MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 07 2016, 8:36 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Mark Leeman Gregory F. Zoeller Amber Garrison Attorney General of Indiana Pulaski County Public Defender Leeman Law Offices Tyler G. Banks Logansport, Indiana Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Randall L. Grigsby, June 7, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 66A03-1508-CR-1184 v. Appeal from the Pulaski Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Michael Anthony Appellee-Plaintiff. Shurn, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 66C01-1410-F1-1
Bradford, Judge.
Case Summary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 1 of 26 [1] On June 24, 2015, Appellant-Defendant Randall L. Grigsby was found guilty,
following a jury trial, of Level 1 felony rape. Grigsby appeals from this
conviction, contending that (1) the trial court abused its discretion in including
an instruction relating to a lesser included offense, i.e., Level 3 felony rape, in its
final instructions to the jury; and (2) the trial court committed fundamental
error by admitting certain evidence at trial. Concluding that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in including the challenged instruction in the final jury
instructions and that the admission of the challenged evidence did not
constitute fundamental error, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] In late-October of 2014, C.C. travelled from Michigan to Indiana to visit his
son. While in Indiana, C.C. stayed at the residence of his friend, Grigsby. 1
C.C. had wanted to visit Grigsby during his trip because they had gone to
school together and were “good friends.” Tr. p. 253.
[3] On or about October 25, 2014, Grigsby, C.C., and two others went to a nearby
Walmart. Once at the Walmart, Grigsby returned what he told C.C. were
previously stolen items, receiving in-store credit. At Grigsby’s instruction, C.C.
then used the in-store credit to purchase pseudoephedrine. Grigsby wanted the
pseudoephedrine so that one of his relatives could use it in the manufacture of
1 At the time, Grigsby lived with a number of relatives in the residence of Grigsby’s grandfather, Forrest Manns.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 2 of 26 methamphetamine. Grigsby also purchased a package of syringes from
Walmart.
[4] After leaving Walmart, the group returned to Grigsby’s residence. They then
gathered in a forest near the residence where Grigsby’s relative would
manufacture the methamphetamine. After the manufacture of the drug was
complete, Grigsby offered C.C. a syringe filled with the drug. C.C. did not take
the syringe, however, because he had quit using methamphetamine after a
friend had overdosed on the drug.
[5] Over the course of the rest of the evening, C.C. ingested marijuana and alcohol.
Around 10:00 or 11:00 p.m., C.C. went to lay down in an upstairs bedroom by
himself because he was not feeling well. The next thing C.C. remembered was
being awakened by Grigsby sticking a syringe “in [his] arm” and “pushing in on
the syringe.” Tr. pp. 273, 274. C.C. quickly lost consciousness with the syringe
still in his arm.
[6] When C.C. regained consciousness, he was face down on the bed. C.C.
noticed that his pants had been removed and that Grigsby was raping him from
behind with Grigsby’s penis penetrating his anus. C.C. later recalled that this
penetration “hurt really bad.” Tr. p. 276. C.C. cried and told Grigsby to stop
before again losing consciousness. When C.C. next regained consciousness,
Grigsby was choking him and yelling for C.C. to give him oral sex. C.C. then
passed out yet again.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 3 of 26 [7] When C.C. awoke in the morning, he was fully clothed and Grigsby was
placing him in a rocking chair. In an attempt to get away from Grigsby, C.C.
left the residence and went to the nearby woods. C.C. called his brother, who
eventually picked C.C. up from Grigsby’s residence and took him back to
Michigan. Soon after arriving back in Michigan, C.C.’s brother and mother
convinced him to seek medical attention. The incident was subsequently
reported to law enforcement officials in Pulaski County.
[8] On November 6, 2014, Appellee-Plaintiff the State of Indiana (the “State”)
charged Grigsby with two counts of Level 1 felony rape and one count of Level
3 felony rape. The charging information was later amended, with the State
dismissing one of the counts of Level 1 felony rape and the Level 3 felony rape.
Grigsby was subsequently alleged to be a habitual offender.
[9] Following trial, a jury found Grigsby guilty of Level 1 felony rape. The jury
also determined that Grigsby was a habitual offender. On July 22, 2015, the
trial court sentenced Grigsby to a thirty-five-year term in relation to the Level 1
felony rape conviction. The trial court enhanced Grigsby’s sentence by a term
of ten years by virtue of his status as a habitual offender. This appeal follows.
