IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2022-KA-00493-COA
RAPHVELL BRADFORD A/K/A RAPHAEL APPELLANT BRADFORD
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/04/2022 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BARRY W. FORD COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HUMPHREYS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ROBERT FRED LINGOLD JR. CAMERON LEIGH BENTON ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: DANIELLE LOVE BURKS DISTRICT ATTORNEY: AKILLIE MALONE OLIVER NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 04/16/2024 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
BEFORE BARNES, C.J., GREENLEE AND McCARTY, JJ.
BARNES, C.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. A Humphreys County Circuit Court jury found Raphvell Bradford guilty of first-
degree murder for killing Michael Yarber. The trial court sentenced Bradford to serve a term
of life imprisonment in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC).
After the trial court denied his post-trial motion, Bradford appealed. We find no error and
affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. On the evening of February 28, 2020, Bradford shot and killed his neighbor Yarber, known as “Mike D.”1 Bradford told authorities that he killed Yarber in self-defense after
Yarber broke into Bradford’s trailer wielding a knife. Bradford was indicted for first-degree
murder under Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-19 (Supp. 2017).
¶3. A trial was held in March 2022. Officer David James, an investigator for the
Humphreys County Sheriff’s Department, testified he received a call regarding the shooting.
Arriving at the crime scene, the officer observed Yarber’s deceased body with a gunshot
wound to the head, lying in the yard “between [Yarber’s] shed and [Bradford’s] trailer.”
Officer James estimated that Yarber’s body was approximately ten to fifteen feet from “[t]he
back of Mr. Bradford’s trailer.”
¶4. Officer James testified that blood was found inside Yarber’s shed, and the
photographs of the shed’s interior admitted into evidence depicted dark-red liquid pooled on
the floor and splattered on the mattress and bed linens. The defense objected to the officer’s
testimony and the admission of the photos on the basis that there were “no crime lab or tests
that actually have tested this substance to actually verify that it was blood” and that the
photos were cumulative. The trial court overruled the defense’s objections. When the
defense later asked Officer James whether he had sent items found in Yarber’s shed for
analysis, he stated that he “knew that was blood.”
¶5. Officer James further testified that three bullet casings were found approximately
seventy feet from the shed, which indicated to the officer “[t]hat the shot was fired out there
in the streets.” Noting a metal strip from the shed’s doorway had been pulled away and had
1 Yarber lived in a small shed located behind Bradford’s trailer.
2 a splatter of blood on it, Officer James concluded Yarber’s body had been “drug out the
shed” into the yard. However, Officer James did not observe any abrasions or bruises on the
victim.
¶6. Bradford’s .40-caliber pistol had been recovered, and Officer James interviewed
Bradford at the county jail. Bradford admitted that he shot Yarber but claimed it was self-
defense because Yarber had broken into his trailer wielding a knife. Officer James, however,
observed no signs of a forced entry around the trailer’s back door. The State admitted photos
of the interior of Bradford’s trailer. Officer James noted that the television was lying
“against the end table” and that several pictures were off the wall. Because “the [television]
screen hadn’t been broken or nothing,” he speculated that the television had been purposely
moved. Officer James saw no other items damaged or knocked over; nor were there any
blood or bullet casings found inside Bradford’s trailer. He later acknowledged during cross-
examination that the television’s placement and the items in disarray “could be” evidence of
a struggle. With regard to Bradford’s claim that Yarber attacked him with a knife, Officer
James said that he did not recall whether Bradford had cut marks on his hands. On redirect,
the State asked Officer James if Bradford had “visible cuts” on his hands. The officer
replied, “Not to my knowledge.” Bradford was not medically treated for any cuts.
¶7. Travis York and Aaron Newell, Yarber’s cousins, testified that they were standing
outside a nightclub on the night Yarber was killed when Bradford drove up in his car
exclaiming that he had killed Yarber. When Bradford told Newell that he had “killed Mike
D, he tried to rob me,” Newell advised Bradford “to make it easy, just go turn [himself] in.”
3 Newell went to Yarber’s home and was the first person to arrive at the scene. Observing
Yarber’s body in the yard, Newell initially “thought he was just sleeping.” Newell stated that
Yarber’s body was “over to the left side” of the “little house” (i.e., Yarber’s shed). He
testified that the back door of Bradford’s trailer was open and that “stuff had been turned
over” as if “somebody had been fighting,” but he did not see any blood in the trailer.
¶8. Earline Yarber, the victim’s mother, testified that her son and Bradford had been
friends since they were children. She saw her son at approximately 5:00 p.m. that evening
and gave him money. Earline saw Yarber again a short time later at a convenience store, and
she gave him a ride home. Yarber said he was buying stuff for Bradford at the store. When
they arrived at Yarber’s shed, she saw Bradford sitting outside in a car. Yarber told Earline
that he was going to bed. A short while later, she returned, and Newell told her that Yarber
had been shot. She saw Yarber lying “[r]ight beside his little house . . . with no shirt on[,]
pants pulled on[,] and one shoe on.”
¶9. The state medical examiner Dr. Mark LeVaughn testified that Yarber would not have
been able to walk ten or fifteen feet away from where he was shot because his fatal gunshot
injury caused massive blood loss and would have been “instantly incapacitating.” Because
no “soot or stippling” appeared on the victim’s skin, he testified that “the end of the barrel
of the gun was three feet away or greater” when the gun was fired. Dr. LeVaughn also
opined that the substance in the photo depicting the interior floor of Yarber’s shed appeared
to be blood.
