filed a motion to quash and for an in camera inspection. The court held a pre-trial hearing
on the matter in October 2013. The trial judge stated on the record that he had reviewed the
confidential internal affairs packets produced by the SAPD for the officers involved in Rector’s
case. The court stated it found no exculpatory evidence or evidence relevant to impeachment in
the internal affairs records; it sealed the records and made them part of the record. When defense
counsel asked about the 911 call/dispatch and the MDT communication logs, the court stated they
were not included in the items produced by the SAPD and suggested that Rector urge a subsequent
motion seeking their production; counsel stated he would do so. No further motion or subpoena
pertaining to the 911 call/dispatch and MDT logs was filed by Rector.
During pretrial proceedings before jury selection commenced on December 4, 2013,
Rector’s counsel stated,
So, we’ve asked for MDT logs and also 911 dispatch recordings so that we can establish that timeline. We believe that’s Brady material because it is reasonably likely to be exculpatory . . . The MDT logs from the police vehicle during my client’s first stop when he was in custody and also any recordings or notations from dispatch at that same time because the officers would have called them and run his license . . . So, that would establish the precise timing of when he was stopped and if the prosecution can establish a precise time that the offense occurred, it might present him with an alibi.
In response to the court’s inquiry as to whether any such communication logs still existed, the
prosecutor replied that an incident detail report was in the State’s open file, but “[o]ther than that,
2 Rector also filed a Brady motion and a general discovery motion; however, he did not obtain a ruling on those motions. See Johnson v. State, 172 S.W.3d 6, 18 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. ref’d).
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no, Your Honor.” The prosecutor further stated that the 911 tapes “are destroyed within a certain
amount of time.” Defense counsel argued that the MDT and dispatch logs must still exist, but the
court ultimately denied Rector’s request for their production.
During her trial testimony, Officer Dawson stated that she stopped Rector at 4:45 a.m.,
detained him for approximately three to four minutes, and then released him; the robbery call came
in thirty seconds later. When defense counsel stated that Dawson’s report indicates she released
Rector at 4:50 a.m., Dawson agreed and explained the officers use approximations for time.
Finally, when asked whether she “call[ed] in to dispatch or enter[ed] anything in [her] computer
when [she] first come [sic] into contact with the subject,” Dawson responded that she did. Dawson
stated that she would normally do the same when releasing a subject, but there was not time to do
that because the robbery call came in so quickly. Rector did not ask whether Dawson knew if
those logs still existed or renew his request for their production.
To prevail on his claim of a due process violation under Brady, Rector has the burden to
prove that (i) the State failed to disclose evidence in its possession, (ii) the evidence is favorable
to the defense, and (iii) the evidence is material in that there is a reasonable probability that, had
the evidence been disclosed, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Pena v. State,
353 S.W.3d 797, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. “Favorable evidence
includes exculpatory evidence as well as impeachment evidence.” Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 811.
“Exculpatory evidence is that which may justify, excuse, or clear the defendant from alleged guilt,
and impeachment evidence is that which disputes, disparages, denies, or contradicts other
evidence. Id. at 811-12. Evidence is “material” to guilt or punishment if “in light of all the
evidence, it is reasonably probable that the outcome of the trial would have been different had the
prosecutor made a timely disclosure.” Id. at 812. However, “[t]he mere possibility that an item
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of undisclosed information might have helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of
the trial, does not establish ‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.” Id.
Rector has failed to meet each of the three elements necessary to establish a Brady
violation. With respect to the 911 call/dispatch and the MDT logs, Rector has failed to prove they
existed at the time the subpoena was served. See id. at 810 (“Brady and its progeny do not require
prosecuting authorities to disclose exculpatory information to defendants that the State does not
have in its possession and that is not known to exist.”) (quoting Hafdahl v. State, 805 S.W.2d 396,
399 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). As noted, the prosecutor represented that the 911 tapes are
routinely destroyed. Rector failed to inquire of Dawson and the other testifying officer whether
the 911 dispatch and MDT logs still existed and how long such communication logs are maintained
by the SAPD.
Rector has similarly failed to prove that any of the evidence sought was “favorable” to his
defense or “material” to his guilt/innocence or punishment. As Officer Dawson testified, she
initially responded to a suspicious person call at 4:45 a.m. based on a complaint that a young man
was running down the street ringing doorbells. Other trial evidence established this person was
one of Jennifer’s friends who escaped through a window during the robbery. As the State points
out, at the time Dawson made contact with Rector one block away from Jennifer’s house, she was
already responding to the suspicious person call prompted by the friends’ escape during the
robbery and efforts to call 911. Dawson testified the dispatch for the robbery came in thirty
seconds after she released Rector at approximately 4:50 a.m. Rector has failed to show that the
police dispatch and communication logs, even if they existed, would have provided him with an
alibi based on the timeline of events, or been otherwise favorable to his defense, or were material
in that there is a reasonable probability the trial’s outcome would have been different if the
evidence was produced. Finally, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling that the - 10 - 04-14-00115-CR
SAPD internal affairs records have no exculpatory or impeachment value with respect to Rector’s
case. See McBride v. State, 838 S.W.2d 248, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Last, Rector complains that, “according to now-available materials, the State is in
possession of a recorded interview with Oscar Aguilera wherein he denies any knowledge of or
involvement with Lloyd Rector” and asserts its disclosure would have led to a different outcome.
Rector does not explain the nature of the “now-available materials” and there is nothing in the
record before us to support his assertion that the State has, or had at the time of trial, the recorded
interview with Aguilera. In addition, evenly broadly construing Rector’s subpoena as seeking any
recorded statement by Aguilera, he never made this matter known to the trial court. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1. Further, one of the investigating officers testified to substantially the same evidence
by stating that when questioned, Aguilera denied knowing Rector. Rector has not shown any error
or harm with respect to a statement by Aguilera.
Based on the foregoing reasons, we overrule Rector’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Do Not Publish
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