Mr. Justice Pleasants
delivered the opinion of the Court.
By this suit in trespass for assault and batteiy, appellee recovered judgment on a verdict against appellant for $2,500. A new trial having been denied and exceptions taken, defendant brings the record here by appeal and asks a reversal of the judgment for errors assigned upon the action of the court.
The declaration is in two counts, in each of which the alleged trespass is charged to have been committed willfully.
It appears that the parties married sisters and occupied neighboring farms, but were quite unfriendly—had come to blows more than a year before, and had not been on speaking terms since. Appellee lived about three and a half miles west of Leroy, appellant about three-quarters of a mile east of him on the same highway. Their mother-in-law, Mrs. Vanwinkle, lived an eighth of a mile west of appellee. On the 16th of November, 1892, appellant took his daughter in his road cart to the school house, a little west of Mrs. Vanwinkle’s. On his return he stopped there and had a few moments conversation with her. As he was leaving, appellee drove out of his gate in his cart and saw him coming. When he turned east on the road, appellant Avas about one hundred and fifty yards behind him. Appellee was driving a five-year-old mare—a “ common goer ” —in a moderate trot, and appellant a three-year-old colt, someAvhat fractious and a “good mover.” He Avas going enough faster to overtake appellee a little over a quarter of ■ a mile east of the latter’s residence, where he pulled' his horse to the left, as if to pass him; but his right wheel ran inside of appellee’s left and struck the axle. Appellant’s cart Avas upset, he throAvn out, his hold of the lines broken, and the horse Avith the cart ran home. Appellee’s horse turned or whirled or pranced around for a feAv moments, and then ran north Avith out its driver, jumping the hedge, about three feet high, that fenced the higliAvay, and there clearing itself from the cart. Both of the men Avere considerably hurt—appellee by far the most. Besides cuts and bruises, of which he had much the largest share, his leg Avas obliquely broken just aboAU3 the ankle.
Burther particulars Avere stated by him, as folloAvs: “As I started out, Razor Avas starting from my mother-in-law’s; I glanced up and saAV him, and that Avas the only time I looked back. I drove east; got just beyond my east corner Avhen I heard him cross the bridge; thought he was going pretty fast * * * heard his horse running * * * it was a good Avide road—as good on the right or left as where I Avas, any more than I Avas in the beaten track. I didn’t look back; stood straight in the road; didn’t move right or left, and on he came and ran right on to the left wheel, right by me. It dumped him off, opposite my horse’s head and made my horse turn around and move off, probably ten feet. He jumped up and said, D—n you, you stopped here on purpose; G-d d—n you, I have had it in for you,’ and he grabbed me around the neck and said, G-d d—n you, I will kill you right here,’ and he swung me back and pounded me in the fa.ce; he jumped on to me, and he was on my hack Avith my foot in the cart, and caught me in the throat and let me have it in the face. I don’t knoAv Avhat way my horse ivas. After he had beaten me, my foot dropped out of the cart. As soon as it dropped out I knew just enough to get out of there, so I made an effort to turn o\er. * * * As I turned, my leg broke off and ran into the flesh. He ivas on my back. As I turned over on my elbows and knees, I said, ‘ Get off and let me alone—my leg is broke.’ He still had hold of my throat. I saAV somebody’s legs by me. It was Curt Eazor. He said, Charlie, let him alone.’ He said, ‘ G-d d—n him, I have got him now; I ivill kill him.’ Curt finally persuaded him to let me alone. I turned over, and my little boy and Avife came up. She says, What is the matter here ? ’ I pointed to Eazor and said, He done it; he done it all.’ She says to him, Ain’t you ashamed ? ’ He says, ‘Hot a word out of you, G-d d—n you; for íavo cents, Aroman or no Avoman, d—n you, I Avould blow your brains out.’ He threAv his hands back as if he was going to get a revolver. My little girl said, Oh, my papa.’ He says, Yes, your papa; for two cents I would kick his brains out and finish it while I am at it.’ ”
Very Avidely and radically different is the account given by appellant. After mentioning his stop at his mother-in-law’s, he proceeds: “ I then started doAvn the road tOAvaid home. I was going home; had got about ten rods or such ' a matter, Avhen Kinsey pulled out ahead of me. * * * I Aras trotting my horse and my whip came out of the Avhip socket. I checked up, Avent back and got the Avhip. When I drove back the colt Avould rear up. I hit it a couple of cuts Avith the whip because it reared up. I didn’t whip it to make it run. I did not run my horse. I did not go out of a trot at all. I gained on Kinsey. Up to within a hundred yards he kept looking back over his shoulder. I pulled to the left. He pulled his horse off toward mine, and the wheel caught. While I was pulling my horse to the left I was still gaining on him. ' I would have passed him if he had given me a chance. He pulled his horse up all of a sudden and caught my wheel. 1 had pulled my horse to the left to pull out of the way of him. I couldn’t do it. It seems he was pulling toward me. I couldn’t get around. He checked his horse suddenly, and caught my cart wheel. I went right over my horse—right in front of him. When I fell my lines broke loose from my hands. I fell on the - left side of head and hip. Couldn’t tell where my horse went, I was so dazed. My wife came and said the horse had come home. I fell on my left side and the cart wheel struck me at the butt of the" ear. I have been deaf ever since.”