¶10. After the State rested, Bradford testified regarding the events preceding the shooting.
4 Bradford’s girlfriend had received a tax refund; so she and Bradford went to the casinos and
shops. Bradford bought “shoes, clothes, [and] jewelry.” Yarber’s brother Jarcarius visited
him the next morning and commented on the purchases. After Jarcarius left, Bradford
purchased new tires and headlights for his car. Later that day, while Bradford was installing
the headlights, Yarber came over. Yarber found a bottle of gin in Bradford’s car, and
Bradford told him he could have it. When Yarber finished the bottle, he asked if Bradford
would buy him another one, and Bradford agreed. Yarber then went to the store and returned
with his mother. Bradford said Yarber appeared to be arguing with her. When Yarber got
out of the car and walked over to Bradford’s car, he was mad that his mother had not given
him money. Within thirty minutes, Yarber had drunk the second bottle of liquor. When
Bradford refused to purchase Yarber a third bottle, he said Yarber became “upset,” cussed
him, and left.
¶11. Bradford went inside to take a bath. When he came out of his room, he encountered
Yarber coming in the back door of his trailer “swinging a knife.” The two men began
“scuffling”; Bradford was “falling and tripping over everything.” Bradford claimed Yarber
cut him “several times across [his] hands.” Bradford spotted his pistol on the table and
grabbed it. He said he shot Yarber “as we was coming out of the back door.” Bradford then
“just went to crying” and “ran and jumped in my car and tried to go get him some help.”
Bradford claimed he did not have a phone to call 911; so he drove until he saw his friends
outside the club and confessed to them that he had shot Yarber. Bradford asked Newell to
go check on Yarber, and Bradford surrendered to law enforcement.
5 ¶12. Bradford acknowledged on cross-examination that for Yarber to rob him was “[v]ery
out of character.” Although he and the victim had known each other since they were
children, Bradford noted that Yarber had “moved away for a long time” and “wasn’t the same
Mike D no more when he came back.” Yet he later claimed that he and Yarber were “best
friends” and that he “still loved Mike D through everything.”
¶13. Bradford further testified that his back door was rarely used. When asked what had
happened to the knife Yarber was allegedly swinging, Bradford said he did not know.
Bradford explained that he punched Yarber, causing him to fall on the ground, and then shot
him. Bradford speculated that the reason the shell casings were found in the street was
because he and some friends were “shooting out there for New Years, out in front of the
mailbox.”
¶14. The defense rested, and the jury found Bradford guilty as charged. On March 25,
2022, the trial court sentenced Bradford to life with eligibility for parole in the MDOC’s
custody. Bradford filed a motion for a new trial, alleging (1) that one of the jurors was
related to the victim, resulting in prejudice to the defense; (2) that the trial court erred in
giving Jury Instruction S-1; (3) that Jury Instruction S-2 was an incorrect statement of the
law; (4) there were several violations of his due process and constitutional rights; and (5) the
trial court erred in questioning and removing members of the venire without defense counsel
and the defendant present. The trial court denied the motion for a new trial, and Bradford
appeals, raising several issues we address in turn.
DISCUSSION
6 I. Whether a juror was a relative of the victim.
¶15. Claiming that juror Charles Bailey was related by marriage to Yarber’s sister,2
Bradford argues he is entitled to a new trial because his right to a fair and impartial jury was
violated. During voir dire, the prosecution asked the venire if anyone was “familiar with the
murder and the death [of Yarber],” if anyone knew the witnesses, and if anyone knew other
members of the venire.3 Defense counsel also asked if anyone was “close relatives to anyone
that is here.” Bailey did not respond to any questions posed during voir dire.
¶16. “It is . . . a judicial question as to whether a jury is fair and impartial and the court’s
judgment will not be disturbed unless it appears clearly that it is wrong.” Odom v. State, 355
So. 2d 1381, 1383 (Miss. 1978). The Mississippi Supreme Court held in Odom that “[t]he
failure of a juror to respond to a relevant, direct, and unambiguous question leaves the
examining attorney uninformed and unable to ask any follow-up questions to elicit the
necessary facts to intelligently reach a decision to exercise a peremptory challenge or to
challenge a juror for cause.” Id.
When deciding on a motion for a new trial based on a juror’s failure to respond during voir dire, the trial court should first “determine whether the question propounded to the juror was (1) relevant to the voir dire examination; (2) whether it was unambiguous; and (3) whether the juror had substantial knowledge of the information sought to be elicited.” Odom, 355 So. 2d at 1383. Second, “if the trial court’s determination of these inquiries is in the affirmative, the court should then determine if prejudice to the defendant in
2 Bradford contends that Bailey’s brother is married to Yarber’s sister. 3 We note that two venirepersons (Jurors 25 and 47) had stated that Yarber’s mother was their aunt. Yet when the prosecution asked if members of the venire knew one another, neither indicated they were acquainted with Bailey (although other unrelated persons did know him).
7 selecting the jury reasonably could be inferred from the juror’s failure to respond.” Id. The defendant deserves a new trial if such prejudice can be reasonably inferred. Id.
