Johns, Jr., Chancellor,
delivered the following opinion of a majority of the court:
Under the issue in the preceding cases upon the facts stated and admitted, the decision of the question reserved for the consideration and judgment of this court, depends on the opinion we may have in regard to the captain’s liability to the canal company for toll and the operation of the attachment.
The question relative to the captain’s liability to pay toll may be considered as it exists at common law, and also as the same may be affected under the act incorporating the canal company. According to the common law, the liabilities of the captain, appear to rest upon principles which necessarily arise out of and are essentially connected with his situation. Hence he is styled the ship’s husband, and as such, the law imposes on him the relative obligation of defraying all the contingent expenses that may accrue in the prosecution of the voyage, or may become necessary to enable the vessel to arrive at her port of destination. He is the person authorized to pay or provide the security, and has his lien to insure reimbursement, as well as his legal remedy, to recover back all necessary disbursements. If without the means of payment, he can hypothecate the vessel; but the liability of the vessel results from his agency, and through his instrumentality he alone represents the personal liability, and hence the law imposes on him the obligation of defraying such customary or legal pecuniary requisitions as are incurred in the progress of the voyage, and for the payment of which it would be productive of great inconvenience to trade, if the party abroad, furnishing the necessaries or repairs, had to seek for the different persons who might be owners of the vessel or interested in the cargo. Hence the rule of law establishing the captain’s liability in relation to matters essential to the prosecution of the voyage, has been long settled and is not now to be questioned.
Abbot
133, 156, 150, note; 1
Peters’ Adm.
223, 227;
Cow.
636, 639;
Hen. Bl.
116. It is also conceded, that for expenses at a foreign port, such as customary toll, &c., the captain is liable; and such is the law as established by decisions. But
it has been contended, that the present cases, being claims for canal tolls, are not embraced within the rule of the common law, and are in principle distinct. That which constitutes the captain’s liability we apprehend to be—first, the necessity of the expenditure, and secondly, that the same is made in the prosecution of the voyage and on account of the vessel or cargo. Apply this rule to the case under consideration. The voyage is to be performed from Philadelphia to Baltimore, passing through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. By the charter, the tolls can only be received or collected at some place in the line of the canal, and in case of neglect or refusal to pay, when the vessel offers to enter, the collector is authorized to refuse admittance; if not paid on entering, and the vessel passes without payment, then the vessel is liable to seizure and sale. Can a stronger case of necessity for payment exist, when the law authorizes the refusal of entrance on neglect or refusal to pay, and also the seizure and sale of the vessel, which not only endangers the prosecution of the voyage, but entirely destroys it; and does-not the captain by payment comply with the obligation legally imposed, and in doing so, act as well on account of the vessel as her cargo? But admitting the captain’s liability, to the extent of all expenses incident to the vessel, it is contended that it cannot be enlarged so as to include charges, which are imposed on the cargo; and a distinction is made between repairs and necessaries for the ship and tolls laid upon the goods. Thus in the cases submitted, it is alledged, the act of incorporation establishing the .amount of toll, charges the same upon the articles of freight, and not upon the vessel. This has been much relied on as exonerating the captain from liability, and transferring it to the merchant's or owners of the goods. This objection we will consider, admitting for the purpose of allowing to it full weight, that the goods are liable to pay toll, the captain, we apprehend, would be bound to discharge whatever might be legally demanded during the prosecution of the voyage and even at its termination. That he would be thus liable, appears to follow as a necessary consequence from his being in possession of the goods, and more especially, when by the terms of his contract with the owners, in signing the bill of lading, he undertakes to deliver the goods at their place of destination to the consignee. That the goods are liable for toll under the charter, is evidently a misapprehension of the statutory provision; they are not in the act of incorporation declared to be liable to the payment of toll, so as to authorize the collector under any circumstances to resort to them for the purpose of collecting the toll imposed. If the toll be not paid, the collector cannot seize the goods, this remedy is by the act expressly restricted to the vessel, and it alone is liable to seizure and sale. The law authorizes the collector to demand and receive tolls, and refers to certain enumerated articles for the purpose of fixing the rate of toll, not intending thereby to render the articles specifically liable to the payment of the toll, but evidently to ascertain and regulate the amount the collector may collect or receive, either from the person or vessel passing through the canal. If then the goods are not liable, and the collector have the right to refuse admittance to the vessel on non-payment, or after .passage to seize and sell the vessel, then clearly, the case of .necessity
is made out in which, according to the principles already stated, the captain becomes liable and must pay for the purpose of prosecuting his voyage, and also of protecting his vessel. We have considered the general principles which are involved in the question to be decided, in reference to the captain’s liability at common law independent of the charter, and before we advert to the act of incorporation, we will refer to a decision which fully sustains the opinion expressed, in regard to the common law liability. The case may be found in
Molloy, p.
