COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Huff and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
REBECCA LEWIS MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 1139-12-1 PER CURIAM DECEMBER 4, 2012 STEPHEN BAILEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., Judge
(Andrew R. Sebok, on briefs), for appellant.
(Darrell M. Harding, on brief), for appellee.
Rebecca Lewis appeals from an order dismissing her request for contribution from Stephen
Bailey for their child’s private school tuition and child care costs. Lewis argues that the trial court
erred in (1) finding that she could not pursue contribution for private school tuition from Bailey, and
(2) ordering her to pay Bailey’s attorney’s fees incurred in responding to the claim that he contribute
to the cost of the child’s private school tuition. 1 Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the
parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the
decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Lewis also listed two questions presented, which were similar to the assignments of error. Rule 5A:20(c) states that appellant’s opening brief shall contain a “statement of the assignments of error with a clear and exact reference to the page(s) of the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix where each assignment of error was preserved in the trial court.” This Court considers only assignments of error and, as such, will not consider the questions presented. We find that this failure to comply with Rule 5A:20 is significant. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008). BACKGROUND
“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 834 (2003) (citations omitted).
Lewis and Bailey married on September 16, 1995, separated on January 29, 2001, and
divorced on March 27, 2002. They had two children born of the marriage.
One child attended private school, and in 2008, Lewis sought financial assistance from
Bailey in order to pay for the private school tuition. On July 6, 2010, the trial court entered an
order stating, “this Court finds there is no Order between the parties as to Norfolk Academy,
Cape Henry or any other private schools [sic] attendance and payment of tuition for same;
therefore, [Lewis’] request for payment of private school tuition incurred prior to April 19, 2010
is hereby denied.” The trial court continued to a subsequent date “the matters of child support
determination and visitation determination, payment of private school tuition and determination
of whether it is in the children’s best interest to attend Norfolk Academy . . . .”
On November 12, 2010, the trial court entered an order reiterating that Lewis’ “request
for payment of private school tuition incurred prior to April 19, 2010 is hereby denied.” Further,
the order stated that Lewis’ request that Bailey “pay the child’s private school tuition since April
19, 2010 is denied.”
Lewis appealed the November 12, 2010 order to this Court. Lewis listed five
assignments of error relating to the trial court’s rulings on private school:
Lewis argues that the trial court erred in (1) finding that the existing order and agreements did not include the children’s schooling at Cape Henry Collegiate School or Norfolk Academy; . . . (8) holding that the costs of private school were not part of Bailey’s previous support obligation; (9) holding that the costs of private school were not part of Bailey’s future child support obligation; . . . (11) all of its holdings and findings relating to the costs of the children’s private schooling . . . and (14) not requiring -2- that further evidence be presented with respect to whether private school was in the children’s best interests.
Lewis v. Bailey, No. 2596-10-1, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 253, at *1-2 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2011).
This Court summarily affirmed the trial court’s rulings. Id.
Prior to this Court issuing its ruling, Lewis filed a motion to amend in the Virginia Beach
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court). In her motion, she stated,
“Custodial parent petitions for contribution by the noncustodial parent to [sic] the cost of parties’
children’s private school” because “[a]t least one of the parties’ children attends private school”
and “[n]oncustodial parent does not contribute anything . . . .” 2 On November 29, 2011, the JDR
court denied Lewis’ motion. Lewis appealed to the circuit court.
In the circuit court, Bailey filed a motion to dismiss and sought an award of attorney’s
fees. The trial court heard argument on March 15, 2012. Bailey argued that Lewis was litigating
the same issues that had been decided recently by the courts. 3 Lewis argued that there was a
change of circumstances because tuition had increased and she had a new letter from the child’s
therapist recommending that the child stay in her school. 4 The trial court agreed with Bailey and
held that there was no material change of circumstances and the matter was barred by res
judicata. The trial court further ordered Lewis to pay $3,000 for Bailey’s attorney’s fees. This
appeal followed.
2 Lewis filed another motion to amend, and specifically stated that she sought contribution from Bailey for private school tuition because the cost of tuition increased. 3 Bailey told the trial court, “So we’re back here before you a year-and-half later basically on the exact same issues as before.” 4 The trial court previously considered two letters from the same therapist who recommended that it was not in the child’s best interests to change schools. See Lewis, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 253, at *10. -3- ANALYSIS
Issue 1 – Res judicata
Lewis argues that the trial court erred in holding that she could not seek contribution for
private school tuition from Bailey because it was barred by res judicata.
“Res judicata is a judicially created doctrine founded upon the ‘considerations of public
policy which favor certainty in the establishment of legal relations, demand an end to litigation,
and seek to prevent harassment of parties.’” Neff v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 13, 17-18, 569
S.E.2d 72, 74-75 (2002) (quoting Bates v. Devers, 214 Va. 667, 670, 202 S.E.2d 917, 920
(1974)). “A person seeking to assert res judicata as a defense must establish: (1) identity of the
remedies sought; (2) identity of the cause of action; (3) identity of the parties; and (4) identity of
the quality of the persons for or against whom the claim is made.” Commonwealth ex rel. Gray
v. Johnson, 7 Va. App. 614, 618, 376 S.E.2d 787, 789 (1989) (citing Wright v. Castles, 232 Va.