Magee v. State, 124 So. 3d 64, 67 (¶8) (Miss. 2013). If a party can demonstrate “that a juror
withheld substantial information or misrepresented material facts, and . . . a full and complete
response would have provided a valid basis for challenge for cause[,] we presume prejudice.”
Jasper v. State, 302 So. 3d 682, 688 (¶26) (Miss. Ct. App. 2020) (emphasis omitted) (quoting
Merchant v. Forest Fam. Prac. Clinic P.A., 67 So. 3d 747, 757 (¶22) (Miss. 2011)).
¶17. However, “a defendant bears the burden of showing he was prejudiced by the jury
selected or that the jury was biased or less than impartial.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Ambrose v. State, 254 So. 3d 77, 119-20 (¶131) (Miss. 2018) (requiring
a party to “present evidence” that indicates the “jury was not fair and was partial” and to
demonstrate “prejudice resulted from the [trial court’s] handling of voir dire”). Bradford
presented no affidavits or other evidence to the trial court in support of his claim that Bailey
was related to Yarber or that he was somehow prejudiced by Bailey’s presence on the jury.
“Allegations of fact in a motion for a new trial must be supported by proof.” Dyer v. State,
300 So. 2d 788, 789 (Miss. 1974). Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s decision
to deny Bradford’s motion for a new trial as to this issue.
II. Whether the trial court erred in denying the defense’s objections based on Brady v. Maryland.
¶18. Bradford argues that the State violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963),
because of the failure “to timely provide photographs of the crime scene, the absence of any
lab report regarding requested blood analysis, [and] the missing video recorded statements[.]”
8 In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of
evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is
material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the
prosecution.” Id. at 87.
¶19. Whether a Brady violation occurred is reviewed de novo. Chisholm v. State, 365 So.
3d 229, 242 (¶51) (Miss. 2023). Establishing a Brady violation requires a defendant to show:
(1) that the government possessed evidence favorable to the defendant (including impeachment evidence);
(2) that the defendant does not possess the evidence nor could he obtain it himself with any reasonable diligence;
(3) that the prosecution suppressed the favorable evidence; and
(4) that had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.
Id. “[T]he defendant[] must meet all four prongs of the test in order to prove that a Brady
violation occurred.” Mohamed v. State, 323 So. 3d 532, 550 (¶55) (Miss. Ct. App. 2021)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
A. Photographs
¶20. Bradford complains that two photographs not provided to the defense during
discovery were erroneously admitted into evidence. The first photograph was a picture of
the exterior of Bradford’s trailer and Yarber’s shed taken from the road. Although defense
counsel initially asserted that he had “never seen” the photograph, he subsequently assured
the trial court, “We’re okay. We’ve viewed it now.” When the trial judge asked if the
9 defense had “any objection to it coming in,” Bradford’s counsel said the only objection
“would be based on scale.” The second photograph was of bullet fragments taken during
Yarber’s autopsy. Bradford’s attorney objected on the ground that this photograph was not
provided during discovery, but the trial judge overruled the objection.
¶21. The record does not indicate if the State provided these photographs to the defense
during discovery, and the trial court made no findings in this regard. Therefore, we find
Bradford failed to establish that the State suppressed this evidence (i.e., the third prong).
Even if we assume that the State suppressed the photographs and that the defense did not
possess them, Bradford has not specified how the photographs were favorable to his defense.
See Montgomery v. State, 891 So. 2d 179, 184 (¶10) (Miss. 2004) (rejecting defendant’s
claim of a Brady violation, noting there was “no proof in the record that would allow [the
appellate court] to decide whether the evidence allegedly suppressed was favorable or
unfavorable”). Nor has Bradford demonstrated a reasonable probability that had the two
photographs been disclosed to him prior to trial, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.
B. Blood-Analysis Test
¶22. Bradford also argues, “It is plausible that the State’s failure to produce a blood
analysis resulted in the withholding of exculpatory evidence or at the very least impeaching
evidence in violation of Brady.” At trial, Officer James testified blood was inside Yarber’s
shed, and the State submitted photos of the shed’s interior into evidence. The photos
depicted a pool of dark-red liquid on the floor and splatters of the liquid on the bed and
10 linens, which trailed off onto the floor. Defense counsel objected to the introduction of
photos of the victim’s home because “there has been no crime lab or tests that actually have
tested this substance to actually verify that it was blood.” Bradford’s counsel further noted,
“[Officer James] has not done any medical reports or had this substance tested to label it as
blood[;] . . . [s]o he can’t state that it’s conclusively blood from that witness stand without
having any type of lab reports to attest to. . . .” The court overruled the defense’s objection.
The State later inquired, “Officer James, the State would stipulate that you haven’t tested any
substance to confirm that it’s blood; is that correct?” He replied, “Yes, ma’am.” Officer
James confirmed that he saw what appeared to be blood in the victim’s shed, with no
objection by the defense.
¶23. On cross-examination, Bradford’s attorney asked Officer James if he sent “what you
thought was blood to a crime lab to be tested?” He said, “No,” but remarked that he knew
“blood from ketchup” and “knew that was blood.” Officer James also confirmed on redirect
that he saw no ketchup or empty hot sauce bottles in the shed. After being shown a photo
depicting a dark-red pool of liquid on the floor of Yarber’s shed (Exhibit S-6), Dr. LeVaughn
also testified that based on his expert opinion, the substance appeared to be blood, with no
objection made by defense counsel.