231, and in 3
Lev. p.
37: It is, The mayor and commonalty of London against Hunt, in the Exchequer Chamber; error of a judgment in B. R. in assumpsit brought by the mayor and commonalty against Hunt, wherein they declared of a custom, that they and their predecessors, mayors, &c., have had of every master of a ship eight pence per ton for every ton of cheese, brought from any part of England to the port of London ab oriente de London Bridge, in the name of weighage, and the deft, being master of a ship had brought to the port of London so many ton, which at the rate aforesaid, came to so much, and had not paid it; and upon non-assumpsit, verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. Upon which Hunt the deft, brought a writ of error, and two errors were assigned; first, that the action lies not against the master, for the duty is due from the merchants, owners of the goods; secondly, that there is no consideration here for the duty; for this is only in the nature of a toll thorough, which is not due without consideration (22
*/2ss.
58) and the river is a common highway. But the judgment was affirmed; for First, the master is intrusted with the goods; he hath recompense from the merchants for the portage; he is responsible for them and shall be charged for the duty; and indeed it would be infinite to search out the owners of the several goods; besides, the goods are in the custody of the master; he brought them into port, and therefore shall be charged. Secondly, the consideration is sufficient, he had the liberty of bringing them into port, which is a place of safety, and therefore implies a consideration in itself, and
Cotton’s Sec.
678, the mayor and commonalty of London have the view and .correction of the river of Thames by
Stat. E.
4, and
Hill.
33, 34. The judgment was affirmed.
The next question to be considered, relates to the effect and operation of the clause in the charter, granting to the canal company a summary remedy. It has been insisted on in the argument of the case, that this is exclusive and precludes the company from any remedy against the captain, in case of non-payment; until by seizure and sale of the vessel, they fail to obtain the amount of the toll. It may be well, before examining the latter part of the proposition, to inquire whether the grant of a summary power, to enforce payment of tolls, excludes the common law remedy. The act of incorporation authorizes the company to sue and be sued, by their corporate name, and consequently, they are thereby qualified to avail themselves as suitors of every legal remedy, which may be necessary to protect their interests or enforce their rights. Hence we would infer, that an omission to adopt the summary mode of collecting the toll, cannot deprive them of the general power of enforcing payment hy action. Such a limited construction of the act would be contrary
to the rule adopted in analogous cases, in which the statutory remedy, being summary, is considered accumulative, as in the law authorizing distress for rent, and seizure and sale for tax, in all which and analogous cases, the remedy by suit is no.t taken away, but still subsists, and may at the election of the party interested, be adopted. But it may be said in answer to this general rule, that the grant of summary power does not exclude the common law remedy: admitting this to be so, yet the act of incorporation declaring that, “the person having the direction of such vessel, shall be liable for such toll, if the same is not paid by the sale of such vessel as aforesaid, does postpone the captain’s liability, and consequently the remedy against him, until the company shall have seized the vessel, thus rendering it imperative upon the company to resort to the vessel as primarily liable, and therefore on failure to seize and sell the vessel, depriving them of any other remedy in all cases where the vessel passes without paying the toll. If this be the true construction of the act then, instead of being as no doubt it was intended, the means of protecting the interests of the company and enlarging their powers in collecting toll, the contrary effect would be produced; because, if the act suspends the common law remedy and ultimately destroys it as against the captain, unless and until the company have seized and sold the vessel, and this they cannot do until the vessel shall have passed the canal; then the remedy is not certain but contingent, and should the seizure of the vessel be prevented by any occurrence, the company are without remedy. This right of seizure, notwithstanding the act says, “wherever found,” must necessarily be limited in its exercise and confined within the jurisdiction of the states; granting this power, it cannot be exercised beyond the territory over which the right of legislation exists. Considering as we do that the act grants accumulative remedies, and is designed to enlarge the power of the canal company in collecting their tolls, which a proper consideration of it will, we think, fully and unequivocally establish, we would here remark, that the clause “the person having the direction of such vessel shall be liable for such toll if the same is. not paid by the sale of such vessel as aforesaid,” was probably inserted for the purpose of removing all doubt as to the continuance of the captain’s liability, in cases where the party electing to pursue the summary remedy, by seizure of the vessel, failed to obtain payment, and such a construction is in furtherance of the right and in affirmance of the common law.
