NUMBERS 13-22-00621-CR, 13-22-00622-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
RAYMOND ELENO RODRIGUEZ JR. A/K/A GREEN EYES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 105th District Court of Kleberg County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Tijerina, Silva, and Peña Memorandum Opinion by Justice Peña
Appellant Raymond Eleno Rodriguez Jr. a/k/a Green Eyes appeals two judgments revoking his community supervision and adjudicating him guilty of five felony offenses, 1
each enhanced for punishment by Rodriguez’s multiple prior felony convictions. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). The trial court sentenced Rodriguez to five concurrent thirty-
year prison terms. In both appeals, Rodriguez argues his sentences are grossly
disproportionate to the seriousness of the offenses in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s
proscription of cruel and unusual punishment. See U.S. CONST. amend VIII. In appellate
cause number 13-22-00621-CR, we affirm as modified. In appellate cause number 13-
22-00622-CR, we affirm.
I. CRUEL & UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law
The Eighth Amendment—made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth
Amendment—prohibits the imposition of cruel and unusual punishments, which includes
extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the crime. Graham v. Florida, 560
U.S. 48, 58–60 (2010); see U.S. CONST. amend. VIII (“Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”); id.
amend. XIV. An allegation of excessive or disproportionate punishment is a legal claim
based on a “narrow principle that does not require strict proportionality between the crime
and the sentence.” State v. Simpson, 488 S.W.3d 318, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). A successful
1 In appellate cause number 13-22-00621-CR, Rodriguez appeals his convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, aggravated assault of a public servant, possession of a controlled substance in penalty group one in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams, and tampering with evidence. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.02(a)(2), (b)(2), 37.09; TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(c). In appellate cause number 13-22-00622-CR, Rodriguez appeals a conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2). 2 challenge to proportionality is exceedingly rare and requires a finding of “gross
disproportionality.” Id. at 322–23 (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003)). To
determine whether a sentence is grossly disproportionate, “a court must judge the
severity of the sentence in light of the harm caused or threatened to the victim, the
culpability of the offender, and the offender’s prior adjudicated and unadjudicated
offenses.” Id. at 323 (citing Graham, 560 U.S. at 60). “In the rare case in which this
threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, the court should
then compare the defendant’s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders
in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other
jurisdictions.” Id. “If this comparative analysis validates an initial judgment that the
sentence is grossly disproportionate, the sentence is cruel and unusual.” Id.
“Only twice has the Supreme Court held that a non-capital sentence imposed on
an adult was constitutionally disproportionate.” Id. (first citing Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S.
277 (1983) (holding that life imprisonment without parole was a grossly disproportionate
sentence for the crime of uttering a no-account check for $100); and then citing Weems
v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910) (holding that fifteen years punishment in a prison
camp was grossly disproportionate to the crime of falsifying a public record)). A trial
court’s discretion to assess punishment within the statutory range is essentially
unfettered. Ex parte Chavez, 213 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Generally,
punishment assessed within the statutory limits is not excessive, cruel, or unusual. See
Trevino v. State, 174 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2005, pet.
ref’d). Rodriguez was convicted of five felony offenses that were each enhanced for
3 punishment pursuant to § 12.42(d) of the penal code, which provides:
if it is shown on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). “Under this statute, sentence is imposed to reflect the
seriousness of [a defendant’s] most recent offense, not as it stands alone, but in light of
prior offenses.” Winchester v. State, 246 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008,
pet. ref’d) (citing Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 276 (1980) (holding that a life sentence
under Texas’s recidivist statute was not cruel and unusual)).
B. Preservation
“[We] may not reverse a judgment of conviction without first addressing any issue
of error preservation.” Darcy v. State, 488 S.W.3d 325, 327–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)
(first citing Gipson v. State, 383 S.W.3d 152, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); and then citing
Meadoux v. State, 325 S.W.3d 189, 193 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). To preserve a
complaint that a sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, a defendant must
present to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds
for the ruling desired. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Smith v. State, 721 S.W.2d 844, 855
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Navarro v. State, 588 S.W.3d 689, 690 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2019, no pet.) (holding that to preserve a disproportionate-sentencing complaint, the
defendant must make a timely, specific objection in the trial court or raise the issue in a
motion for new trial); Toledo v. State, 519 S.W.3d 273, 284 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
4 Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (same).
C. Analysis
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NUMBERS 13-22-00621-CR, 13-22-00622-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
RAYMOND ELENO RODRIGUEZ JR. A/K/A GREEN EYES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 105th District Court of Kleberg County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Tijerina, Silva, and Peña Memorandum Opinion by Justice Peña
Appellant Raymond Eleno Rodriguez Jr. a/k/a Green Eyes appeals two judgments revoking his community supervision and adjudicating him guilty of five felony offenses, 1
each enhanced for punishment by Rodriguez’s multiple prior felony convictions. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). The trial court sentenced Rodriguez to five concurrent thirty-
year prison terms. In both appeals, Rodriguez argues his sentences are grossly
disproportionate to the seriousness of the offenses in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s
proscription of cruel and unusual punishment. See U.S. CONST. amend VIII. In appellate
cause number 13-22-00621-CR, we affirm as modified. In appellate cause number 13-
22-00622-CR, we affirm.