¶24. However, defense counsel later asserted at trial, “We have a report that there was
some clothing that was submitted for blood analysis.” The State maintained that it had no
such report and was unaware of what defense counsel was talking about. Defense counsel
argued that “[i]f they submitted something to the crime lab concerning blood, we should have
11 the results.” After further discussion, the prosecutor said, “I can tell you now that I don’t
have a report. I don’t have this clothing. I don’t have anything . . . .” (Emphasis added).
Defense counsel argued “that could be something that is exculpatory . . . .” The trial court
just stated, “Okay. That’s it,” and the bench conference concluded. Defense counsel
continued to assert that “documentation was submitted” indicating clothing was sent to the
crime lab for blood analysis, so “[t]here should have been results.”4 The trial judge allowed
the proffer but recognized the State’s position that it did not have the report. The judge
further noted, “I don’t think that material had anything to do with your theory of the case that
it was self-defense, even though the [S]tate has indicated that they don’t have in their
possession any of the requested material.” Later, the defense recalled Officer James as a
witness and asked if he sent clothing to the crime lab for blood analysis. Officer James said
he “sent quite a few stuff” and that “everything that I took down there, sir, is in the bag.”
¶25. The only evidence presented of any blood analysis that may have been performed is
Officer James’s response to the defense that he “sent quite a few stuff” for blood analysis.
But he also said that if the blood analysis had been done, a copy would be in the case file.
Nothing in the record indicates whether any clothing was sent or whose clothing it may have
been. The State emphatically denied having any blood-analysis report, and defense counsel
even acknowledged during Officer James’s initial testimony that the liquid found in Yarber’s
shed had not been tested. Therefore, Bradford has not satisfied the first and third prong to
establish a Brady violation. We further find Bradford’s mere speculation that the disclosure
4 This documentation was not presented to the trial court.
12 of this alleged report would have been exculpatory “[i]f” it showed that the substance was
not blood or that the blood was not the victim’s fails to satisfy the last prong.
C. Video of Bradford’s Statement to Authorities
¶26. The only video recording of Bradford’s statement provided to the defense prior to trial
was approximately twenty minutes in length and appeared to be “cut off.” When Officer
James could not recall if Bradford displayed any cut marks on his hands, defense counsel
asked Officer James if he was aware of “any videos, during the course of your investigation,
of Mr. Bradford[’s] being in a room with his parents not knowing he was being recorded.”
Officer James responded, “Yes, sir, . . .” but when asked if either Bradford or his parents
knew they were being recorded, the officer said that he did not know. The State objected,
claiming, “This is outside the scope of his knowledge. . . [H]e was not part of that portion
of the video that [the defense is] referring to.” The trial court overruled the objection.
¶27. Defense counsel then asked Officer James, “You’ve seen the video[,] right?” He
replied, “No[,]” and asked, “What video are you talking about?” After the defense attorney
clarified, “[W]hen you all had him in the chapel,” the officer averred, “I don’t recall seeing
that video, sir.” When asked again about Bradford’s hands, the officer said that he did not
recall any injuries but noted that everything had been recorded. Defense counsel approached
the bench and asked for the alleged video, claiming, “[T]he video that we [were] given that’s
20 minutes long because it’s cut off at his statement.” The State said, “We gave him
everything that we have. The video that they have is the video that we have.” (Emphasis
added).
13 MR. CARR: Well, I would like, if it’s okay with Court, because we’ve had a witness to state under oath that there was a recorded video. If they don’t have it, I think they should inquire and provide it to us so we can review that video. There could be something exculpatory. He testified from the witness stand. And I’m not saying that they’re doing anything foul play. They’re officers of the Court just like I am. But if a witness testified that there was recorded testimony, we should be privy to that, Your Honor.
MS. EVANS: And I absolutely agree with that. Again, we were provided with that video probably, what, less than two weeks ago I know. We saw the same video and saw the cutoff at the same point. We inquired about why it cut off but that is all that the investigators were able to provide us. We don’t have anything else. We gave it to you. And they have nothing else. That’s all they – that’s all they could give us. And that’s all we can give you unfortunately.
THE COURT: I’m satisfied. If something else comes up, but right now under Brady I think they’ve given you everything they have.
(Emphasis added). The defense inquired whether the State would talk to the chief deputy.
The State responded, “He’s the one who provided that video we have now. That we both
have. That is all he has. He gave us that copy. . . . And we have inquired about anything
else. That’s all they have. I don’t know what else to say.” At the conclusion of day two of
the trial, defense counsel acknowledged that the State had “reached out and confirmed” with
the sheriff’s department “that they don’t have anything additionally.”
¶28. Bradford argues that the State’s “most egregious failure” was not “to preserve and
provide complete copies of videotaped statements given by the Defendant to law
enforcement.” He contends, “The absence of the video recorded statements is tantamount
14 to a Brady violation[,] which was exacerbated in this case where there were no eyewitnesses
and no physical evidence to suggest it was not self-defense.” We find the trial record clearly
shows that the State neither possessed nor suppressed any alleged exculpatory video
statement. Bradford has also failed to demonstrate how this alleged video, if disclosed,
would have affected the outcome of the proceedings except to speculate that the video “could
have corroborated” his testimony and “could have” confirmed that he had defensive cuts on
his hands. (Emphasis added). We therefore find Bradford failed to establish a Brady
violation.