Having thus considered the question as to the liability of the captain at common law, and whether the grant of summary power to collect toll, either suspends or annuls the remedy by suit, we shall now inquire what is the true construction of the charter upon this subject. By the charter, the corporation are authorized and required to collect and receive the tolls, at a place in the line of the canal. The words are “it
shall
and
may
be lawful for the said president and directors, after the said canal shall be made navigable, to
demand
and
receive
the following tolls, at such place or places
in the canal,
as. they may hereafter direct.” The act of incorporrtion thus restricting and confining the action of the board relative to the place of demanding and receiving toll to the canal, it neces
sarily follows that they cannot legally demand or receive payment in any place out of the prescribed limits. The act, after limiting the power of the company, both as to the demand and receipt of toll to the canal, further provides, that in case of
refusal
or
neglect to pay
the toll at the
time
of offering to pass through the said canal, and previous to the vessel passing through the same, the collectors of the said tolls may lawfully refuse passage to such vessel. This clause evidently contemplates a voluntary and not a payment by coercion; it regards the rights of the parties as independent, and authorizes the collector to refuse the right of passage if the toll remains unpaid, either by refusal or neglect. These expressions can only be applicable to some person, they cannot be applied ■either to the vessel or goods, for it would be absurd; they are necessarily passive, and cannot either refuse or neglect; it is true the vessel may, after passage, become liable, but the goods under no circumstances are so; the terms used, must therefore, upon a fair and reasonable construction, refer to the person competent to refuse and who may neglect; and clearly this is the proper reference when we advert to the immediate consequence thereof, being the refusal of passage, which operates directly upon the captain, and deprives him of the right to use the canal as a public highway. Besides, if this be not the meaning of the act, then by fixing the place of payment in the canal, and requiring payment at the time of offering to pass, unless the obligation to pay rests upon the captain, none being imposed upon the vessel primarily, it would appear wrong, as the canal is. declared a public highway, to deprive him of the right of passage when he is incapable of being gnilty either of neglect or refusal. But he is the person really and substantially interested in the right of passage, and the liability to pay rests with him, as the carrier and possessor of the goods, and it does appear impossible to transfer the same to the owners of the goods, so as to make them answerable
to the
canal company for the tolls. It may be shown that the master signs all the bills of landing by which he undertakes to deliver the goods attheir destined port. If goods be shipped at Philadelphia to be delivered at Baltimore, via the canal, the tolls form a part of the freight and increase its price; and the payment of the tolls being an expense, necessarily incident to the voyage, and as the captain cannot complete the voyage without paying them, it seems impossible to say, unless you suffer him to violate his contract, that he is not bound to pay them, nor without it could be earn his freight.
After the clause operating at the time the vessel offers to pass and is passing, follows the provision relative to the rights of the company and their remedy, after the vessel shall have passed without paying toll. The words of the act are as follows: “and if any vessel shall pass without paying the said toll, then the said collectors
may
seize such vessel .wherever found, and sell the same at auction for ready money, which so far as is necessary shall be applied towards paying said toll, and all expenses of seizure and sale, and the balance if any shall be paid to the owner, and the person having the direction of such vessel shall be liable for such toll if the same is
not paid
by the sale of such vessel as aforesaid.”
The above clause has been insisted on as exempting the captain
from liability, until after the company have seized and sold the vessel, hence, making the liability of the caption conditional and secondary, and not original or primary. This construction of the clause will require the word
may
to be erased, for it evidently confers the power to do or not to do the act authorized, and implies the right of election. Hence, as the legislature have said, the company
may
seize and sell the vessel, we infer, if they refrain from collecting the toll by seizure and sale of vessel, the right and remedy against the captain remains perfect and unimpaired. Had the intention been to make the captain liable for any deficiency, the phraseology should have been different; the language adopted is such as to imply, that in case of sale the value of the vessel would exceed the amount of toll and expenses, since it is provided that the balance, if any, shall be paid to the owner, and the liability of the person having direction is not declared to be such, as to make him responsible for any deficiency, but without reference to the amount received from the sale, and upon the
non payment
of toll by sale, he is liable: the intention manifestly being, to continue the pre-existing liability of the captain, unies payment is obtained, by the seizure and sale of the vessel, and to preclude him from any defence against the claim of the company, unless he can show payment.
The construction we have given that part of the act of incorporation relative to toll, as connected with the captain’s liability, appears to us, in accordance with the common law principles, and altoget' r consistent with, and we may add, essential to the preservation of the rights of the canal company. It fully recognizes the common law obligation of the captain, and retains to the company their several remedies, as separate, distinct and accumulative, thereby affording the meáns of enforcing payment of toll, either by suit or by the summary mode of proceeding
in rem
as prescribed by the charter. That the legislature should thus grant the summary power, and not design thereby to impair any common law remedy or liability, is further evident from the circumstance of the canal being declared a public highway, which had it not been controlled by vesting in the company authority to demand and receive toll prior to the exercise of the right of passage, would have occasioned much loss and difficulty in obtaining payment.
If the construction we have given the charter be correct, then the case stated, admitting no payment of toll at the time of entering or whilst passing, nor by the sale of the vessel, it necessarily follows the captain is liable, and to the amount of the sum due for tolls, is indebted to the canal company; and hence under the attachment law dated March 24, 1770, sec. 18 (See
Dig. Del. Laws
51) the plff. in the attachment would be entitled to judgment.
