Rawls v. USA

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: July 31, 2025
• Docket: 24-4646
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2025

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

JASON M. RAWLS, No. 24-4646 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 8:23-cv-00364-JWH-JDE v. MEMORANDUM* UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; SECRETARY OF THE ARMY,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John W. Holcomb, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted May 12, 2025 Pasadena, California

Before: OWENS, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges. Dissent by Judge BENNETT

Jason Rawls appeals the judgment dismissing his first amended complaint as

untimely under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo. Ford v. Long Beach Unified Sch.

Dist., 461 F.3d 1087, 1089 (9th Cir. 2006). We vacate and remand.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1. Actions brought under the Administrative Procedure Act are subject

to a six-year statute of limitations. See 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a). Rawls challenges the

Army Board for Correction of Military Records (ABCMR)’s decision denying his

request for reconsideration, not the ABCMR’s earlier decision denying his initial

application for relief. See First Am. Compl. ¶ 1; Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss

First Am. Compl. at 5. The ABCMR issued the decision denying reconsideration in

2021, and Rawls commenced this action in 2023. Rawls’s complaint was therefore

timely. The district court erred by concluding otherwise.

2. That is not the end of the matter. Rawls must also establish that the

ABCMR’s 2021 decision is judicially reviewable. To do so, he must show that his

2018 request for reconsideration was both timely and based on either “new

evidence” or “changed circumstances.”1 We consider these questions in turn.

a. We conclude that Rawls’s request for reconsideration was timely

because it was filed in accordance with 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(3)(D), which states

that “[a]ny request for reconsideration of a determination of a board under this

section, no matter when filed, shall be reconsidered by a board under this section if

supported by materials not previously presented to or considered by the board in

1 We assume without deciding that an ABCMR decision denying a request for reconsideration is not judicially reviewable unless the underlying request for reconsideration was timely. Cf. ICC v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 482 U.S. 270, 276 (1987) (noting that the petitioners had filed their requests for reconsideration “[w]ithin the period prescribed by [Interstate Commerce] Commission rules”).

2 24-4646 making such determination.” The district court declined to apply § 1552(a)(3)(D)

“retroactively” to Rawls’s request for reconsideration. But this case does not

involve a retroactive application of § 1552(a)(3)(D).

First, although § 1552(a)(3)(D) imposes a new duty on boards for the

correction of military records, this case does not involve a retroactive application

of this duty. Section 1552(a)(3)(D) became effective in December 2016, and Rawls

filed his request for reconsideration in 2018. Thus, as applied to Rawls’s request

for reconsideration, § 1552(a)(3)(D) imposes a new duty prospectively rather than

retroactively.

Second, this case is not governed by the principle that “a newly enacted

statute that lengthens the applicable statute of limitations may not be applied

retroactively to revive a plaintiff’s claim that was otherwise barred under the old

statutory scheme because to do so would ‘alter the substantive rights’ of a party.”

Chenault v. U.S. Postal Serv., 37 F.3d 535, 539 (9th Cir. 1994). A federal

regulation states that requests for ABCMR reconsideration must be filed within

one year. See 32 C.F.R. § 581.3(g)(4). But the Applicant’s Guide to Applying to

the Army Board for Correction of Military Records states that this deadline “will

be waived in the interest of justice and the case will be reconsidered by the

ABCMR” on the merits where, as here, “any substantial new relevant evidence has

been submitted that was not previously considered by the Board.” Rawls invoked

3 24-4646 this provision here, and the ABCMR proceeded to consider Rawls’s request for

reconsideration on the merits. We are therefore persuaded that Rawls’s request for

reconsideration was timely under the pre-§ 1552(a)(3)(D) statutory scheme,

rendering Chenault inapplicable.

b. An agency decision denying reconsideration is judicially reviewable

when the underlying request for reconsideration is based on “new evidence or

changed circumstances.” Locomotive Eng’rs, 482 U.S. at 284. The district court

did not address whether Rawls’s request for reconsideration was based on “new

evidence” or “changed circumstances,” and the parties have not meaningfully

briefed this issue on appeal. We therefore decline to address it. See Planned

Parenthood of Greater Wash. & N. Idaho v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.,

946 F.3d 1100, 1114 (9th Cir. 2020). If the issue arises on remand, the district

court should bear in mind that Locomotive Engineers’ “new evidence” prong

requires evidence that is both newly presented and newly available. See Fry v.