III. Whether the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury properly.
¶29. Bradford submits there are errors with regard to certain jury instructions that warrant
a new trial. The standard of review for a trial court’s decision to give or refuse a jury
instruction is abuse of discretion. Sands v. State, 315 So. 3d 1066, 1070 (¶10) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2020). “When considering a challenge to a jury instruction on appeal, we do not review
jury instructions in isolation; rather, we read them as a whole to determine if the jury was
properly instructed.” Id. (quoting Rubenstein v. State, 941 So. 2d 735, 784 (¶224) (Miss.
2006)). “[I]f the instructions taken as a whole fairly, but not necessarily perfectly, announce
the applicable rules of law, no error results.” Id. (quoting Milano v. State, 790 So. 2d 179,
184 (¶14) (Miss. 2001)).
¶30. Bradford first claims the trial court erred by failing “to properly instruct the jury as
to self-defense,” noting the jury’s apparent confusion with Jury Instruction S-3, which
provided:
15 The Court instructs the jury that Second-Degree Murder is the killing of a human being when done in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual. The Court further instructs you that if you believe from the evidence in this case, beyond a reasonable doubt, that:
(1) the Defendant, Raphael Bradford, on or about February 28, 2020 in Humphrey County, Mississippi;
(2) did willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously, while in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual did kill Michael Yarber[,] then Raphael Bradford is guilty of Second-Degree Murder, and it is your sworn duty to so find. Should the State fail to prove any of these elements, then you must find the defendant not guilty of Second-Degree Murder.
Defense counsel objected to S-3 on the ground there was “no evidence presented for a second
degree, lesser included offense.” The State initially agreed to withdraw the instruction but
then rescinded its withdrawal moments later. The defense continued to argue that the
instruction was not an accurate statement of the law, as “[t]he self-defense element is missing
in S-3[,] which is one of the elements for the correct statement of the law.” The trial court
overruled the defense’s objection and gave the instruction.
¶31. Later, during jury deliberations, the jury sent the trial judge a note, inquiring, “We
would like to know if the definition of second[-]degree murder is self-defense.” Defense
counsel asserted “that the answer would be no.” The trial court gave defense counsel a
choice—the court could simply respond “no” or instruct the jury to refer to the jury
instructions. The defense replied, “The objection has been noted for the record. But we will
go with refer to the jury instructions.”
16 ¶32. In Harris v. State, 861 So. 2d 1003 (Miss. 2003), the Mississippi Supreme Court held
that it was “not error to give an instruction that omits the words ‘not in necessary self
defense’ when charging depraved heart murder when the [c]ourt also instructs the jury in a
separate instruction that the killing would be justified if committed by the defendant in the
lawful defense of his own person.” Id. at 1015 (¶28). Although Bradford admits a separate
“self-defense instruction was given,” he contends that this instruction “did not cure the defect
with S[-]3 as exemplified by the jury’s confusion.”
¶33. We find no error with regard to the challenged instruction. Both S-10 and D-2
instructed the jury that Bradford had a right to defend himself with deadly force if he
reasonably believed Yarber intended to kill him or cause him “great bodily harm,” and such
danger was imminent. Additionally, D-5 informed the jury that the State had the “burden of
proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and that the defendant did not act in
self-defense, and if it fails to do so, it is your sworn duty you must find the defendant ‘Not
Guilty’.” We therefore find the jury instructions, taken as a whole, fairly announced the
applicable law.
¶34. Bradford also argues that the facts of the case warranted the giving of a castle-doctrine
instruction.5 However, defense counsel withdrew the proposed castle-doctrine instruction
5 The castle doctrine, codified in Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-15(3) (Rev. 2020), states:
A person who uses defensive force shall be presumed to have reasonably feared imminent death or great bodily harm, or the commission of a felony upon him or another or upon his dwelling, or against a vehicle which he was occupying, or against his business or place of employment or the immediate premises of such business or place of employment, if the person against whom
17 (D-9). Moreover, the only jury-instruction issues raised in Bradford’s motion for a new trial
concerned the State’s instructions for first-degree and second-degree murder. In Ashmore
v. State, 302 So. 3d 707 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020), this Court found the defendant was
procedurally barred from asserting “the ‘Castle Doctrine’ defense, given that he proposed no
such instruction and failed to raise it with the circuit court in his post-trial motions.” Id. at
713 (¶17) (emphasis added). “To preserve an error for appeal, it must first have been raised
to the trial court below.” Id. (citing Manyfield v. State, 296 So. 3d 240, 248 (¶26) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2020)). We find Bradford is procedurally barred from raising this claim for the first
time on appeal.
IV. Whether the trial court erred by allowing allegedly gruesome cumulative photographs of the victim to be admitted into evidence.