After describing his injuries, he proceeds: “ My brother Curt came to me before I got up. When Curt helped me up I saw Kinsey lying on the ground. I hadn’t seen anything previous to that. I thought I heard a horse going around over the road. When I got up Kinsey’s horse had gone over the hedge. There was nothing said except that after his wife came and the little boy, and my -wife and mother, there was some talk about a revolver—Kinsey said he understood I was carrying a revolver for him. I told him to come and examine me if he thought I had any weapon. I had no conversation with Kinsey’s wife till iny wife came. Our wives began to talk about matters. Can’t tell just what they did say. I did not threaten Mrs. Kinsey or call her names. I made no threats. I did not go up to Kinsey apd pull him out of his cart. I did not strike Kinsey. I never touched him. I did not abuse him in any way. * * * I did not hear Cashner say anything to me. I don’t know anything that was said. My head was hurting me so where I was hit with the cart that I don’t remember anything that was said. I didn’t explain to anybody how it occurred.”
The only other eye witness of the collision and its immediate antecedents was Curtis Razor, a brother of appellant, who was husking corn in a field south of and adjoining the highway, about twenty corn rows distant and twenty steps west of the point of collision. He says the noise of the horses’ feet coming down the road first attracted his attention, and he stepped out to see who it was. They were coming in a pretty fast trot. His brother’s horse ivas at no time running, but was gaining on Kinsey, who looked back once, when Razor was about forty feet behind him.
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Mr. Justice Pleasants
delivered the opinion of the Court.
By this suit in trespass for assault and batteiy, appellee recovered judgment on a verdict against appellant for $2,500. A new trial having been denied and exceptions taken, defendant brings the record here by appeal and asks a reversal of the judgment for errors assigned upon the action of the court.
The declaration is in two counts, in each of which the alleged trespass is charged to have been committed willfully.
It appears that the parties married sisters and occupied neighboring farms, but were quite unfriendly—had come to blows more than a year before, and had not been on speaking terms since. Appellee lived about three and a half miles west of Leroy, appellant about three-quarters of a mile east of him on the same highway. Their mother-in-law, Mrs. Vanwinkle, lived an eighth of a mile west of appellee. On the 16th of November, 1892, appellant took his daughter in his road cart to the school house, a little west of Mrs. Vanwinkle’s. On his return he stopped there and had a few moments conversation with her. As he was leaving, appellee drove out of his gate in his cart and saw him coming. When he turned east on the road, appellant Avas about one hundred and fifty yards behind him. Appellee was driving a five-year-old mare—a “ common goer ” —in a moderate trot, and appellant a three-year-old colt, someAvhat fractious and a “good mover.” He Avas going enough faster to overtake appellee a little over a quarter of ■ a mile east of the latter’s residence, where he pulled' his horse to the left, as if to pass him; but his right wheel ran inside of appellee’s left and struck the axle. Appellant’s cart Avas upset, he throAvn out, his hold of the lines broken, and the horse Avith the cart ran home. Appellee’s horse turned or whirled or pranced around for a feAv moments, and then ran north Avith out its driver, jumping the hedge, about three feet high, that fenced the higliAvay, and there clearing itself from the cart. Both of the men Avere considerably hurt—appellee by far the most. Besides cuts and bruises, of which he had much the largest share, his leg Avas obliquely broken just aboAU3 the ankle.
