Hooker, J.:
This appeal from an order denying the plaintiff’s motion to make permanent ah injunction order pendente lite restraining-the individual defendants, plaintiff’s codirectors in ’ the defendant corporation, from depriving plaintiff of his position as a director -of the. corporation,-and from interfering with-him to prevent.-his performing bis duties-.as such director, squarely brings up for decision, the question of law whether the plaintiff’s fellow-directors have the power to enact the by-law in question and ■ expel the plaintiff as such-director. Becourse is justly had to the courts, for it is said: The visitatorial supervision inherent, in the courts (when not regulated by statute) over the affairs of public .or private corporations, extends to the investigation of their proceedings for-the purpose of keeping ■them within their chartered powers and protecting the rights of members-against usurpation Of the governing body to their prejudice.” (People ex rel. Johnson v. N. Y. Produce Exchange, 149 N. Y. 401, 409.)
[43]*43Plaintiff had been duly elected and was acting as director of defendant.corporation. During the term for which he was elected and while he was acting as such director his conduct, in. its attitude towards the business of the defendant corporation, was the subject of severe criticism by many of his fellow-directors. On September 10, 1907, at a regular meeting of the board of directors of the defendant corporation, the following amendment to the by-laws of the corporation was adopted, the plaintiff not voting in favor thereof: “ Any director may be expelled from the Board of Directors by a majority vote thereof at any regular or special meeting called for that purpose where such director shall.be guilty of conduct inimical to the best interests of the company or shall represent in any manner whatsoever or be identified with in any manner a rival concern, whether in the brewing or other line of business.” Prior to this attempted amendment of the by-laws there was nothing therein contained giving to the board of directors power to expel a fellow-director; nor, so far as appears, was there any provision in the articles of incorporation endowing the directors with this power. After the adoption of this amendment'notice was given to the plaintiff that at the next meeting of the directors of the defendant company, to be held on October 9, 1907, at three p. M., at the brewery office, charges -would be presented against him under- the amendment, which was cpioted, and the notice specified some twelve charges against him. 1 He appeared at the time mentioned in the notice and protested against the authority of filie board of directors to expel him as a director. The defendants proceeded over his protést, however, and adopted a resolution expelling him from the board of directors and declaring his position on the board vacant.
The court at Special Term, in denying the motion of the plaintiff to make the injunction order permanent, stated that the defendants' had the right to remove the plaintiff from the board of directors under the provisions of section 11, subdivision 5, chapter 563 of the Laws of 1890, as amended, and that the amendment- of September 10, 1907, of the by-laws of defendant company was not inconsistent with any existing laws of this State for the management of its property or the regulation of its affairs. The statute referred to by the Special Term is section 11 of the General Corporation Law [44]*44(Laws of 1890, chap... 563, .as am cl. by Laws of 1892; chap. 687, and Laws o'f 1895, chap. 672). . That section provides as follows:
“ Grant of general powérs.— Every corporation as such has power, though not specified' in the law under which it is . incorporated :**,*'
“ 5. To make by-laws, not inconsistent with any existing law, for the management of its property, the regulations of its affairs and the transfer of its stock, if it has any, and the calling of meetings of its members. Such by-laws may also fix the amount- of stock, which must be represented at meetings of the stockholders in order to constitute a quorum, unless otherwise' provided by law. By-laws duly adopted at a meeting of the members of the corporation shall control the action of its directors. Ro by-law adopted by the board of directors'regulating the election of directors or officers shall be valid unless published for at least once a week for two successive weeks in a newspaper in the county where the election is to be held, and at least thirty days before such election.”
It must, of course, be apparent-that when this statute provides that a corporation has power as such to make by-laws- not inconsistent with any existing law, the term existing law has reference, not only to statutes, but as well to decisions of the court in respect to. .what powers a corporation may possess or may not possess, where the subject is not covered by statutory enactment, for a by-law must, not be at variance with the law of the land.
It is to be noticed that there is no statutory provision in this State granting to directors the power to remove codirectors in the absence of provision in the fundamental law which governs the corporate affairs, namely, its articles of incorporation or by-laws adopted by the stockholders themselves.
We deem the rule to be that, in the absence of any specific statutory authority- and in.the absence of provisions in the articles of incorporation or in by-laws duly adopted by the stockholders of the corporation providing therefor, the board of directors of a business corporation, which this is, has no power to expel from the board of directors a fellow-director and, hence, no power to pass a valid amendment to.-the by-laws under and by virtue of which the directors may assume to. exercise that power.
It is stated in Beach on Private Corporations, section 223: [45]*45“ Directors themselves have no implied power to remove one of their own'number from office even for cause; nor to exclude him from taking part in their proceedings; and one whom, they attempt to exclude is entitled to an order restraining them from so doing.”