Discussion and Decision
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 4 of 26 I. Lesser Included Jury Instructions 2
[10] In every criminal case, an accused is entitled to clear notice of the charge or charges against which the State summons him to defend. Clear notice serves the dual purposes of allowing an accused to prepare his defense and of protecting him from being placed twice in jeopardy for the same offense. When, therefore, the issue is under what circumstances a trial court should instruct a jury on a lesser included offense of that charged, it is essential that the appellate courts of this state speak with one voice. What we say will determine both how prosecutors draft indictments and informations and what notice defendants in criminal cases will have of the charges brought against them. Due process will brook no confusion on the subject.
Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563, 565 (Ind. 1995) (internal citations omitted).
[11] “The purpose of a jury instruction is to inform the jury of the law applicable to
the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to comprehend the case
clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict.” Isom v. State, 31 N.E.3d
469, 484 (Ind. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). “We review a trial court’s
instructions to the jury for an abuse of discretion.” Id. “An abuse of discretion
2 The State initially asserted that Grigsby had waived his appellate challenge to the inclusion of the lesser included jury instruction because the record is unclear as to the grounds on which Grigsby objected to the inclusion of the instruction. In response, Grigsby requests that the instant appeal be stayed for a period of sixty days during which time his counsel would prepare an Indiana Appellate Rule 31 Statement of the Evidence setting forth the grounds on which Grigsby objected to the instruction at issue. Despite the State’s assertion to the contrary, we find that the record is sufficient to preserve Grigsby’s instant challenge for appeal and will therefore decide the issue on its merits. As such, we do not find it necessary for Grigsby’s counsel to prepare an Appellate Rule 31 Statement of the Evidence and hereby deny his request to stay the matter for a period of sixty days.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 5 of 26 arises when the instruction is erroneous and the instructions taken as a whole
misstate the law or otherwise mislead the jury.” Id. at 484-85.
[12] Grigsby contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury regarding the
lesser included offense of Level 3 felony rape over his objection. Grigsby
asserts on appeal that the trial court should only have instructed the jury
regarding the charged offense, i.e., Level 1 felony rape. Although the final jury
instructions included instructions relating to both Level 1 felony rape and the
lesser included offense of Level 3 felony rape, the jury found Grigsby guilty of
Level 1 felony offense, i.e., the charged offense. Nothing in the record suggests
that inclusion of the lesser included offense misled the jury or in any way
affected the jury’s ability to clearly comprehend the case or to arrive at a just,
fair, and correct verdict. Given that Grigsby was found guilty of the more
serious charged offense of Level 1 felony rape, we note that even if the trial
court could have been found to have abused its discretion in instructing the jury
regarding the lesser included offense, which we do not believe the trial court did
for the reasons stated below, we cannot see how Grigsby was prejudiced by the
inclusion of the lesser included offense. Thus, we do not believe that the trial
court abused its discretion in instructing the jury regarding the lesser included
offense.
[13] Furthermore, we note that the Indiana Supreme Court has held that it
constitutes reversible error for a trial court to fail to instruct the jury as to a
lesser included offense when that lesser included offense is an inherently
included offense to the principal charge and there is a serious evidentiary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 6 of 26 dispute regarding the element that distinguishes the lesser offense from the
principal charge. Id. at 485 (citing Wright, 658 N.E.2d at 567). An offense is
inherently included if (a) the alleged lesser included offense may be established
by proof of the same material elements or less than all the material elements
defining the crime charged, or (b) the only feature distinguishing the alleged
lesser included offense from the crime charged is that a lesser culpability is
required to establish the commission of the lesser offense. Jackson v. State, 33
N.E.3d 1067, 1071 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied; True v. State, 954 N.E.2d
1105, 1108 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
A serious evidentiary dispute exists where the jury can conclude that the lesser offense was committed and the greater offense was not. Chanley v. State, 583 N.E.2d 126, 130 (Ind. 1991). In determining whether there is a serious evidentiary dispute, Wright and its progeny dictate that the evidence presented by both the State and the defense must be taken into account. Webb v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1103, 1107 (Ind. 2012).
Jackson, 33 N.E.3d at 1072.