Burther particulars Avere stated by him, as folloAvs: “As I started out, Razor Avas starting from my mother-in-law’s; I glanced up and saAV him, and that Avas the only time I looked back. I drove east; got just beyond my east corner Avhen I heard him cross the bridge; thought he was going pretty fast * * * heard his horse running * * * it was a good Avide road—as good on the right or left as where I Avas, any more than I Avas in the beaten track. I didn’t look back; stood straight in the road; didn’t move right or left, and on he came and ran right on to the left wheel, right by me. It dumped him off, opposite my horse’s head and made my horse turn around and move off, probably ten feet. He jumped up and said, D—n you, you stopped here on purpose; G-d d—n you, I have had it in for you,’ and he grabbed me around the neck and said, G-d d—n you, I will kill you right here,’ and he swung me back and pounded me in the fa.ce; he jumped on to me, and he was on my hack Avith my foot in the cart, and caught me in the throat and let me have it in the face. I don’t knoAv Avhat way my horse ivas. After he had beaten me, my foot dropped out of the cart. As soon as it dropped out I knew just enough to get out of there, so I made an effort to turn o\er. * * * As I turned, my leg broke off and ran into the flesh. He ivas on my back. As I turned over on my elbows and knees, I said, ‘ Get off and let me alone—my leg is broke.’ He still had hold of my throat. I saAV somebody’s legs by me. It was Curt Eazor. He said, Charlie, let him alone.’ He said, ‘ G-d d—n him, I have got him now; I ivill kill him.’ Curt finally persuaded him to let me alone. I turned over, and my little boy and Avife came up. She says, What is the matter here ? ’ I pointed to Eazor and said, He done it; he done it all.’ She says to him, Ain’t you ashamed ? ’ He says, ‘Hot a word out of you, G-d d—n you; for íavo cents, Aroman or no Avoman, d—n you, I Avould blow your brains out.’ He threAv his hands back as if he was going to get a revolver. My little girl said, Oh, my papa.’ He says, Yes, your papa; for two cents I would kick his brains out and finish it while I am at it.’ ”
Very Avidely and radically different is the account given by appellant. After mentioning his stop at his mother-in-law’s, he proceeds: “ I then started doAvn the road tOAvaid home. I was going home; had got about ten rods or such ' a matter, Avhen Kinsey pulled out ahead of me. * * * I Aras trotting my horse and my whip came out of the Avhip socket. I checked up, Avent back and got the Avhip. When I drove back the colt Avould rear up. I hit it a couple of cuts Avith the whip because it reared up. I didn’t whip it to make it run. I did not run my horse. I did not go out of a trot at all. I gained on Kinsey. Up to within a hundred yards he kept looking back over his shoulder. I pulled to the left. He pulled his horse off toward mine, and the wheel caught. While I was pulling my horse to the left I was still gaining on him. ' I would have passed him if he had given me a chance. He pulled his horse up all of a sudden and caught my wheel. 1 had pulled my horse to the left to pull out of the way of him. I couldn’t do it. It seems he was pulling toward me. I couldn’t get around. He checked his horse suddenly, and caught my cart wheel. I went right over my horse—right in front of him. When I fell my lines broke loose from my hands. I fell on the - left side of head and hip. Couldn’t tell where my horse went, I was so dazed. My wife came and said the horse had come home. I fell on my left side and the cart wheel struck me at the butt of the" ear. I have been deaf ever since.”