Mr. Cook goes further than this and states iri his work on Corporations (5th ed. § 711): “ The term of office of directors is usually fixed by the charter of the corporation or the statutes applying to it. Such being the case,’a director having been elected is entitled to hold his position until the expiration of his term of office. He cannot be turned out either by the stockholders, or the directors, or by a court.”
It is stated in a well-written article on the law of corporations in 10 Cye. 743 : “ It may be stated with confidence, on the analogies of the common law, that the removal of the directors or trustees of a corporation is a constituent act which can be performed only by the constituent body, that is to say,.in joint-stock corporations by the shareholders only; and that, in the absence of express statutory authorization thereto, directors cannot remove each other, although ,,-(referring to the statutes of the- State- of Washington) there are statutes changing this rule and conferring the power of removal upon the board of directors, generally to be exercised by a two-thirds vote." Nor can a board of directors create a vacancy in their board by ousting a director whom they may regard as ineligible; although it seems that they may decide and settje the actual fact of the existence of a vacancy for the purpose of filling it, and that this is the extent of their pqwer.”
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Hooker, J.:
This appeal from an order denying the plaintiff’s motion to make permanent ah injunction order pendente lite restraining-the individual defendants, plaintiff’s codirectors in ’ the defendant corporation, from depriving plaintiff of his position as a director -of the. corporation,-and from interfering with-him to prevent.-his performing bis duties-.as such director, squarely brings up for decision, the question of law whether the plaintiff’s fellow-directors have the power to enact the by-law in question and ■ expel the plaintiff as such-director. Becourse is justly had to the courts, for it is said: The visitatorial supervision inherent, in the courts (when not regulated by statute) over the affairs of public .or private corporations, extends to the investigation of their proceedings for-the purpose of keeping ■them within their chartered powers and protecting the rights of members-against usurpation Of the governing body to their prejudice.” (People ex rel. Johnson v. N. Y. Produce Exchange, 149 N. Y. 401, 409.)
[43]*43Plaintiff had been duly elected and was acting as director of defendant.corporation. During the term for which he was elected and while he was acting as such director his conduct, in. its attitude towards the business of the defendant corporation, was the subject of severe criticism by many of his fellow-directors. On September 10, 1907, at a regular meeting of the board of directors of the defendant corporation, the following amendment to the by-laws of the corporation was adopted, the plaintiff not voting in favor thereof: “ Any director may be expelled from the Board of Directors by a majority vote thereof at any regular or special meeting called for that purpose where such director shall.be guilty of conduct inimical to the best interests of the company or shall represent in any manner whatsoever or be identified with in any manner a rival concern, whether in the brewing or other line of business.” Prior to this attempted amendment of the by-laws there was nothing therein contained giving to the board of directors power to expel a fellow-director; nor, so far as appears, was there any provision in the articles of incorporation endowing the directors with this power. After the adoption of this amendment'notice was given to the plaintiff that at the next meeting of the directors of the defendant company, to be held on October 9, 1907, at three p. M., at the brewery office, charges -would be presented against him under- the amendment, which was cpioted, and the notice specified some twelve charges against him. 1 He appeared at the time mentioned in the notice and protested against the authority of filie board of directors to expel him as a director. The defendants proceeded over his protést, however, and adopted a resolution expelling him from the board of directors and declaring his position on the board vacant.
The court at Special Term, in denying the motion of the plaintiff to make the injunction order permanent, stated that the defendants' had the right to remove the plaintiff from the board of directors under the provisions of section 11, subdivision 5, chapter 563 of the Laws of 1890, as amended, and that the amendment- of September 10, 1907, of the by-laws of defendant company was not inconsistent with any existing laws of this State for the management of its property or the regulation of its affairs. The statute referred to by the Special Term is section 11 of the General Corporation Law [44]*44(Laws of 1890, chap... 563, .as am cl. by Laws of 1892; chap. 687, and Laws o'f 1895, chap. 672). . That section provides as follows:
“ Grant of general powérs.— Every corporation as such has power, though not specified' in the law under which it is . incorporated :**,*'
“ 5. To make by-laws, not inconsistent with any existing law, for the management of its property, the regulations of its affairs and the transfer of its stock, if it has any, and the calling of meetings of its members. Such by-laws may also fix the amount- of stock, which must be represented at meetings of the stockholders in order to constitute a quorum, unless otherwise' provided by law. By-laws duly adopted at a meeting of the members of the corporation shall control the action of its directors. Ro by-law adopted by the board of directors'regulating the election of directors or officers shall be valid unless published for at least once a week for two successive weeks in a newspaper in the county where the election is to be held, and at least thirty days before such election.”
