COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
READYONE INDUSTRIES, INC., § No. 08-12-00073-CV Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § 327th Judicial District Court § M. ESTELLA TORRES, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC#2011-1506) §
OPINION
In this non-subscriber negligence case, ReadyOne Industries, Inc. brings an interlocutory
appeal from the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery.1 Because the trial
court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration, but rather expressly
postponed its ruling on the motion until after the discovery it had ordered was completed, we
dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Alleging that she sustained an on-the-job injury, M. Estella Torres sued ReadyOne for
negligence. After filing an answer, ReadyOne moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an
agreement requiring claims of on-the-job injuries to be submitted to binding arbitration. In
response, Torres argued that her claims against ReadyOne are not arbitrable because, among other
reasons, the Franken Amendment2 prevents federal contractors from enforcing agreements to
arbitrate tort claims related to or arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention.
1 ReadyOne also filed a companion petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel the trial court to vacate its order. 2 Section 8116 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2010 is known as the Franken Amendment because of its author, Senator Al Franken of “Saturday Night Live” fame. After hearing the parties’ arguments and taking the issue under advisement, the trial court
ordered limited discovery on the applicability of the Franken Amendment. In its order, the trial
court made clear that “[it] has not provided a ruling on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration
and will not provide such until the . . . discovery [ordered] is complete.”
JURISDICTION
ReadyOne contends that the trial court’s order is reviewable by interlocutory appeal
pursuant to Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2012). Torres, on the other hand,
argues that ReadyOne cannot bring an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order under Section
51.016 because the trial court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel
arbitration. We agree.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts have jurisdiction over interlocutory orders permitted by statute. See
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. §§ 51.012 and 51.014 (West Supp. 2012). We strictly
construe such statutes because interlocutory orders are a narrow exception to the general rule that
interlocutory orders are not immediately appealable. CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444,
447-48 (Tex. 2011); Nazareth Hall Nursing Ctr. v. Castro, 374 S.W.3d 590, 593
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.); Lucchese, Inc. v. Solano, 08-11-00101-CV, 2012 WL
2409659, *2 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.). The substance and function of the interlocutory
order from which an appeal is taken controls our interlocutory jurisdiction. Castro, 374 S.W.3d
at 593; Solano, 2012 WL 2409659, at *3; Texas La Fiesta Auto Sales, LLC v. Belk, 349 S.W.3d
872, 878 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). When a party attempts to appeal a
2 non-appealable interlocutory order, we have no jurisdiction except to dismiss the appeal. Cantu
Servs., Inc. v. United Freedom Assoc., Inc., 329 S.W.3d 58, 63 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, no pet.)
(quotation marks omitted).
Applicable Law
Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that in a matter
subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), a party may appeal from an interlocutory order of a
district court “under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order . . .
would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.” TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016
(West Supp. 2012). Section 16 of the FAA identifies the types of orders from which an appeal
may be taken. Pursuant to Section 16, an appeal may be taken from:
(1) an order--
(A) refusing a stay of any action under section 3 of this title, (B) denying a petition under section 4 of this title to order arbitration to proceed, (C) denying an application under section 206 of this title to compel arbitration, (D) confirming or denying confirmation of an award or partial award, or (E) modifying, correcting, or vacating an award;
(2) an interlocutory order granting, continuing, or modifying an injunction against an arbitration that is subject to this title; or
(3) a final decision with respect to an arbitration that is subject to this title.
9 U.S.C.A. § 16(a)(West 2009).
Discussion
When strictly construed, Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
does not permit an interlocutory appeal from a trial court’s order deferring ruling on a motion to
compel arbitration. As established above, Section 16 of the FAA refers only to orders denying an
3 application to compel arbitration and not to orders postponing a ruling on a motion to compel
arbitration. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 16 (no express provision authorizing appeal from trial court’s
postponement of ruling on a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA). Accordingly, an order
deferring a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration is not appealable under Section 16. Because
such an order is not appealable under the FAA, it is not an appealable order under Section 51.016.
See TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016 (in matters subject to the FAA, an appeal is
available only under the same circumstances that an appeal from federal district court’s order
would be permitted). We therefore conclude that the trial court’s order permitting
arbitration-related discovery is not reviewable by interlocutory appeal.
ReadyOne argues that Section 16 “allow[s] an interlocutory appeal from a district court
order that postpones a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration pending further discovery.” In
support of its argument, ReadyOne points us to several decisions from various intermediate federal
appellate courts that stand for the proposition that if the substance of the order effectively denies a
motion to compel arbitration, it is an appealable order under Section 16, even if the order does not
determine conclusively whether the dispute should be referred to an arbitrator.3 Although we
may rely on decisions from intermediate federal appellate courts as persuasive authority, we are
not persuaded by those relied upon by ReadyOne. See Penrod Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868
S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993)(stating that opinions from any federal or state court may be relied on
a persuasive authority, but Texas appellate courts are obligated to follow only higher Texas courts
3 See, e.g., Madol v. Dan Nelson Auto. Grp., 372 F.3d 997, 998-99 (8th Cir.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
READYONE INDUSTRIES, INC., § No. 08-12-00073-CV Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § 327th Judicial District Court § M. ESTELLA TORRES, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC#2011-1506) §
OPINION
In this non-subscriber negligence case, ReadyOne Industries, Inc. brings an interlocutory
appeal from the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery.1 Because the trial
court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration, but rather expressly
postponed its ruling on the motion until after the discovery it had ordered was completed, we
dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Alleging that she sustained an on-the-job injury, M. Estella Torres sued ReadyOne for
negligence. After filing an answer, ReadyOne moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an
agreement requiring claims of on-the-job injuries to be submitted to binding arbitration. In
response, Torres argued that her claims against ReadyOne are not arbitrable because, among other
reasons, the Franken Amendment2 prevents federal contractors from enforcing agreements to
arbitrate tort claims related to or arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention.
1 ReadyOne also filed a companion petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel the trial court to vacate its order. 2 Section 8116 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2010 is known as the Franken Amendment because of its author, Senator Al Franken of “Saturday Night Live” fame. After hearing the parties’ arguments and taking the issue under advisement, the trial court
ordered limited discovery on the applicability of the Franken Amendment. In its order, the trial
court made clear that “[it] has not provided a ruling on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration
and will not provide such until the . . . discovery [ordered] is complete.”
JURISDICTION
ReadyOne contends that the trial court’s order is reviewable by interlocutory appeal
pursuant to Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2012). Torres, on the other hand,
argues that ReadyOne cannot bring an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order under Section
51.016 because the trial court did not rule on the merits of ReadyOne’s motion to compel
arbitration. We agree.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts have jurisdiction over interlocutory orders permitted by statute. See
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. §§ 51.012 and 51.014 (West Supp. 2012). We strictly
construe such statutes because interlocutory orders are a narrow exception to the general rule that
interlocutory orders are not immediately appealable. CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444,
447-48 (Tex. 2011); Nazareth Hall Nursing Ctr. v. Castro, 374 S.W.3d 590, 593
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.); Lucchese, Inc. v. Solano, 08-11-00101-CV, 2012 WL
2409659, *2 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.). The substance and function of the interlocutory
order from which an appeal is taken controls our interlocutory jurisdiction. Castro, 374 S.W.3d
at 593; Solano, 2012 WL 2409659, at *3; Texas La Fiesta Auto Sales, LLC v. Belk, 349 S.W.3d
872, 878 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). When a party attempts to appeal a
2 non-appealable interlocutory order, we have no jurisdiction except to dismiss the appeal. Cantu
Servs., Inc. v. United Freedom Assoc., Inc., 329 S.W.3d 58, 63 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, no pet.)
(quotation marks omitted).