I. CRUEL & UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law
The Eighth Amendment—made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth
Amendment—prohibits the imposition of cruel and unusual punishments, which includes
extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the crime. Graham v. Florida, 560
U.S. 48, 58–60 (2010); see U.S. CONST. amend. VIII (“Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”); id.
amend. XIV. An allegation of excessive or disproportionate punishment is a legal claim
based on a “narrow principle that does not require strict proportionality between the crime
and the sentence.” State v. Simpson, 488 S.W.3d 318, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). A successful
1 In appellate cause number 13-22-00621-CR, Rodriguez appeals his convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, aggravated assault of a public servant, possession of a controlled substance in penalty group one in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams, and tampering with evidence. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.02(a)(2), (b)(2), 37.09; TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(c). In appellate cause number 13-22-00622-CR, Rodriguez appeals a conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2). 2 challenge to proportionality is exceedingly rare and requires a finding of “gross
disproportionality.” Id. at 322–23 (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003)). To
determine whether a sentence is grossly disproportionate, “a court must judge the
severity of the sentence in light of the harm caused or threatened to the victim, the
culpability of the offender, and the offender’s prior adjudicated and unadjudicated
offenses.” Id. at 323 (citing Graham, 560 U.S. at 60). “In the rare case in which this
threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, the court should
then compare the defendant’s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders
in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other
jurisdictions.” Id. “If this comparative analysis validates an initial judgment that the
sentence is grossly disproportionate, the sentence is cruel and unusual.” Id.
“Only twice has the Supreme Court held that a non-capital sentence imposed on
an adult was constitutionally disproportionate.” Id. (first citing Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S.
277 (1983) (holding that life imprisonment without parole was a grossly disproportionate
sentence for the crime of uttering a no-account check for $100); and then citing Weems
v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910) (holding that fifteen years punishment in a prison
camp was grossly disproportionate to the crime of falsifying a public record)). A trial
court’s discretion to assess punishment within the statutory range is essentially
unfettered. Ex parte Chavez, 213 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Generally,
punishment assessed within the statutory limits is not excessive, cruel, or unusual. See
Trevino v. State, 174 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2005, pet.
ref’d). Rodriguez was convicted of five felony offenses that were each enhanced for
3 punishment pursuant to § 12.42(d) of the penal code, which provides:
if it is shown on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). “Under this statute, sentence is imposed to reflect the
seriousness of [a defendant’s] most recent offense, not as it stands alone, but in light of
prior offenses.” Winchester v. State, 246 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008,
pet. ref’d) (citing Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 276 (1980) (holding that a life sentence
under Texas’s recidivist statute was not cruel and unusual)).
B. Preservation
“[We] may not reverse a judgment of conviction without first addressing any issue
of error preservation.” Darcy v. State, 488 S.W.3d 325, 327–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)
(first citing Gipson v. State, 383 S.W.3d 152, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); and then citing
Meadoux v. State, 325 S.W.3d 189, 193 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). To preserve a
complaint that a sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, a defendant must
present to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds
for the ruling desired. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Smith v. State, 721 S.W.2d 844, 855
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Navarro v. State, 588 S.W.3d 689, 690 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2019, no pet.) (holding that to preserve a disproportionate-sentencing complaint, the
defendant must make a timely, specific objection in the trial court or raise the issue in a
motion for new trial); Toledo v. State, 519 S.W.3d 273, 284 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
4 Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (same).
C. Analysis
Rodriguez did not object in the trial court that his sentence was disproportionate to
the charged offenses or unconstitutional in any manner. Furthermore, the thirty-year
sentences falls within the lower end of the statutory punishment range for felony offenses
enhanced under the habitual felony offender statute. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 12.42(d) (life, or a term of twenty-five to ninety-nine years). Accordingly, we hold that
Rodriguez failed to preserve this complaint for our review. See Trevino, 174 S.W.3d at
927–28 (“Because the sentence imposed is within the punishment range and is not illegal,
we conclude that the rights [appellant] asserts for the first time on appeal are not so
fundamental as to have relieved him of the necessity of a timely, specific trial objection.”);
see also Winchester, 246 S.W.3d at 391 (holding that consecutive life sentences for a
habitual felony offender was not cruel and unusual punishment).
Even if we were to address Rodriguez’s Eighth Amendment claim and assume a
threshold inference of disproportionality, he presented no evidence in the trial court, and
presents no argument on appeal, “compar[ing] [his] sentence with the sentences received
by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same
crime in other jurisdictions.” Simpson, 488 S.W.3d at 323. Absent this comparative
analysis, we are unable to conclude that the sentences are grossly disproportionate. See
id.; see also Esquivel v. State, No. 13-21-00179-CR, 2022 WL 17492274, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Dec. 8, 2022, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (rejecting Eighth Amendment challenge where appellant offered no
5 comparative evidence of sentences received by other offenders). We overrule
Rodriguez’s sole issue in each appellate cause.
II. MODIFICATION
In appellate cause number 13-22-00621-CR, Rodriguez pleaded guilty to
possession of a controlled substance in penalty group one in an amount of one gram or
more but less than four grams, which is a violation of Texas Health and Safety Code
§ 481.115(c). See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(c). Yet the trial court’s
judgment reflects a conviction under Texas Health and Safety Code § 481.116 which
governs possession of controlled substances in penalty group two. See id. § 481.116.
We may modify incorrect judgments to make the record “speak the truth” when we
have the necessary information, and we may do so on our own motion. Asberry v. State,
813 S.W.2d 526, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet. ref’d); see TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b).
We have the power to modify whatever the trial court could have corrected by a judgment
nunc pro tunc when the information necessary to correct the judgment appears in the
record. Ette v. State, 551 S.W.3d 783, 792 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017), aff’d, 559
S.W.3d 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). We conclude that the necessary information appears
in the record. See id. Therefore, we modify the trial court’s judgment in appellate cause
number 13-22-00621-CR to reflect a conviction under Texas Health and Safety Code
6 § 481.115(c).
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm as modified the trial court’s judgment in appellate cause number 13-22-
00621-CR. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in appellate cause number 13-22-00622-
CR.
L. ARON PEÑA JR. Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed on the 29th day of June, 2023.