1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 REARDEN LLC, et al., Case No. 17-cv-04006-JST
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ 9 v. MOTION TO EXCLUDE PORTIONS OF THE EXPERT REPORT AND 10 THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY, et al., TESTIMONY OF ROBERT WUNDERLICH Defendants. 11 Re: ECF No. 431 12 13 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude portions of the expert report and 14 testimony of Robert Wunderlich. ECF No. 431. The Court will deny the motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 The factual and procedural background of this case are summarized in greater detail in this 17 Court’s prior orders. ECF Nos. 60, 85, 297. In short, this case concerns claims for contributory 18 copyright infringement, vicarious copyright infringement, and trademark infringement by 19 Plaintiffs Rearden LLC and MOVA LLC (collectively, “Rearden”) against Defendants The Walt 20 Disney Company; Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, Inc.; Walt Disney Pictures; Buena Vista 21 Home Entertainment, Inc.; Marvel Studios LLC; Mandeville Films, Inc.; Infinity Productions 22 LLC; and Assembled Productions II LLC (collectively, “Disney”). Rearden alleges that Digital 23 Domain 3.0 (“DD3”) directly infringed Rearden’s copyright to Rearden’s MOVA Contour Reality 24 Capture (“MOVA”)—a program for capturing the human face to create computer graphics (“CG”) 25 characters in motion pictures. Rearden further alleges that Disney “contracted with DD3 to 26 provide facial performance capture services using the copyrighted . . . program” to create the 27 character Beast in its film Beauty and the Beast (2017). ECF No. 315 ¶ 117. 1 Beauty and the Beast. ECF No. 421. At trial, Disney intends to elicit testimony from its 2 apportionment expert, Robert Wunderlich. Rearden has moved to exclude portions of Mr. 3 Wunderlich’s expert report and testimony. 4 II. LEGAL STANDARD 5 The proponent of expert testimony “has the burden of proving admissibility.” Lust ex rel. 6 Lust v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 89 F.3d 594, 598 (9th Cir. 1996). Under Rule 702 of the 7 Federal Rules of Evidence:
8 A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an 9 opinion or otherwise if:
10 (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to 11 determine a fact in issue;
12 (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
13 (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and 14 (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the 15 facts of the case. 16 Following Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), trial courts serve 17 a “gatekeeping” role “to ensure the reliability and relevancy of expert testimony.” Kumho Tire 18 Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999). 19 “Expert opinion testimony is relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid connection 20 to the pertinent inquiry. And it is reliable if the knowledge underlying it has a reliable basis in the 21 knowledge and experience of the relevant discipline.” Alaska Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget 22 Grp., Inc., 738 F.3d 960, 969 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th 23 Cir. 2010)). The question “is not the correctness of the expert’s conclusions but the soundness of 24 his methodology.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1318 (9th Cir. 1995). 25 Thus, courts should “screen the jury from unreliable nonsense opinions, but not exclude opinions 26 merely because they are impeachable.” Alaska Rent-A-Car, 738 F.3d at 969. “Shaky but 27 admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 Rearden seeks to exclude Mr. Wunderlich’s opinions on distribution overhead, production 3 cost and overhead, and taxes. 4 A. Distribution and Production 5 In his opening expert report, Mr. Wunderlich provided a chart that calculates Disney’s net 6 income after taxes for Beauty and the Beast, excluding consumer products and music. Mr. 7 Wunderlich wrote in his report that he obtained these figures in from Disney’s “SAP accounting 8 system.” ECF No. 430-4 at 7. He wrote that “Disney’s revenues and expenses are recorded in a 9 general ledger within” this system, and that entries in the system “include reference fields that 10 enable tracing the recorded amounts to invoices and other supporting documentation.” Id. He 11 further explained that these records are “audited on a regular basis by . . . 12 PricewaterhouseCoopers” (“PwC”), and that PwC “audits the internal controls Disney has in place 13 regarding . . . access to and the entry of data into the accounting system.” Id. He also wrote that 14 revenues from Beauty and the Beast were “subject to audit by the various guilds,” that production 15 costs “were subject to audit by production incentive authorities” in the New York, the United 16 Kingdom, and Canada. Id. at 8. He noted that records in this system “are compiled to create the 17 financial statements that Disney uses in its SEC reporting.” Id. Mr. Wunderlich stated that he 18 spoke with five Disney representatives about the expenses, including Disney’s 30(b)(6) witness on 19 financial topics. Id. at 6. 