After describing his injuries, he proceeds: “ My brother Curt came to me before I got up. When Curt helped me up I saw Kinsey lying on the ground. I hadn’t seen anything previous to that. I thought I heard a horse going around over the road. When I got up Kinsey’s horse had gone over the hedge. There was nothing said except that after his wife came and the little boy, and my -wife and mother, there was some talk about a revolver—Kinsey said he understood I was carrying a revolver for him. I told him to come and examine me if he thought I had any weapon. I had no conversation with Kinsey’s wife till iny wife came. Our wives began to talk about matters. Can’t tell just what they did say. I did not threaten Mrs. Kinsey or call her names. I made no threats. I did not go up to Kinsey apd pull him out of his cart. I did not strike Kinsey. I never touched him. I did not abuse him in any way. * * * I did not hear Cashner say anything to me. I don’t know anything that was said. My head was hurting me so where I was hit with the cart that I don’t remember anything that was said. I didn’t explain to anybody how it occurred.”
The only other eye witness of the collision and its immediate antecedents was Curtis Razor, a brother of appellant, who was husking corn in a field south of and adjoining the highway, about twenty corn rows distant and twenty steps west of the point of collision. He says the noise of the horses’ feet coming down the road first attracted his attention, and he stepped out to see who it was. They were coming in a pretty fast trot. His brother’s horse ivas at no time running, but was gaining on Kinsey, who looked back once, when Razor was about forty feet behind him. His statement is: “ When Charley Razor went to go round him Kinsey pulled his horse toward my brother * * * and jerked up on the lines suddenly. When he did that Charlie’s cart struck Kinsey’s. It threw Charlie over his horse as far as his lines would let him in front of his horse. His cart upset, his lap robe and blankets scattered over the ground, and his horse ran away. Kinsey’s horse wheeled around suddenly and violently and threw him off on the right side. His foot caught, but I couldn’t tell how it caught. His horse kept wheeling with him, and turned to the south and went clear around the road. Kinsey ivas holding on to his horse. His head and the upper part of his body was on the ground at that time, and his foot was fast in the cart. I ran over there and tried to get through the hedge—started over as quick as the striking took place. The hedge is about three feet high. When I got over there I went to Kinsey. He told me his mare had broke his leg. At that time his mare had run through the hedge and left the cart in it. Then I went over to Charlie. He was lying about thirty feet from Kinsey, in the road. He had not at that time arisen from the ground at all. I took hold of him by the arm and helped him up. He seemed to be somewhat dazed. I saw blood on his face and he limped.” He stated that Kinsey fell out when his horse turned suddenly around; that he saw him fall backward, with his foot caught somehow in the cart; that his face got beaten up the way it was on the weeds and by his holding on to the lines; that his brother did not go up to Kinsey before the little boy came nor within fifteen feet of him, nor say anything to Mrs. Kinsey that was “ out of the way; ” that he did not at any time strike Kinsey or attempt to strike him, or threaten to strike him. or do him any bodily injury; that witness did not tell him to let Kinsey alone or that he had given him enough. In short, he contradicted Kinsey and corroborated his brother on all the material points of difference between them. ¡Razor walked home, half a mile, assisted by his wife, mother and another brother, Avhile Curtis helped Kinsey into his (Curtis’) wagon and hauled him home.
There Avas considerable testimony respecting alleged incidents of minor importance but claimed to have some bearing on the main question,-as to which also there was direct confiict and mutual contradictions which are as irreconcilable as that of the eye witnesses of the alleged assault and battery. From all of which it fully appears that while the forcible collision of the carts and some damage to that of plaintiff as its immediate effect were conceded, the defense, earnestly urged and strongly supported by positive evidence Avas, that such collision was not only unintentional on the part of the defendant, but that he positively intended and endeavored to avoid it and would have avoided it but 'for the fault of the plaintiff, and that all the injuries to his person were*also caused by such collision and attributable to his own wrong.
The first instruction given for plaintiff was as follows:
“ The court instructs you that if you believe from the evi- » deuce that the defendant forcibly ran his cart against the ' plaintiff’s cart, in Avhich the plaintiff was sitting, and thereby f injured said cart and caused plaintiff’s horse hitched to said | cart to run atvay, and thereby the plaintiff received injuries | which are the immediate result of said act of the defendant f in running his cart against plaintiff’s cart, then you should find your verdict in favor of plaintiff, even though you should believe from the evidence that defendant’s act in running against the plaintiff’s cart was unintentional.”
