By the Court, JohnsoX; J.
It is conceded by the defendant that the plaintiffs showed title to the premises in question, as the matter stood when they rested their case. There can be no doubt that the deed to their father from Perry Cornwall, dated March 19,1852, covers these premises, as do all the deeds in the plaintiffs’ chain of title, beginning with that of Baltus Lingenfelter to Aaron Putnam, of July 13, 1824. All these deeds describe the south line of the premises as a line 24 chains 59 links in length, and this corresponding with the other lines in the deed, from a certain and undisputed starting point, would, beyond any doubt, embrace the lands in question.
The only questions in the case arise upon the defendant’s offers to show title out of the ancestor of the plaintiffs, and in himself. He first proved a conveyance from Baltus Lingenfelter to Oliver Blanchard, dated March 20, 1829, of certain premises described therein by metes and bounds, and proved several successive conveyances of the same premises by the same description, the last being to himself from Edward Duggan, dated April 1, 1853. It was claimed by the defendant that the premises thus conveyed would overlap the premises described in the deed from Baltus Lingenfelter to Putnam, and in those down to Raynor, the father of the plaintiffs, so as to shorten the south line of their premises, making it only 19 chains and 91 links, instead of 24 chains 59 links. The defendant then ¡Droved a conveyance from John M. Raynor to himself, dated April 30, 1857, of nine acres of land, described by metes and bounds, which description commenced as follows: “Beginning at the north-east corner of lands [523]*523owiled by the party of the first part, and by the litre fence, and running thence south,” &c. The land conveyed by this deed, the defendant claimed, was the land in question in this action. For the purpose of establishing this claim, the defendant offered to show where the line fence, mentioned in the deed as the starting point, was located, and that it was located on the-line between the two farms of Baynor and the defendant, according to the line described in the defendant’s deed of his premises as conveyed by Lingenfelter to Blanchard, March -20, 1829, and was the same fence which had stood there over twenty-five years as the division fence between the two farms. He also offered to prove that the land on the east side of said line fence had been cleared and cultivated for over twenty-three years before the commenement of this action, and during all that timé had been in the ex-elusive possession of the defendant and those under whom he derived title, under the conveyance last aforesaid. This was objected to b.y the plaintiff upon two grounds. First, as immaterial under the pleadings; and second, because the statute of limitations had not been set up by the answer. The court sustained both objections, and refused to allow evidence to be given-. The court also ruled, as appears by the case, that the starting point was, as matter of law, at a point twenty-four chains and fifty-nine links from the west line of the plaintiffs’ lot, and not from the line fence. | The answer was a general denial of the allegations in the complaint, only. !
The real question in dispute to be tried between the parties, in this aspect of the case, was whether Baynor,1 the plaintiffs’ father, had not himself conveyed the six acres in question to the defendant. This depended altogether upon the true starting point mentioned and described in the deed. The parties of course intended to have but one starting point, and the deed is to be so interpreted as to name and describe but one, in fact, although two objects are named to indicate more clearly its location. But suppose it turns out as matter [524]*524of fact, which’ can be clearly established by evidence, that the two objects named to indicate the one point are not together, but on the contrary, are several chains apart; and that Ray-nor, at the time he executed and delivered the deed to the defendant, had never occupied or claimed to own the land beyond the line fence, and did not know, or claim, that his deed under which he held, carried his premises beyond the Ene fence mentioned. Upon such a state of facts, which of the two objects would the law hold to be the starting point given in the instrument ? Host clearly, as it seems to me, the fence must be held, in such a case, to be the true starting point. It was a visible, tangible object, and if the granting party had never occupied or claimed to own beyond it, the intention of the parties, and the meaning of the instrument, would be too clear for dispute or question. This was the precise state of things' the defendant sought to estabEsh by the evidence which, he offered to introduce.. But the judge excluded the evidence offered, and then rejected one of the objects named to indibate the starting point from the description. This, I think, was clearly erroneous. I do not see how it can be said as matter of law, even in the absence of all evidence given or offered, that the corner, of land as indicated by the number of chains and links from a given point, is more certain than a division. fence standing at the time of the conveyance) especially where it does not appear-that there was any survey and measurement in fact, at the time such conveyance was made, in order to get a starting point or to give a description of the land to be conveyed. The general rule certainly is, that cotirses and distances must yield to natural or artificial monuments or objects. This is upon the legal presumption that all grants and conveyances are made with reference to an actual view of: the premises by the parties thereto. (Wendell v. The People, 8 Wend. 183, 190.) The cases on this subject are numerous, and all one way. A false or mistaken particular may be rejected, where there are definite and certain particulars, [525]*525sufficient to locate the grant. (Loomis v. Jackson, 19 John. 449. Jackson v. Marsh, 6 Cowen, 281.) But prima facia a fixed visible monument can never be rejected as false or mistaken, in favor of mere course and distance, as the starting point, where there is nothing else in the terms of the grant to control and override the fixed and visible call. But the evidence was excluded as immaterial under the answer. This raises the question whether a defendant under a general denial can, in an action of this description, show title out of the plaintiff at the time of the commencement of the action. That he can do so, I entertain no doubt. The defendant here was in possession, and it was for the plaintiffs to show a right of possession as against the defendant. This they undertook to do by showing title in their ancestor on the 19th of March, 1852. This was enough to raise the presumption that the title continued in him until his death, and that the plaintiffs, as his heirs at law, took the same by inheritance. But this was a presumption only, and by no means conclusive. It might be rebutted by proof of a conveyance by the ancestor before his death and before the commencement of the action.