218, 222, 349 S.E.2d 125, 128 (1986)).
In 2010, the trial court ruled that Bailey was not obligated to pay for private school
tuition for his children. Lewis appealed this decision and argued that the trial court erred in its
ruling regarding private school. See Lewis, No. 2596-10-1 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2011). Before
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Huff and Senior Judge Haley UNPUBLISHED
REBECCA LEWIS MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 1139-12-1 PER CURIAM DECEMBER 4, 2012 STEPHEN BAILEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., Judge
(Andrew R. Sebok, on briefs), for appellant.
(Darrell M. Harding, on brief), for appellee.
Rebecca Lewis appeals from an order dismissing her request for contribution from Stephen
Bailey for their child’s private school tuition and child care costs. Lewis argues that the trial court
erred in (1) finding that she could not pursue contribution for private school tuition from Bailey, and
(2) ordering her to pay Bailey’s attorney’s fees incurred in responding to the claim that he contribute
to the cost of the child’s private school tuition. 1 Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the
parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the
decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Lewis also listed two questions presented, which were similar to the assignments of error. Rule 5A:20(c) states that appellant’s opening brief shall contain a “statement of the assignments of error with a clear and exact reference to the page(s) of the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix where each assignment of error was preserved in the trial court.” This Court considers only assignments of error and, as such, will not consider the questions presented. We find that this failure to comply with Rule 5A:20 is significant. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008). BACKGROUND
“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 834 (2003) (citations omitted).
Lewis and Bailey married on September 16, 1995, separated on January 29, 2001, and
divorced on March 27, 2002. They had two children born of the marriage.
One child attended private school, and in 2008, Lewis sought financial assistance from
Bailey in order to pay for the private school tuition. On July 6, 2010, the trial court entered an
order stating, “this Court finds there is no Order between the parties as to Norfolk Academy,
Cape Henry or any other private schools [sic] attendance and payment of tuition for same;
therefore, [Lewis’] request for payment of private school tuition incurred prior to April 19, 2010
is hereby denied.” The trial court continued to a subsequent date “the matters of child support
determination and visitation determination, payment of private school tuition and determination
of whether it is in the children’s best interest to attend Norfolk Academy . . . .”
On November 12, 2010, the trial court entered an order reiterating that Lewis’ “request
for payment of private school tuition incurred prior to April 19, 2010 is hereby denied.” Further,
the order stated that Lewis’ request that Bailey “pay the child’s private school tuition since April
19, 2010 is denied.”
Lewis appealed the November 12, 2010 order to this Court. Lewis listed five
assignments of error relating to the trial court’s rulings on private school:
Lewis argues that the trial court erred in (1) finding that the existing order and agreements did not include the children’s schooling at Cape Henry Collegiate School or Norfolk Academy; . . . (8) holding that the costs of private school were not part of Bailey’s previous support obligation; (9) holding that the costs of private school were not part of Bailey’s future child support obligation; . . . (11) all of its holdings and findings relating to the costs of the children’s private schooling . . . and (14) not requiring -2- that further evidence be presented with respect to whether private school was in the children’s best interests.
Lewis v. Bailey, No. 2596-10-1, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 253, at *1-2 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2011).
This Court summarily affirmed the trial court’s rulings. Id.
Prior to this Court issuing its ruling, Lewis filed a motion to amend in the Virginia Beach
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court). In her motion, she stated,
“Custodial parent petitions for contribution by the noncustodial parent to [sic] the cost of parties’
children’s private school” because “[a]t least one of the parties’ children attends private school”
and “[n]oncustodial parent does not contribute anything . . . .” 2 On November 29, 2011, the JDR
court denied Lewis’ motion. Lewis appealed to the circuit court.
In the circuit court, Bailey filed a motion to dismiss and sought an award of attorney’s
fees. The trial court heard argument on March 15, 2012. Bailey argued that Lewis was litigating
the same issues that had been decided recently by the courts. 3 Lewis argued that there was a
change of circumstances because tuition had increased and she had a new letter from the child’s
therapist recommending that the child stay in her school. 4 The trial court agreed with Bailey and
held that there was no material change of circumstances and the matter was barred by res
judicata. The trial court further ordered Lewis to pay $3,000 for Bailey’s attorney’s fees. This
appeal followed.
2 Lewis filed another motion to amend, and specifically stated that she sought contribution from Bailey for private school tuition because the cost of tuition increased. 3 Bailey told the trial court, “So we’re back here before you a year-and-half later basically on the exact same issues as before.” 4 The trial court previously considered two letters from the same therapist who recommended that it was not in the child’s best interests to change schools. See Lewis, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 253, at *10. -3- ANALYSIS
Issue 1 – Res judicata
Lewis argues that the trial court erred in holding that she could not seek contribution for
private school tuition from Bailey because it was barred by res judicata.