It must, of course, be apparent-that when this statute provides that a corporation has power as such to make by-laws- not inconsistent with any existing law, the term existing law has reference, not only to statutes, but as well to decisions of the court in respect to. .what powers a corporation may possess or may not possess, where the subject is not covered by statutory enactment, for a by-law must, not be at variance with the law of the land.
It is to be noticed that there is no statutory provision in this State granting to directors the power to remove codirectors in the absence of provision in the fundamental law which governs the corporate affairs, namely, its articles of incorporation or by-laws adopted by the stockholders themselves.
We deem the rule to be that, in the absence of any specific statutory authority- and in.the absence of provisions in the articles of incorporation or in by-laws duly adopted by the stockholders of the corporation providing therefor, the board of directors of a business corporation, which this is, has no power to expel from the board of directors a fellow-director and, hence, no power to pass a valid amendment to.-the by-laws under and by virtue of which the directors may assume to. exercise that power.
It is stated in Beach on Private Corporations, section 223: [45]*45“ Directors themselves have no implied power to remove one of their own'number from office even for cause; nor to exclude him from taking part in their proceedings; and one whom, they attempt to exclude is entitled to an order restraining them from so doing.”
Mr. Cook goes further than this and states iri his work on Corporations (5th ed. § 711): “ The term of office of directors is usually fixed by the charter of the corporation or the statutes applying to it. Such being the case,’a director having been elected is entitled to hold his position until the expiration of his term of office. He cannot be turned out either by the stockholders, or the directors, or by a court.”
It is stated in a well-written article on the law of corporations in 10 Cye. 743 : “ It may be stated with confidence, on the analogies of the common law, that the removal of the directors or trustees of a corporation is a constituent act which can be performed only by the constituent body, that is to say,.in joint-stock corporations by the shareholders only; and that, in the absence of express statutory authorization thereto, directors cannot remove each other, although ,,-(referring to the statutes of the- State- of Washington) there are statutes changing this rule and conferring the power of removal upon the board of directors, generally to be exercised by a two-thirds vote." Nor can a board of directors create a vacancy in their board by ousting a director whom they may regard as ineligible; although it seems that they may decide and settje the actual fact of the existence of a vacancy for the purpose of filling it, and that this is the extent of their pqwer.”
In People ex rel. Muir v. Throop (12 Wend. 183) the defendant as cashier of the Cayuga County Bank had refused to permit a director to inspect the discount book, and this conduct on the part of the cashier had been approved by resolution on the part of the board of director's of the bank; it was held that the board of directors were without authority to pass a resolution excluding one of its members from an inspection of its books, although they believed-he was hostile to the interests of the institution, and man-damns was granted commanding the cashier to submit the book for inspection of the director who had been placed under the ban.
In Imperial Hydropathic Hotel Co. v. Hampson (L. R. 23 Ch. Div. 1) it was said that in the absence of statute or contract pro[46]*46visions contained in the articles of incorporation there is no power, even in stockholders, to remove directors of corporations created 'under the Companies Act of 1862 which permitted and provided for the creation óf business corporations.
In Laughlin v. Geer (121 Ill. App. 534) it was pointed out that the statutes of the State of Illinois provided that the directors or managers'of a'"corporation' might remove any of its officers when the interests of the corporation so required. It was decided that a director was an officer .of the corporation, but not such an officer. as might be removed under the power given by statute. In that case a by-law had been passed by the stockholders in the absence of the. complainant Geer, giving to the directors power to remove one of their'number in'-certain contingencies. In declaring tha| such' a by-law"at'common law was illegal and,void, the court said : “But the board of directors may not nullify the constitutional right of a stockholder to choose whomsoever he may think proper to represent him-on the board of directors: If a' board of directors . could ■ legally remove a member either with or without a by-law, such as ■was adopted by the ¡National 'Hollow Brake-Beam Company andy under which' the defendants were assuming to act, a power most dangerous to the minority stockholders .would be lodged with the majority stockholders which would enable them through the action of the directors chosen by them tó re-constitute the entire directory of a corporation as completely as if they owned every share of stock.' This is not their-right, nor have they this power, under the law of this State.” ’ • .
Our conclusion must be that the act of the.individual defendants as directors of the defendant corporation in passing the by-law and expelling the. plaintiff from the.board was illegal and void. The order appealed'from must, therefore, be reversed, with.'ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the motion to continue the injunction granted; with ten dollars costs. -
Woodward, Gaynor, Rich and Miller, Jj., concurred.
Order reversed, with ten -dollars-costs and disbursements, and motion to'‘continue the injunction granted, with ten dollars costs. ■