The real question at issue was not whether the ancestor once had title and the right of possession, but whether the plaintiffs, at the commencement of the action, had such title j and right. <’ The cardinal rule on this subject is, that under the general issue or a general denial of all the allegations of the complaint, the defendant may controvert by evidence any .and every fact which the plaintiff is bound to establish to make out his cause of action. (Andrews v. Bond, 16 Barb.
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By the Court, JohnsoX; J.
It is conceded by the defendant that the plaintiffs showed title to the premises in question, as the matter stood when they rested their case. There can be no doubt that the deed to their father from Perry Cornwall, dated March 19,1852, covers these premises, as do all the deeds in the plaintiffs’ chain of title, beginning with that of Baltus Lingenfelter to Aaron Putnam, of July 13, 1824. All these deeds describe the south line of the premises as a line 24 chains 59 links in length, and this corresponding with the other lines in the deed, from a certain and undisputed starting point, would, beyond any doubt, embrace the lands in question.
The only questions in the case arise upon the defendant’s offers to show title out of the ancestor of the plaintiffs, and in himself. He first proved a conveyance from Baltus Lingenfelter to Oliver Blanchard, dated March 20, 1829, of certain premises described therein by metes and bounds, and proved several successive conveyances of the same premises by the same description, the last being to himself from Edward Duggan, dated April 1, 1853. It was claimed by the defendant that the premises thus conveyed would overlap the premises described in the deed from Baltus Lingenfelter to Putnam, and in those down to Raynor, the father of the plaintiffs, so as to shorten the south line of their premises, making it only 19 chains and 91 links, instead of 24 chains 59 links. The defendant then ¡Droved a conveyance from John M. Raynor to himself, dated April 30, 1857, of nine acres of land, described by metes and bounds, which description commenced as follows: “Beginning at the north-east corner of lands [523]*523owiled by the party of the first part, and by the litre fence, and running thence south,” &c. The land conveyed by this deed, the defendant claimed, was the land in question in this action. For the purpose of establishing this claim, the defendant offered to show where the line fence, mentioned in the deed as the starting point, was located, and that it was located on the-line between the two farms of Baynor and the defendant, according to the line described in the defendant’s deed of his premises as conveyed by Lingenfelter to Blanchard, March -20, 1829, and was the same fence which had stood there over twenty-five years as the division fence between the two farms. He also offered to prove that the land on the east side of said line fence had been cleared and cultivated for over twenty-three years before the commenement of this action, and during all that timé had been in the ex-elusive possession of the defendant and those under whom he derived title, under the conveyance last aforesaid. This was objected to b.y the plaintiff upon two grounds. First, as immaterial under the pleadings; and second, because the statute of limitations had not been set up by the answer. The court sustained both objections, and refused to allow evidence to be given-. The court also ruled, as appears by the case, that the starting point was, as matter of law, at a point twenty-four chains and fifty-nine links from the west line of the plaintiffs’ lot, and not from the line fence. | The answer was a general denial of the allegations in the complaint, only. !