DEA, 353 F.3d 1041, 1044 (9th Cir. 2003); Friends of Sierra R.R., Inc. v. ICC, 881

F.2d 663, 667 (9th Cir. 1989). In addition, if the issue arises on remand, the district

court may wish to consider whether the changed circumstances standard governing

Rule 60(b)(5) has any bearing on the “changed circumstances” prong under

Locomotive Engineers. See Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433, 447–48 (2009). We

express no opinion on that subject.

4 24-4646 VACATED AND REMANDED.2

2 Costs on appeal are awarded to Rawls. See Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(4).

5 24-4646 FILED Rawls v. United States, et al., No. 24-4646 JUL 31 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK BENNETT, Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

A petition for reconsideration must be both timely and justiciable. Because

Plaintiff Jason Rawls’s petition for reconsideration was neither, his statute of

limitations began to run when he first received the Army Board for Correction of

Military Records’ (ABCMR) adverse decision in April 2015. Rawls failed to file a

claim before the district court until March 2023. Because the Administrative

Procedure Act (APA) has a six-year statute of limitations, 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a), the

district court did not err in finding that his suit was untimely. Thus, I respectfully

dissent.

1. Rawls’s 2018 petition for reconsideration was not timely. When his petition

for review was denied in April 2015, then-existing regulations provided that Rawls

had to file a “request for reconsideration within 1 year of the ABCMR’s original

decision.” 32 C.F.R. § 581.3(g)(4)(i) (2014). Rawls failed to do so. Instead, Rawls

filed his petition for reconsideration in 2018—more than two years after the deadline

to petition for reconsideration had passed. The majority attempts to cast Rawls’s

2018 petition as timely because 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(3)(D) “became effective in

December 2016, and Rawls filed his request for reconsideration in 2018.” Maj. at

3. But the majority ignores when the agency decision for which Rawls sought

reconsideration was made. Because Rawls received his adverse decision in 2015,

1 the timing requirements for requests for reconsideration as they existed in 2015

apply. Thus, Rawls’s 2018 petition was untimely.

A statute enacted in 2016 can apply to a 2015 administrative decision only if

the statute is retroactive. See Chang v. United States, 327 F.3d 911, 920 (9th Cir.

2003) (“Whether a statute has a retroactive effect is a fairly straightforward question:

it is retroactive if it alters the legal consequences of acts completed before its

effective date.”); INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 321 (2001) (“A statute has retroactive

effect when it ‘takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or

creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability, in respect

to transactions or considerations already past . . . .’” (alteration in original) (quoting

Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 269 (1994))). That is particularly true

here, because the 2018 petition was a petition for reconsideration; we cannot divorce

the timing of a petition for reconsideration from the date of the original agency

decision.

But the changes in 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(3)(D) do not apply retroactively.

Congress did not instruct that the statute applies retroactively. See Lindh v. Murphy,

521 U.S. 320, 328 n.4 (1997) (“[C]ases where this Court has found truly ‘retroactive’

effect adequately authorized by a statute have involved statutory language that was

so clear that it could sustain only one interpretation.” (emphasis added)). And our

precedent instructs that “a newly enacted statute that lengthens the applicable statute

2 of limitations may not be applied retroactively to revive a plaintiff’s claim that was

otherwise barred under the old statutory scheme because to do so would ‘alter the

substantive rights’ of a party and ‘increase a party’s liability.’” 1 Chenault v. U.S.

Postal Serv., 37 F.3d 535, 539 (9th Cir. 1994). Because Rawls did not timely petition

for reconsideration by April 2016, his opportunity for reconsideration had expired.

Rawls’s claim would be revived, altering the substantive rights of the Army, if he is

now allowed to petition for reconsideration. Therefore, 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(3)(D)

cannot be applied retroactively.