¶35. At trial, the State moved to admit four photographs of the victim’s body at the crime
scene. Defense counsel objected on the basis that the photos were “cumulative,” and the trial
the defensive force was used, was in the process of unlawfully and forcibly entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, occupied vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or if that person had unlawfully removed or was attempting to unlawfully remove another against the other person’s will from that dwelling, occupied vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof and the person who used defensive force knew or had reason to believe that the forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred. This presumption shall not apply if the person against whom defensive force was used has a right to be in or is a lawful resident or owner of the dwelling, vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or is the lawful resident or owner of the dwelling, vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or if the person who uses defensive force is engaged in unlawful activity or if the person is a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his official duties.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-15(3).
18 court overruled the objection. Because Bradford’s counsel did not object on the basis that
the photos were gruesome or inflammatory, we find he has waived this issue on appeal.
“Objection on one ground at trial waives all other grounds for objection on appeal.” Young
v. State, 236 So. 3d 49, 57 (¶37) (Miss. 2017). Bradford also failed to raise this issue in his
motion for a new trial. See Boyda v. State, 57 So. 3d 61, 67 (¶24) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011)
(finding the failure to raise an issue in a motion for a new trial serves as a procedural bar to
appellate review).
¶36. Procedural bar aside, the four photographs, which depicted Yarber’s lying in the grass,
wearing only a pair of pants, and having a gunshot wound to his head, were probative of the
manner and circumstances of how the shooting occurred. See Ambrose v. State, 254 So. 3d
77, 135 (¶187) (Miss. 2018) (“A photograph has a meaningful evidentiary purpose when it:
(1) aids in describing the circumstances of the killing; (2) describes the location of the body
or cause of death; or (3) supplements or clarifies witness testimony.”). Furthermore, the
supreme court “has consistently upheld the admission of photographs depicting bloody
injuries.” Martin v. State, 289 So. 3d 703, 706 (¶11) (Miss. 2019). We also recognize that
a trial court’s discretion “to admit photos in criminal cases . . . runs toward almost unlimited
admissibility regardless of gruesomeness, repetitiveness, and the extenuation of probative
value.” Ambrose, 254 So. 3d at 135 (¶187). We find no error.
V. Whether the trial court erred by refusing to allow the defense to question Officer James regarding the victim’s allegedly violent criminal history.
¶37. Bradford’s attorney asked Officer James if he was aware whether Yarber had prior
19 felony convictions. The court sustained the prosecution’s objection to this question. Because
Bradford claimed he shot Yarber in self-defense, he contends that the victim’s propensity for
violence “was highly relevant to the jury’s determination of guilt or innocence” and that the
trial court’s “exclusion of any line of questioning in this regard was prejudicial[.]”
¶38. After sustaining the State’s objection to the testimony, the trial court allowed the
defense to make a proffer of any evidence regarding the victim’s prior felony convictions.
The defense failed to do so. “[W]hen testimony is not allowed at trial, a record of the
proffered testimony must be made in order to preserve the point for appeal.” Davis v. State,
130 So. 3d 1141, 1150 (¶32) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). Bradford has therefore failed to preserve
this issue for appeal.
¶39. Procedural bar notwithstanding, we find no error. Although “evidence of a person’s
character is usually not admissible to show that on a particular occasion, he acted in
conformity with his character[,] . . . the defendant may be allowed in certain circumstances
to present evidence of . . . the victim’s character.” Dille v. State, 334 So. 3d 1162, 1186
(¶64) (Miss. Ct. App. 2021). Specifically, Mississippi Rule of Evidence 404(a)(2)
“authorizes inquiry by a criminal defendant into a victim’s character . . . to prove that the
victim was the initial aggressor and that the defendant acted in self-defense.” Harvey v.
State, 365 So. 3d 218, 225 (¶51) (Miss. 2023) (citation omitted). In Bell v. State, 303 So. 3d
22, 27 (¶17) (Miss. Ct. App. 2020), this Court noted that “[e]vidence of prior violent acts of
the victim, when known to the defendant, are also relevant and admissible under Rule 404(b)
to show the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the incident and the reasonableness of
20 his use of force.” Thus, because Officer James’s knowledge of Yarber’s alleged prior felony
conviction(s) was irrelevant, we find no error in the trial court’s ruling to sustain the
objection to the question. The trial court’s ruling did not prevent defense counsel from
questioning Bradford during his case-in-chief whether Bradford had knowledge of any prior
violent history by the victim; yet defense counsel did not do so. We also note that Bradford
stated it was “[v]ery out of character” for Yarber to try to rob him. Accordingly, we find no
merit to Bradford’s argument.
VI. Whether Bradford received ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
¶40. Bradford asserts several claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel that he alleges
prejudiced the outcome of his trial. Our review of a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel on direct appeal is limited to the appellate record. Gregg v. State, 372 So. 3d 132,
137 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2023).
This Court will address such claims on direct appeal when [(1)] the record affirmatively shows ineffectiveness of constitutional dimensions, or [(2)] the parties stipulate that the record is adequate and the Court determines that the findings of fact by a trial judge able to consider the demeanor of witnesses, etc., are not needed. We may also address such claims on direct appeal when the record affirmatively shows that the claims are without merit. If the record on direct appeal is insufficient to address a defendant’s ineffective assistance claims, we will dismiss the claims without prejudice, preserving the defendant’s right to raise the claims later in a properly filed motion for post-conviction relief.
Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Neither party stipulates that the record
is adequate to resolve Bradford’s claims; so we must determine whether the record
affirmatively demonstrates that he was denied effective assistance of counsel or that his
claims are without merit.