The real question in dispute to be tried between the parties, in this aspect of the case, was whether Baynor,1 the plaintiffs’ father, had not himself conveyed the six acres in question to the defendant. This depended altogether upon the true starting point mentioned and described in the deed. The parties of course intended to have but one starting point, and the deed is to be so interpreted as to name and describe but one, in fact, although two objects are named to indicate more clearly its location. But suppose it turns out as matter [524]*524of fact, which’ can be clearly established by evidence, that the two objects named to indicate the one point are not together, but on the contrary, are several chains apart; and that Ray-nor, at the time he executed and delivered the deed to the defendant, had never occupied or claimed to own the land beyond the line fence, and did not know, or claim, that his deed under which he held, carried his premises beyond the Ene fence mentioned. Upon such a state of facts, which of the two objects would the law hold to be the starting point given in the instrument ? Host clearly, as it seems to me, the fence must be held, in such a case, to be the true starting point. It was a visible, tangible object, and if the granting party had never occupied or claimed to own beyond it, the intention of the parties, and the meaning of the instrument, would be too clear for dispute or question. This was the precise state of things' the defendant sought to estabEsh by the evidence which, he offered to introduce.. But the judge excluded the evidence offered, and then rejected one of the objects named to indibate the starting point from the description. This, I think, was clearly erroneous. I do not see how it can be said as matter of law, even in the absence of all evidence given or offered, that the corner, of land as indicated by the number of chains and links from a given point, is more certain than a division. fence standing at the time of the conveyance) especially where it does not appear-that there was any survey and measurement in fact, at the time such conveyance was made, in order to get a starting point or to give a description of the land to be conveyed. The general rule certainly is, that cotirses and distances must yield to natural or artificial monuments or objects. This is upon the legal presumption that all grants and conveyances are made with reference to an actual view of: the premises by the parties thereto. (Wendell v. The People, 8 Wend. 183, 190.) The cases on this subject are numerous, and all one way. A false or mistaken particular may be rejected, where there are definite and certain particulars, [525]*525sufficient to locate the grant. (Loomis v. Jackson, 19 John. 449. Jackson v. Marsh, 6 Cowen, 281.) But prima facia a fixed visible monument can never be rejected as false or mistaken, in favor of mere course and distance, as the starting point, where there is nothing else in the terms of the grant to control and override the fixed and visible call. But the evidence was excluded as immaterial under the answer. This raises the question whether a defendant under a general denial can, in an action of this description, show title out of the plaintiff at the time of the commencement of the action. That he can do so, I entertain no doubt. The defendant here was in possession, and it was for the plaintiffs to show a right of possession as against the defendant. This they undertook to do by showing title in their ancestor on the 19th of March, 1852. This was enough to raise the presumption that the title continued in him until his death, and that the plaintiffs, as his heirs at law, took the same by inheritance. But this was a presumption only, and by no means conclusive. It might be rebutted by proof of a conveyance by the ancestor before his death and before the commencement of the action.
The real question at issue was not whether the ancestor once had title and the right of possession, but whether the plaintiffs, at the commencement of the action, had such title j and right. <’ The cardinal rule on this subject is, that under the general issue or a general denial of all the allegations of the complaint, the defendant may controvert by evidence any .and every fact which the plaintiff is bound to establish to make out his cause of action. (Andrews v. Bond, 16 Barb. 633.) He can not, under such an answer, prove a discharge of a cause of action once existing in the plaintiff against him, because that is an affirmative defense, or new matter which must be pleaded. 1 But he may show that the plaintiff never had any such cause of action against him as is alleged in the complaint. Of course if Raynor had, in his lifetime, conveyed the premises in question to the defendant, the plaintiffs [526]*526never had any such cause of action against him, and it was wholly unnecessary to set up such conveyance in the answer. It was well settled under the former practice, that a defendant, under the general issue, might show title out of the plaintiff a't the commencement of the action, without even' connecting himself with it in any way. (Gillett v. Stanley, 1 Hill, 121. Schauber v. Jackson, 2 Wend. 13, 48.) TMs proceeded upon the.fundamental rule in actions of ejectment, that the plaintiff must always recover upon the strength of his own title. (Till. Ad. on Eject. 285, 286.) The same rule prevails in actions for the recovery of personal property or its value. The defendant may, under the general denial, show that the plaintiff was not the owner at the commencement of the action, though generally, in such case, he must connect himself with the title. (King v. Orser, 4 Duer, 431. Hoyt v. Van Alstyne, 15 Barb. 568. Duncan v. Spear, 11 Wend. 54. Davis v. Hoppock, 6 Duer, 254. Schermerhorn v. Van Allen, 18 Barb. 29, 31. Amburger v. Marvin, 4 E. D. Smith, 393. Little v. Wilson, Id. 422.)
In respect to the plaintiffs’ second objection to the evidence offered, it had no pertinency whatever, if the defendant claimed title to the six acres in question, by virtue of his. conveyance from Raynor of the nine acres on the 30th of April, 1857, and not by virtue of his deed from Duggan in 1853, and the conveyance by Lingenfelter to Blanchard ip 1829. In. that case there was no statute of limitations in question, as there was no claim to these six acres, by adverse possession, on the. part of the defendant. Upon that view of the case, and under that claim of title, the evidence, as I have before shown, would be competent and material to show the true starting point given by the deed. But if it was intended to claim title to the six acres under the conveyance from Lingenfelter to Blanchard, and by adverse possession under that claim of title, it should unquestionably have been pleaded for that purpose, or it was inadmissible to establish such title. Upon that hypothesis Raynor’s title, being the oldest, and [527]*527from the same source, was the true title, and the defendant’s conveyance from Duggan, and those under whom he claimed, so far as the promises in question are .concerned, conferred no title. I^The Code (§ 74) is conclusive upon this question, that such an objection can only be taken by answer. )l But being competent for the other purpose, it should have been admitted,, and restricted to that purpose only. If could not, un-~) der the proper objection, have been allowed to raise the ques- ' tion oi title by adverse possession, as that objection was not raised by the answer. Where evidence is competent for ope purpose and not for another, it should be admitted to establish the fact which it is competent to prove, and its operation restricted to that.
[Monroe General Term,
September 3, 1866.
There must therefore be a new trial, with costs to abide the event.
WeUes} 22. 2)anoin Smith And fJohnson, Justices,]