20 In his deposition, Mr. Wunderlich testified that the numbers in the chart “came from” the 21 documents from Disney’s system. ECF No. 430-5 at 2. He testified that he did not obtain the 22 underlying data or figures as to certain calculations, such as Disney’s 10% of gross revenue 23 allocation to “distribution overhead,” but that he understood the underlying process as relayed by 24 Disney’s representatives. ECF No. 430-5 at 5. He testified that he also did not know the 25 breakdown of overhead expenses by category of expense. See id. at 8. Similarly, with respect to 26 production costs and interest, Mr. Wunderlich testified that he did not ask Disney’s representatives 27 for “supporting documentation to support the production overhead amount,” id. at 12, and that he 1 Rearden argues that Mr. Wunderlich’s expert report is unsubstantiated because he 2 “performed no analysis to confirm” Disney’s record of approximately $102 million in distribution 3 overhead and $22 million in production overhead and interest. ECF No. 431-1 at 9. Disney 4 responds that Mr. Wunderlich adequately explained his reasoning insofar as he wrote that he 5 reviewed the documents from the SAP accounting system, “pointed to several independent signs 6 of accuracy that validated Disney’s financial records and accounting system,” and interviewed 7 four Disney employees about these figures. ECF No. 441 at 9. 8 The relevant question is whether Mr. Wunderlich relied on the kind of facts or data upon 9 which experts in his field reasonably rely. Stiles v. Walmart, Inc., 639 F. Supp. 3d 1029, 1057 10 (E.D. Cal. 2022) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 703). He appears to have done so. There is no requirement 11 in the caselaw that an expert independently verify the figures contained in the records on which 12 the expert relies.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 REARDEN LLC, et al., Case No. 17-cv-04006-JST
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ 9 v. MOTION TO EXCLUDE PORTIONS OF THE EXPERT REPORT AND 10 THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY, et al., TESTIMONY OF ROBERT WUNDERLICH Defendants. 11 Re: ECF No. 431 12 13 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude portions of the expert report and 14 testimony of Robert Wunderlich. ECF No. 431. The Court will deny the motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 The factual and procedural background of this case are summarized in greater detail in this 17 Court’s prior orders. ECF Nos. 60, 85, 297. In short, this case concerns claims for contributory 18 copyright infringement, vicarious copyright infringement, and trademark infringement by 19 Plaintiffs Rearden LLC and MOVA LLC (collectively, “Rearden”) against Defendants The Walt 20 Disney Company; Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, Inc.; Walt Disney Pictures; Buena Vista 21 Home Entertainment, Inc.; Marvel Studios LLC; Mandeville Films, Inc.; Infinity Productions 22 LLC; and Assembled Productions II LLC (collectively, “Disney”). Rearden alleges that Digital 23 Domain 3.0 (“DD3”) directly infringed Rearden’s copyright to Rearden’s MOVA Contour Reality 24 Capture (“MOVA”)—a program for capturing the human face to create computer graphics (“CG”) 25 characters in motion pictures. Rearden further alleges that Disney “contracted with DD3 to 26 provide facial performance capture services using the copyrighted . . . program” to create the 27 character Beast in its film Beauty and the Beast (2017). ECF No. 315 ¶ 117. 1 Beauty and the Beast. ECF No. 421. At trial, Disney intends to elicit testimony from its 2 apportionment expert, Robert Wunderlich. Rearden has moved to exclude portions of Mr. 3 Wunderlich’s expert report and testimony. 4 II. LEGAL STANDARD 5 The proponent of expert testimony “has the burden of proving admissibility.” Lust ex rel. 6 Lust v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 89 F.3d 594, 598 (9th Cir. 1996). Under Rule 702 of the 7 Federal Rules of Evidence:
8 A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an 9 opinion or otherwise if:
10 (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to 11 determine a fact in issue;
12 (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