2. Even if his 2018 petition was timely, which it was not, Rawls’s request for

reconsideration was not justiciable under ICC v. Brotherhood of Locomotive

Engineers, 482 U.S. 270 (1987). 2 To be justiciable, a petition for reconsideration

1 The majority says this principle does not apply because the Applicant’s Guide to Applying to the Army Board for Correction of Military Records states that the deadline can be waived if substantial new evidence is presented. Maj. at 3–4. As discussed below, Rawls did not present new evidence. But even if he had, the Guide did not contain this language in 2015, when Rawls received his initial decision. See Exhibit B, Nat’l Veterans Legal Servs. Program v. Dep’t of Def., No. 14-cv-01915 (D.D.C. Jan. 20, 2015), ECF No. 9-2. The language that the majority relies on appears to have been included after Congress made changes to 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(3)(D) in December 2016. 2 The district court did not evaluate whether there was new evidence or changed circumstances under Locomotive Engineers, and the majority declines to reach this issue. Maj at 4–5. But “[w]e may affirm on any basis supported by the record,” Fisher v. Kealoha, 855 F.3d 1067, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017) (per curiam), and because Rawls’s petition was not made “on the basis of new evidence or changed circumstances,” Locomotive Eng’rs, 482 U.S. at 284, I would affirm. 3 must be made “on the basis of new evidence or changed circumstances.” Id. at 284.

Otherwise, the agency’s refusal is “ploughed ground” and “nonreviewable.” Id.

The majority suggests that “the district court may wish to consider whether

the changed circumstances standard governing [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure]

60(b)(5) has any bearing on” this standard. Maj. at 4. Rule 60(b)(5) applies to final

judgments by the district courts and “may not be used to challenge the legal

conclusions on which a prior judgment or order rests.” Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S.

433, 447 (2009). But Locomotive Engineers dealt with the justiciability of agency

denials of petitions for reconsideration, not district court judgments. Any changes

to Rule 60(b)(5) are therefore inapplicable to Locomotive Engineers.

Rawls failed to present new evidence in his petition for reconsideration.

Rawls included evidence that the Army was aware of his schizophrenia diagnosis

and that his family attempted to contact the Army about his mental health issues.

But this evidence was available at the time of the original decision. See Fry v. DEA,

353 F.3d 1041, 1044 (9th Cir. 2003) (Evidence that a petitioner could have

introduced at the time of the initial decision “is not ‘new’ evidence.”).

Rawls argues that the Kurta Memorandum constituted new evidence or

changed circumstances not before the Board in 2015. But “new evidence or changed

circumstances” are limited to changed facts, not changes to administrative policy.

The Supreme Court described “new evidence or changed circumstances” in

4 Locomotive Engineers as “facts which, through no fault of his own, the original

proceeding did not contain” and “new data.” 482 U.S. at 279 (emphases added). By

contrast, a petition lacking “new evidence or changed circumstances” presented “the

same substance that could have been brought there by appeal from the original

order” and “the same record that was before the agency when it rendered its original

decision.” Id. at 279, 280 (emphases added). The Supreme Court’s language clearly

forecloses changes to policy or to the standard of review from constituting new

evidence. Further, Locomotive Engineers’s limitation would be meaningless if any

policy change, like the Kurta Memorandum, amounted to “new evidence or changed

circumstances” permitting review. A petitioner could endlessly petition for

reconsideration because any change to policy would render a petition justiciable, no

matter how many decades old the original decision was or how slight the policy

change was. Because the Kurta Memorandum is not new data or facts, Rawls’s

petition for reconsideration was not justiciable.

* * *

Rawls received a final agency decision in April 2015. His statute of

limitations began to run then. See Corner Post, Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed.

Rsrv. Sys., 603 U.S. 799, 809 (2024) (“A right of action ‘accrues’ when the plaintiff

has a ‘complete and present cause of action’—i.e., when she has the right to ‘file suit

and obtain relief.’” (quoting Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547, 554 (2016))). Rawls

5 failed to file suit until March 2023, far past the six-year statute of limitations under

the APA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a). Rawls’s 2018 petition for reconsideration was

not timely and was not justiciable. Therefore, it did not toll the running of his statute

of limitations. For these reasons, I would affirm the district court’s dismissal of

Rawls’s complaint as untimely. I respectfully dissent.