This instruction seems to go upon the hypothesis that all the injuries to the person, as Avell as to the cart of plaintiff, were directly caused by the “forcible” running of defendant’s cart against plaintiff’s, and declares the law in such case to be that the defendant is liable in this action, for all actual damages so caused, evenujllhmigfh-the collisimw-was-anwtéentjonal and wjjRoidjeqmrima^hat the jury should find that it occurred in the doing of an unlawful act, or of a lawful one in a negligent manner. The third was, •“'The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that defendant forcibly .drove his cart against the cart of plaintiff, and thereby caused the plaintiff to be injured, then the jury should find the issues for the plaintiff and assess his damages at such sum as the jury may find from the evidence he has sustained by reason of such injury;” that is, manifestly, such as he has actually sustained. The second and fifth alike authorize the finding of vindictive damages if the jury “ believe from the evidence that such assault was willful.”
Defendant’s second modified instruction as asked, told the jury that the declaration counted upon an assault and beating, and if they were “ not convinced by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant, Razor, did beat, strike or abuse the plaintiff in manner and form as stated,” etc., their verdict should be “ not guilty.” But the court, after the name of the defendant, interpolated the words “ purposely, or forcibly, ran against plaintiff, or that he,” and gave it as so modified.
Thus the court, expressly and by implication, in instruct tions on both sides, modifying defendant’s, for that purpose or to that effect, held that for direct injuries to a person by a force put in motion by or in charge of another, the latter is liable in a civil action for assault and battery to the person so injured, for all the actual damages caused to him thereby, though unintentional and without negligence on the part of the defendant.'
We hold that this is directly against the law, as declared by the Supreme Court in Paxton v. Boyer, 67 Ill. 132, and the authorities there cited with approval; Morris v. Platt, 32 Conn. 75; Brown v. Kendall, 6 Cushing 292; 2 Greenl. on Ev., Secs. 85, 94. As already stated, the declaration in each count alleged a trespass to the person, by assault and battery of the plaintiff. By the common law as well as by our statutory definition, an assault and battery is a ¡nce to the person, and ;t v. Arbuckle, 12 Brad, lefined to be the willful by the aggressor or by m;” citing Waterman on fucu. u ju^mujx o vumui,, 120; Bacon’s Abridgment, title, Assault and Battery. In Horne v. Mandlebaum, 13 Id. 609, it was said: “ The injury was not only direct and immediate, but was inflicted by the defendant by a willful act of force, or in other words, intentionally. Every essential ingredient of a trespass to the person of the child, and of the action of trespass, is here present.” Citing Percival v. Hickey, 18 Johns. 257; Cadwell v. Farrell, 28 Ill. 438; 1 Chit. Pl., 128. And further: “ It was not necessary in order to constitute an assault and battery, that the defendant below should have touched the child with his hands or other part of his person. It is enough that he willfully set a force in motion, which caused the injury as an immediate result; ” citing many authorities. Willfulness, or intention on the part of the defendant to do the injury to the person of the party injured, is held to be essential to the • establishment of liability of the defendant in an action of trespass for an assault and battery, and malice or wantonness besides, to an allowance for vindictive damages. There! may be trespass to the person and .liability for the actual 1 damage, without intention to commit it, but not an assault and battery.
For aught that this record discloses, the jury may have believed the testimony of the defendant and Curtis Razor, rather than that of the plaintiff, and found that all of the injuries to plaintiff were due solely to the collision of the carts, and that this was unintentional on the part of defendant; but, under the instructions given, that having put in motion and been in charge of the force that caused it, it was . his misfortune that he was unable to control it, which he must bear, and pay the damage resulting to plaintiff; that the amount found was only a fair compensation for his injuries; and that, had they been instructed that there could bs no rightful recovery in this action for such unintentional injury, they would have found for the defendant.
Other questions are somewhat discussed in the arguments, which, however, in another trial, in view of this opinion, are not likely to arise. The error above indicated is the one mainly relied on, and for that error the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.