13 (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and 14 (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the 15 facts of the case. 16 Following Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), trial courts serve 17 a “gatekeeping” role “to ensure the reliability and relevancy of expert testimony.” Kumho Tire 18 Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999). 19 “Expert opinion testimony is relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid connection 20 to the pertinent inquiry. And it is reliable if the knowledge underlying it has a reliable basis in the 21 knowledge and experience of the relevant discipline.” Alaska Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget 22 Grp., Inc., 738 F.3d 960, 969 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th 23 Cir. 2010)). The question “is not the correctness of the expert’s conclusions but the soundness of 24 his methodology.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 43 F.3d 1311, 1318 (9th Cir. 1995). 25 Thus, courts should “screen the jury from unreliable nonsense opinions, but not exclude opinions 26 merely because they are impeachable.” Alaska Rent-A-Car, 738 F.3d at 969. “Shaky but 27 admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 Rearden seeks to exclude Mr. Wunderlich’s opinions on distribution overhead, production 3 cost and overhead, and taxes. 4 A. Distribution and Production 5 In his opening expert report, Mr. Wunderlich provided a chart that calculates Disney’s net 6 income after taxes for Beauty and the Beast, excluding consumer products and music. Mr. 7 Wunderlich wrote in his report that he obtained these figures in from Disney’s “SAP accounting 8 system.” ECF No. 430-4 at 7. He wrote that “Disney’s revenues and expenses are recorded in a 9 general ledger within” this system, and that entries in the system “include reference fields that 10 enable tracing the recorded amounts to invoices and other supporting documentation.” Id. He 11 further explained that these records are “audited on a regular basis by . . . 12 PricewaterhouseCoopers” (“PwC”), and that PwC “audits the internal controls Disney has in place 13 regarding . . . access to and the entry of data into the accounting system.” Id. He also wrote that 14 revenues from Beauty and the Beast were “subject to audit by the various guilds,” that production 15 costs “were subject to audit by production incentive authorities” in the New York, the United 16 Kingdom, and Canada. Id. at 8. He noted that records in this system “are compiled to create the 17 financial statements that Disney uses in its SEC reporting.” Id. Mr. Wunderlich stated that he 18 spoke with five Disney representatives about the expenses, including Disney’s 30(b)(6) witness on 19 financial topics. Id. at 6. 20 In his deposition, Mr. Wunderlich testified that the numbers in the chart “came from” the 21 documents from Disney’s system. ECF No. 430-5 at 2. He testified that he did not obtain the 22 underlying data or figures as to certain calculations, such as Disney’s 10% of gross revenue 23 allocation to “distribution overhead,” but that he understood the underlying process as relayed by 24 Disney’s representatives. ECF No. 430-5 at 5. He testified that he also did not know the 25 breakdown of overhead expenses by category of expense. See id. at 8. Similarly, with respect to 26 production costs and interest, Mr. Wunderlich testified that he did not ask Disney’s representatives 27 for “supporting documentation to support the production overhead amount,” id. at 12, and that he 1 Rearden argues that Mr. Wunderlich’s expert report is unsubstantiated because he 2 “performed no analysis to confirm” Disney’s record of approximately $102 million in distribution 3 overhead and $22 million in production overhead and interest. ECF No. 431-1 at 9. Disney 4 responds that Mr. Wunderlich adequately explained his reasoning insofar as he wrote that he 5 reviewed the documents from the SAP accounting system, “pointed to several independent signs 6 of accuracy that validated Disney’s financial records and accounting system,” and interviewed 7 four Disney employees about these figures. ECF No. 441 at 9. 8 The relevant question is whether Mr. Wunderlich relied on the kind of facts or data upon 9 which experts in his field reasonably rely. Stiles v. Walmart, Inc., 639 F. Supp. 3d 1029, 1057 10 (E.D. Cal. 2022) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 703). He appears to have done so. There is no requirement 11 in the caselaw that an expert independently verify the figures contained in the records on which 12 the expert relies. To the contrary, the First Circuit has expressly rejected the notion that an expert 13 is “obligated, as a condition of admissibility to present invoices, statements, documents, 14 breakdown or . . . supporting data to support” the data about which the expert will testify. Int’l 15 Adhesive Coating Co., Inc., v. Bolton Emerson Itnt’l, Inc., 851 F.2d 540, 545 (1st Cir. 1988) 16 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Tormenia v. First Investors Realty Co., 251 F.3d 128, 17 135 (3d Cir. 2000) (noting that an expert is not required to “eschew reliance on [a party’s] account 18 of factual events”). In so concluding, the First Circuit wrote that such arguments against 19 