21 A. Failure to Inform Bradford He Did Not Have to Testify
¶41. Bradford asserts that neither his trial counsel nor the trial court advised him that “he
did not have to testify,” and this deficiency by counsel prejudiced him “by leaving him
exposed to rigorous cross-examination.” Prior to the defense’s case-in chief, Bradford’s
defense attorney asked the trial court during a bench conference to inform Bradford of “his
right to refuse to testify.” The trial judge responded, “Mr. Carr, . . . you’ve advised him, he
knows, and you’ve advised him, but he has the constitutional right to take the stand if he so
desires. He also has a constitutional right not to testify.” (Emphasis added). The trial court
also noted that it would instruct the jury to not make inferences from the defendant’s decision
not to testify. Defense counsel asked for a few minutes to talk with Bradford, and the trial
court recessed for fifteen minutes. After resuming the trial, defense counsel advised the
court that Bradford would testify. As the State correctly notes, “Bradford’s privileged
conversation with his attorney is not part of the record[.]” For this reason, we conclude that
the record is insufficient to determine whether defense counsel directly and adequately
informed Bradford of his right not to testify.
B. Failure to Enter the CAD Report into Evidence
¶42. During the defense’s case-in-chief, Bradford’s attorney questioned Officer James
about the CAD report6 of the incident, particularly whether it contained any reference to a
stabbing. Defense counsel, however, did not move to introduce this report into evidence.
Claiming the CAD report “would have given credibility to [his] testimony that Yarber had
6 The CAD report is a computer-generated document that contains dispatch call times and incident information.
22 a knife,” Bradford asserts his attorney’s failure to request that the report be admitted into
evidence constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶43. The referenced CAD report is not part of our record, and there is no discussion at trial
as to why defense counsel did not seek to admit it into evidence. Therefore, we find this
issue cannot be fully developed from the record, and we are unable to make a determination
as to the merits of this claim on direct appeal.
C. Failure to Provide Accurate Jury Instructions
¶44. Bradford contends that his trial counsel was ineffective by withdrawing Jury
Instruction D-9, a “castle doctrine” instruction. Typically, a trial counsel’s decision whether
to request certain jury instructions “is a matter of trial strategy” and, as such, “do[es] not
amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.” Henderson v. State, 281 So. 3d 1058, 1064
(¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).
¶45. In Henderson, the defendant asserted that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to request a castle-doctrine instruction, “stand-your-ground instruction, and a defense-of-
others instruction.” Id. at 1063 (¶14). We noted that in closing arguments, defense counsel
“did not even reference the castle doctrine or stand-your-ground gun laws.” Id. at 1064
(¶17). We thereby concluded that the defendant “fail[ed] to overcome the strong
presumption that his trial attorneys’ failure to offer instructions on the castle doctrine,
standing your ground and defense of others was not part of their trial strategy.” Id. at (¶19).
“Based on the questions asked by [his] trial attorneys and the closing argument they made
to the jury, the defense’s primary theory appeared to be that Henderson shot Pugh purely in
23 self-defense.” Id. at 1064-65 (¶19).
¶46. In this case, defense counsel had a proposed castle-doctrine instruction (D-9) but
withdrew it without explanation. Thus, there is no indication from the trial record why
Bradford’s counsel made the decision not to request that this instruction be given. Bradford
also notes that defense counsel tendered, and the court granted, an instruction (D-10)
defining a “dwelling,” which he contends was only relevant in the context of the castle-
doctrine instruction. When the trial judge questioned defense counsel whether the definition
of a dwelling was “an issue in this case,” counsel merely noted that there had been testimony
regarding the distance between the body and the house. In this instance, we dismiss
Bradford’s claim without prejudice, as we find the record insufficient to make a
determination whether counsel’s failure to submit the castle-doctrine instruction was
ineffective assistance of counsel or simply trial strategy.
D. Failure to Preserve the Record
¶47. In the “Designation of the Record,” the following pertinent items were requested by
appellate counsel as “necessary to be included on appeal”: “[a]ll pre-trial motions and orders
including those related to discovery, motions, and orders for extensions of time”; and “[a]ny
and all jury notes either notes taken by the jurors during trial, if allowed, or notes passed to
the court from the jurors.” Bradford contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing
to preserve the record for appeal because there are “no transcripts of any pre-trial matters in
this case” in the trial court record. A note the jury sent out after deliberations was also not
included in the record. Bradford contends this note, which apparently asked a question about
24 a photograph, “may have been pivotal to establishing any one or more of the [d]efendant’s
assignments of error in this appeal.” The transcript is silent as to the content of the note. The
only information in the record is that the trial judge presented the note to trial counsel, and
defense counsel responded, “I don’t think we can answer that particular question.” The trial
court thus instructed the jury that it would “have to rely upon your recollection of the
testimony of the witnesses that testified about taking the photograph.” Like Bradford’s other
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, we cannot address this issue on direct appeal, as the
record does not affirmatively demonstrate that his claim is without merit.
¶48. Accordingly, we deny his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel without prejudice
for him to bring these claims, should he choose to do so, in a properly filed motion for post-
conviction collateral relief.