Applicable Law
Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that in a matter
subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), a party may appeal from an interlocutory order of a
district court “under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order . . .
would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.” TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016
(West Supp. 2012). Section 16 of the FAA identifies the types of orders from which an appeal
may be taken. Pursuant to Section 16, an appeal may be taken from:
(1) an order--
(A) refusing a stay of any action under section 3 of this title, (B) denying a petition under section 4 of this title to order arbitration to proceed, (C) denying an application under section 206 of this title to compel arbitration, (D) confirming or denying confirmation of an award or partial award, or (E) modifying, correcting, or vacating an award;
(2) an interlocutory order granting, continuing, or modifying an injunction against an arbitration that is subject to this title; or
(3) a final decision with respect to an arbitration that is subject to this title.
9 U.S.C.A. § 16(a)(West 2009).
Discussion
When strictly construed, Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
does not permit an interlocutory appeal from a trial court’s order deferring ruling on a motion to
compel arbitration. As established above, Section 16 of the FAA refers only to orders denying an
3 application to compel arbitration and not to orders postponing a ruling on a motion to compel
arbitration. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 16 (no express provision authorizing appeal from trial court’s
postponement of ruling on a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA). Accordingly, an order
deferring a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration is not appealable under Section 16. Because
such an order is not appealable under the FAA, it is not an appealable order under Section 51.016.
See TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016 (in matters subject to the FAA, an appeal is
available only under the same circumstances that an appeal from federal district court’s order
would be permitted). We therefore conclude that the trial court’s order permitting
arbitration-related discovery is not reviewable by interlocutory appeal.
ReadyOne argues that Section 16 “allow[s] an interlocutory appeal from a district court
order that postpones a ruling on a motion to compel arbitration pending further discovery.” In
support of its argument, ReadyOne points us to several decisions from various intermediate federal
appellate courts that stand for the proposition that if the substance of the order effectively denies a
motion to compel arbitration, it is an appealable order under Section 16, even if the order does not
determine conclusively whether the dispute should be referred to an arbitrator.3 Although we
may rely on decisions from intermediate federal appellate courts as persuasive authority, we are
not persuaded by those relied upon by ReadyOne. See Penrod Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868
S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993)(stating that opinions from any federal or state court may be relied on
a persuasive authority, but Texas appellate courts are obligated to follow only higher Texas courts
3 See, e.g., Madol v. Dan Nelson Auto. Grp., 372 F.3d 997, 998-99 (8th Cir. 2004)(concluding that the district court’s order that did not determine conclusively whether the dispute should be referred to an arbitrator, but rather rejected the magistrate judge’s order compelling arbitration, stayed proceedings, and reopened discovery, was an appealable order under Section 16 because the order refused a stay and directed that the litigation proceed); Boomer v. AT&T Corp., 309 F.3d 404, 411-12 (7th Cir. 2002)(concluding that the district court’s order explicitly denying a motion to compel arbitration was immediately appealable under Section 16, notwithstanding the issuance of a subsequent minute order directing the parties to confer and advise it regarding whether a separate trial on arbitrability of the claims was warranted). 4 and the United States Supreme Court). Here, unlike in the cases on which ReadyOne relies, the
substance of the trial court’s order did not effectively deny ReadyOne’s motion to compel
arbitration. Moreover, our sister court considered this identical issue in In re F.C. Holdings, Inc.
and held that, “[r]egardless of whether arbitration is sought under the [FAA] or the Texas
Arbitration Act, appeal is not available when a trial court defers ruling on a motion to compel
arbitration.” 349 S.W.3d 811, 815 (Tex.App.--Tyler 2011, orig. proceeding)(citations omitted).
We are thus more persuaded by our reasoning and that of our sister court in In re F.C. Holdings,
Inc. than by the reasoning of the federal appeals courts in the cases relied upon by ReadyOne.
CONCLUSION
Because the trial court’s order permitting arbitration-related discovery and deferring ruling
on ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration is not an appealable order under Section 16 of the
FAA, and thus, is not an appealable order under Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code, we do not have jurisdiction to consider ReadyOne’s appeal. Accordingly, we
December 21, 2012 CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.