“Res judicata is a judicially created doctrine founded upon the ‘considerations of public
policy which favor certainty in the establishment of legal relations, demand an end to litigation,
and seek to prevent harassment of parties.’” Neff v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 13, 17-18, 569
S.E.2d 72, 74-75 (2002) (quoting Bates v. Devers, 214 Va. 667, 670, 202 S.E.2d 917, 920
(1974)). “A person seeking to assert res judicata as a defense must establish: (1) identity of the
remedies sought; (2) identity of the cause of action; (3) identity of the parties; and (4) identity of
the quality of the persons for or against whom the claim is made.” Commonwealth ex rel. Gray
v. Johnson, 7 Va. App. 614, 618, 376 S.E.2d 787, 789 (1989) (citing Wright v. Castles, 232 Va.
218, 222, 349 S.E.2d 125, 128 (1986)).
In 2010, the trial court ruled that Bailey was not obligated to pay for private school
tuition for his children. Lewis appealed this decision and argued that the trial court erred in its
ruling regarding private school. See Lewis, No. 2596-10-1 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2011). Before
this Court issued its ruling, Lewis filed a motion to amend in the JDR court and asked the JDR
court to order Bailey to contribute to the cost of private school. 5 The JDR court denied her
5 Lewis’ motion to amend, dated July 12, 2011, states as follows: “Custodial parent petitions for contribution by the noncustodial parent to [sic] the cost of parties’ children’s private school. Custodial parent also petitions that noncustodial parent pay the cost of child care reasonably incurred by the custodial parent.” Lewis stated that she sought these modifications because “Custodial parent incurs child care costs as a result of her employment. At least one of the parties’ children attends private school. Noncustodial parent does not contribute anything to either of the aforesaid costs.” Lewis’ counsel filed another motion to amend on her behalf, which was dated November 29, 2011. In that motion to amend, Lewis requests, “Mr. Stephen Bailey be required to contribute to the payment of cost of private school tuition” because “tuition cost has increased while [Lewis’] available $ has decreased.”
-4- petition. In the circuit court, Lewis argued that the cost of private school tuition increased and
she had a new letter from the child’s therapist. Bailey asserted that Lewis was asking for the
same remedy as she previously sought, and nothing had changed since they were last in court.
Bailey pointed out that Lewis previously presented letters from the child’s therapist that the child
should remain in private school, and the trial court considered them.
The trial court explained in its ruling that Lewis filed her claim prematurely, since she
filed her motion to amend before this Court issued its ruling. In addition, the trial court found
the issue regarding private school tuition was the “exact same issue[]” that was previously
argued and decided by the trial court and this Court. Contrary to Lewis’ argument on appeal, the
trial court noted that it had continuing jurisdiction over child support matters. However, in this
situation, the trial court found that there was no material change in circumstances, “especially
when you consider the grounds listed by [Lewis]” in her motion to amend. Thus, the matter was
precluded by res judicata.
“In the absence of a material change in circumstances, reconsideration of support that has
been previously adjudicated after considering the guidelines would be barred by principles of res
judicata.” Hiner v. Hadeed, 15 Va. App. 575, 580, 425 S.E.2d 811, 814 (1993).
Lewis’ motions to amend did not illustrate a material change of circumstances since the
2010 court orders, and she did not raise any material change of circumstances at the hearing.
Although the cost of tuition was more and she had a more recent letter from the child’s therapist,
this evidence did not differ from what she previously offered the court. Lewis’ request for
contribution to the private school was based on the same arguments that she previously made to
the trial court and this Court. Therefore, the trial court did not err in holding that there was no
material change of circumstance and, therefore, Lewis’ request for contribution toward private
school was barred by res judicata.
-5- Issue 2 – Attorney’s fees
Lewis argues that the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to Bailey. In issuing its
ruling, the trial court stated, “I’m not finding harassment, but the Court feels that, looking at the
totality of the circumstances, that the father is entitled to attorney’s fees of $3,000.”
“‘[A]n award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion
and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.’” Richardson v. Richardson, 30
Va. App. 341, 351, 516 S.E.2d 726, 731 (1999) (quoting Graves v. Graves, 4 Va. App. 326, 333,
357 S.E.2d 554, 558 (1987)). “[T]he key to a proper award of counsel fees [is] reasonableness
under all of the circumstances revealed by the record.” McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App. 272,
277, 338 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1985). 6
Bailey presented evidence that he incurred $3,875 in attorney’s fees. Lewis contends the
trial court erred in its ruling on attorney’s fees because it erred in its ruling on private school
tuition. However, we have affirmed the trial court’s ruling and rejected Lewis’ arguments.
Furthermore, there is no evidence that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding $3,000 in
attorney’s fees.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s rulings are summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.
Affirmed
6 Although not raised as an issue on appeal, we note that in cases arising from the juvenile and domestic relations district court, Code § 16.1-278.19 requires an award of attorney’s fees to be “based on the relative financial ability of the parties.” See Lynchburg Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Cook, 276 Va. 465, 484, 666 S.E.2d 361, 371 (2008). -6-