admissibility “are simply a rehashing of the central factual disputes of the case dressed up as 20 attacks on the expert’s testimony.” Id. This conclusion is consistent with the Ninth Circuit’s 21 observation that “the factual basis of an expert opinion goes to the credibility of the testimony, not 22 the admissibility, and it is up to the opposing party to examine the factual basis for the opinion in 23 cross-examination.” Hangarter v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998, 1017 n.14 24 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Children’s Broad. Corp. v. Walt Disney Co., 357 F.3d 860, 865 (8th Cir. 25 2004))). For this reason, courts reject challenges to the admissibility of expert testimony on the 26 ground that such testimony is predicated on a party’s business records. See, e.g., Total Control, 27 Inc. v. Danaher Corp., 338 F. Supp. 3d 566, 570 (E.D. Pa. 2004). 1 B. Taxes 2 Mr. Wunderlich calculated Disney’s income taxes attributable to Beauty and the Beast 3 each year at the applicable federal corporate tax rates for that year. ECF No. 430-4. He further 4 wrote that the approach is “appropriate because, even if Disney corporate-wide pays a lesser or 5 greater rate due to particular losses or gains in other part of the corporation, Beauty and the 6 Beast . . . would not share in those los[s]es or gains.” ECF No. 430-4 at 12. 7 Rearden argues that Mr. Wunderlich’s deduction of taxes from gross revenue “should be 8 stricken because it is irrelevant and contrary to the law.” ECF No. 431-1 at 9. Disney argues that 9 Mr. Wunderlich’s opinion is admissible because Rearden’s “real dispute is that Disney’s internal 10 tax accounting methodology is flawed.” ECF No. 440-2 at 13. 11 The parties do not dispute that Disney is only entitled to deduct the taxes it “actually paid.” 12 Three Boys Music Corp. v. Bolton, 212 F.3d 477, 488 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds 13 by Skidmore as Tr. for Randy Craig Wolfe Tr. v. Led Zeppelin, 952 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir. 2020)). 14 Mr. Wunderlich merely recites the method he used to determine what Disney actually paid in 15 connection with Beauty and the Beast, and he opines as to why he deems the approach to be 16 reasonable. Rearden does not argue why the method Wunderlich used is inappropriate for the 17 purposes of measuring a company’s taxes attributable to a particular product, but instead argues 18 that such treatment is wrong because Disney, as a corporation, “only pays one tax rate.” ECF No. 19 469-3 at 9. None of the cases relied upon by Rearden disapproves of Mr. Wunderlich’s method of 20 determining the amount a company actually paid. There is one Ninth Circuit case on the subject, 21 Three Boys Music Corp., in which the Court of Appeals upheld the district court’s refusal to allow 22 Sony Music to deduct its “Net Operating Loss Carry-forward (NOL) because the NOL did not 23 have a concrete financial impact.” 212 F.3d at 488 (internal quotation marks omitted). But 24 Disney’s taxes attributable to Beauty and the Beast certainly had a concrete impact on Disney’s 25 net revenue from the film. Rearden has thus failed to establish that Mr. Wunderlich’s calculation 26 is contrary to law. If it wishes to contest the accuracy of Mr. Wunderlich’s calculations, it can do 27 so on cross-examination. 1 C. Wunderlich’s Prior Testimony 2 Rearden suggests that the fact that Mr. Wunderlich’s opinions have been excluded in eight 3 other cases is relevant to the reliability of his expert report and testimony in this case. Because 4 || there is no suggestion that the opinions excluded in the prior cases are the same as the opinion 5 Wunderlich gives here, this point is irrelevant.! Moreover, as one court observed in rejecting this 6 || same argument, “Wunderlich appears to have testified as an expert approximately 150 times.... 7 || Defendant does not challenge Wunderlich’s qualifications, nor do [those] cases present similar 8 questions to those here.” Brighton Collectible, LLC v. Believe Prod., Inc., No. 2:15-CV-00579- 9 CAS (ASx), 2017 WL 440255, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2017). The Court therefore does not 10 || consider these prior exclusions in determining whether Mr. Wunderlich’s testimony is admissible. 11 CONCLUSION a 12 For the reasons stated above, Rearden’s motion is denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED. ® v 14 || Dated: October 13, 2023 □ 15 JON S. TIGA Q 16 nited States District Judge
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Z 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 oo ' Rearden appears to recognize the questionable relevance of its own argument, stating, “Plaintiffs 27 do not contend that the contested portions of Wunderlich’s opinions should be excluded solely 28 because of his poor Daubert history.” ECF No. 431-1 at 13. But they press the argument nonetheless.