Having thus considered the captain’s liability to pay toll as pritiiary and not dependent on the seizure and sale of the vessel; and also the judgment creditor’s right to attach tolls due and unpaid when payment thereof has not been made in manner and place as prescribed by the charter, we will now advert to that part of the case which the argument and not the case stated has presented under the act of 1829, entitled “An act for expediting suits against corporatians.”
Sec.
4.
Dig. Del. Laws
98.
It has been insisted on that tolls are not liable to attachment. With respect to tolls due and unpaid, our opinion has been declared, that they are subject under the act of 1770. And by the act of 1829, authorizing the judgment creditor after sixty days to attach the tolls due or to become due of said company, it may be said the legislative provision is express and ita lex scripts est. But it has been objected that this act of 1829, is unconstitutional, inasmuch as it violates the clause in the tenth section of the first art. of the constitution of the United States which declares that “no State shall pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law,
or loto impairing the obligation of contracts.”
Is it ex post facto, that phrase in the constitution of the U. States is only applicable to such laws as relate retrospectively to crimes, pains and penalties,
Colder
vs.
Bull, in Sup. C. U. States,
3
Dall. 386.
Is it then a law impairing the
obligation
of contracts? It has been all edged that it is by affecting the chartered rights of the company; which, it has been contended, being a grant from the legislature, is a contract; if then it is a violation of the charter of the canal company, it must be by repealing some part thereof, either expressly or by implication: there is no repeal by express terms, nor can any be inferred: the powers and rights of the company under the charter are the same now as prior to the act of 1829; and as to their contracts, certainly they cannot be impaired by a law purely remedial, 'Thd designed to enforce the performance of contracts entered into by the company under their charter. Besides, the act of 1829 does not enlarge the obligations of the company, nor affect property or rights which by legislative grant were exempt, but rather the reverse, for if we advert to the original act incorporating The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, it will appear the tolls are declared liable. In the case of
Stoddard
vs.
Smith,
5
Binn. page
358, Duponceau in argument remarked, “the remedy is no part of the contract. Every legislature must add, alter or take away remedies to suit the public convenience.”
Tilghman C. J.
in delivering his opinion, page 364, remarks: It is said, by this law, the obligation of the contract is impaired. If the law took effect before the contract, the objection vanishes. At present we are not satisfied on this point, nor are we satisfied that even if the contract preceded the law, its obligation is impaired by it. Every thing stands precisely as agreed on, but in case of default a
summary remedy
is given.
Yates, J.
“The obligation of the contract on either side was wholly unimpaired, each stood bound to perform their stipulated engagements. What change then did the law profess to introduce? None whatever, but the simple one of
accelerating the remedy.
Private rights are preserved, but a remedy for a wrong is to be administered. In this I cannot see any violation of the constitution.”
In like manner in the case under consideration, it may be asked, have the legislature done more than to extend the remedy? We apprehend they have not, and that unless it be unconstitutional to enforce by legislative enactments the payment of debts, the law of 1829, cannot be considered a violation of the constitution of the United States. Independent of the act authorizing the creditor to attach the tolls due or to become due, payment at the time of offering to enter the canal, might have been considered a purchase of the
right of passage, and being made prior to the engagement of the right, no indebtedness would have existed, and hence the attachment would not have been available with respect to the tolls accruing.
Clayton
and
Rogers,
for plaintiff.
Gray
and
J. A. Bayard,
for defendants.
In the cases submitted, no question of this kind is presented, as it is admitted, the tolls were not paid at the time of offering to enter, or prior to the attachment being laid in the hands of the captains, in manner as prescribed by the charter. But, supposing the captains, after service of the attachment, and before entering the canal, had, at the time of offering to enter, paid the tolls, it would not have been available, because, the supplemental act, authorizing the attachment of the tolls, was intended to operate, upon the thing described and designated as toll before payment, and even before the same became due, the words of the act being
“tolls due and to become due”.
It is therefore essential, if the supplemental act is to have effect to give it such a construction as will attach the sum to be paid at the time, when the liability to pay the same arises and the party to whom the payment is to be made, has the legal right to make the demand.
The
charter has fixed the time and place, and hence, we consider, that whenever the creditor, at the time the liability to pay toll arises, interposes the writ of attachment, he thereby legally suspends the right to pay or receive and has a right to the same according to the principles of the attachment law. It has been in the argument insisted, that such a construction imposes much hardship and inconvenience on those engaged in trade; the answer to this is, that the inconvenience is not properly chargeable upon the creditor seeking to enforce payment, but upon the debtor whose default and omission to pay his debts occasions all the difficulty anff inconvenience.
Judgment for plaintiff.