VII. Whether the trial court erred by denying Bradford’s motion for a directed verdict.
¶49. At the close of the prosecution’s case-in-chief, Bradford’s attorney moved for a
directed verdict, arguing that the State had failed to prove its case. The trial court denied the
motion. Defense counsel renewed the motion for a directed verdict at the close of his case-in
chief, which the court also denied.
¶50. Bradford contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed
verdict. “An appeal of the trial court’s denial of a directed verdict . . . challeng[ing] . . . the
sufficiency of the evidence . . . is subject to a de novo standard of review.” Haymon v. State,
346 So. 3d 875, 881 (¶14) (Miss. 2022) (citing Gilmer v. State, 955 So. 2d 829, 833 (¶5)
(Miss. 2007)). Viewing the “evidence in the light most favorable to the State,” the judgment
25 will be reversed and rendered “only if the facts and inferences point in favor of the defendant
on any element of the offense with sufficient force that reasonable men could not have found
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty[.]” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Young v. State, 119 So. 3d 309, 315 (¶18) (Miss. 2013)).
¶51. To prove Bradford was guilty of first-degree murder, the State had to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that Bradford (1) killed Yarber; (2) without authority of law; and (3) with
deliberate design to effect his death. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a). Bradford admitted
that he shot and killed Yarber. However, he argues that the State also “had to prove that
Bradford acted willfully and with deliberate design to kill Yarber while not acting in self-
defense” and that the “proof of each element was scant.”
¶52. First, this Court has held that even “scant” evidence may be sufficient to sustain a
guilty verdict. See Carter v. State, 965 So. 2d 705, 710 (¶19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007) (noting
that while the evidence to support a defendant’s conviction for armed robbery was “scant,”
it “was such that reasonable and fair-minded jurors could find [him] guilty”). Second, the
supreme court has recognized that “deliberate design[] may be inferred from the use of a
deadly weapon.” Holliman v. State, 178 So. 3d 689, 698 (¶19) (Miss. 2015) (quoting
Anderson v. State, 79 So. 3d 501, 507 (¶22) (Miss. 2012)). Again, Bradford admitted that
he shot Yarber with his pistol.
¶53. Lastly, the State presented sufficient material evidence for a rational juror to conclude
Bradford was guilty of first-degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Whether Bradford
shot Yarber in self-defense was a jury question. See Brisco v. State, 295 So. 3d 498, 510
26 (¶26) (Miss. Ct. App. 2019). Although Bradford testified that he and Yarber “tussl[ed]” after
Yarber broke into his trailer, there was minimal, if any, evidence of a fight between Bradford
and Yarber in the trailer. Officer James observed no evidence of a forced entry at the back
door, and the few items that were lying around appeared to be purposely placed there (e.g.,
the television).
¶54. As to Bradford’s testimony that he shot Yarber when they were coming out his back
door while fighting, there was no evidence other than Bradford’s own testimony to support
his claim of self-defense. The knife Yarber allegedly wielded was not found at the crime
scene. Officer James said that Yarber’s deceased body was lying approximately ten to fifteen
feet from “[t]he back of Mr. Bradford’s trailer.” Newell stated that Yarber’s body “was over
to the left side” of Yarber’s shed. Dr. LeVaughn further testified that Yarber was shot in the
head from a distance greater than three feet and that the fatal shot would have rendered
Yarber “instantly incapacitated.” There was also a bullet hole in the window of the shed’s
door. Moreover, photos of the interior of Yarber’s shed depicted a pool of dark-red liquid
on the floor, which both the officer and Dr. LeVaughn averred to be blood. The photos also
showed a trail of blood on the bed linens and mattress. A metal strip from the door of
Yarber’s shed had blood on it and appeared to be pulled away, which indicated to Officer
James that someone had moved Yarber’s body from the shed into the yard.
¶55. Viewing the evidence in a light favorable to the prosecution, we find it sufficient for
a reasonable juror to conclude that Bradford killed Yarber with deliberate design and without
authority of law. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of Bradford’s
27 renewed motion for a directed verdict.
VIII. Whether cumulative error requires a new trial.
¶56. Lastly, Bradford asserts that “the cumulative effect of all errors[,] along with the
ineffective assistance of counsel, requires . . . a new trial or a judgment of acquittal.” “The
cumulative-error doctrine holds that individual errors, which are not reversible in themselves,
may combine with other errors to make up reversible error, where the cumulative effect of
all errors deprives the defendant of a fundamentally fair trial.” Galloway v. State, 374 So.
3d 452, 514 (¶195) (Miss. 2023) (quoting Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 1018 (¶138) (Miss.
2007)), pet. for cert., No. 23-7187 (U.S. Apr. 9, 2024). “However, in cases where no error
can be found, there can be no cumulative error.” Smith v. State, 371 So. 3d 783, 795 (¶42)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2023). Because we have found no individual errors warranting reversal,
Bradford’s argument of cumulative error is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶57. Accordingly, we affirm Bradford’s conviction and sentence for first-degree murder.
For the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, which we have determined that the trial
record is insufficient to address on direct appeal, we dismiss these claims without prejudice
to Bradford’s right to assert them in a properly filed motion for post-conviction relief.
¶58. AFFIRMED.
CARLTON AND WILSON, P.JJ., GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS, McDONALD, LAWRENCE, McCARTY, SMITH AND EMFINGER, JJ., CONCUR.