[14] Again, review of the record reveals that in addition to an instruction relating to
the charged offense of Level 1 felony rape, the trial court instructed the jury on
the lesser included offense of Level 3 felony rape. This instruction was given at
the State’s request and over Grigsby’s objection. Indiana Code section 35-42-4-
1 provides, in relevant part, that:
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), a person who knowingly or intentionally has sexual intercourse with another person or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 7 of 26 knowingly or intentionally causes another person to perform or submit to other sexual conduct … when: (1) the other person is compelled by force or imminent threat of force; [or] (2) the other person is unaware that the sexual intercourse or other sexual conduct … is occurring; [] **** commits rape, a Level 3 felony.
(b) An offense described in subsection (a) is a Level 1 felony if: **** (4) the commission of the offense is facilitated by furnishing the victim, without the victim’s knowledge, with a drug … or a controlled substance … or knowing that the victim was furnished with the drug or controlled substance without the victim’s knowledge.
The language of Indiana Code section 35-42-4-1 demonstrates that the offense
of Level 3 felony rape may be established by proof of less than all of the
material elements of Level 1 felony rape. As such, we conclude that Level 3
felony rape is an inherently included offense of Level 1 felony rape.
[15] Having concluded that Level 3 felony rape is an inherently included offense of
Level 1 felony rape, we must next determine whether a serious evidentiary
dispute existed by which the jury could have concluded that Grigsby committed
the lesser offense of Level 3 felony rape but not the greater offense of Level 1
felony rape. At trial, the State presented evidence that Grigsby drugged C.C.,
without C.C.’s knowledge, while C.C. slept, in furtherance of his act of raping
C.C. Specifically, the State presented evidence indicating that (1) C.C. did not
knowingly ingest or inject himself with methamphetamine on the night in Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 8 of 26 question, (2) C.C. did not regularly use methamphetamine, (3) C.C. awoke to
find Grigsby injecting him with a syringe containing what he believed to be
methamphetamine and sexually assaulting him, and (4) preliminary medical
tests taken when C.C. sought treatment hours after he was raped by Grigsby
indicated that C.C. had methamphetamine in his system.
[16] In presenting his defense, Grigsby challenged this evidence by presenting
evidence indicating that one of Grigsby’s relatives had observed C.C. inject
himself with methamphetamine on the night in question. Grigsby also disputed
the State’s evidence by questioning C.C. about his body’s reaction after
allegedly being injected with methamphetamine by Grigsby. During this line of
questioning, C.C. admitted that the usual effect methamphetamine had on his
body was to make him “wake up” rather than making him lose consciousness
as he alleged happened in this instance. Tr. p. 313. Grigsby’s counsel also
questioned the nurse who treated C.C. about whether any of the drugs for
which C.C. was prescribed could have caused the positive drug test. Upon
review, we find that the evidence presented by Grigsby sufficiently created an
evidentiary dispute by which the jury could have reasonably concluded that
Grigsby had committed the lesser offense of Level 3 felony rape but not the
greater charged offense of Level 1 felony rape.
[17] Again, we conclude that Level 3 felony rape is an inherently included offense of
Level 1 felony rape. We also conclude that a serious evidentiary dispute exists
where the jury could have reasonably concluded that the lesser offense of Level
3 felony rape was committed and the greater offense of Level 1 felony rape was
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 9 of 26 not. In light of these conclusions, it was not error for the trial court to give the
requested lesser included instruction. Indeed, it would have been reversible
error for the trial court to refuse to do so. See Isom, 31 N.E.3d at 485 (citing
Wright, 658 N.E.2d at 567).
II. Admission of Evidence [18] Grigsby next contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
certain evidence at trial.
The trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence. Gutierrez v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1030, 1034 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). The trial court’s ruling on review of admissibility of evidence will be disturbed only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is clearly against the logic, facts, and circumstances presented. Oatts v. State, 899 N.E.2d 714, 719 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). In reviewing the admissibility of evidence, we consider only the evidence in favor of the trial court’s ruling and any unrefuted evidence in the appellant’s favor. Redding v. State, 844 N.E.2d 1067, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). As a rule, errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless unless they affect the substantial rights of a party. Id. In determining whether an evidentiary ruling affected a party’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the evidence on the trier of fact. Id.
Kirk v. State, 974 N.E.2d 1059, 1066 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).
A. Admission of Allegedly Repetitious Hearsay [19] Grigsby asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting what he
alleges to be repetitious hearsay at trial. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 10 of 26 1. The Rule Against Hearsay
[20] “Hearsay” is defined as “a statement that: (1) is not made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing; and (2) is offered in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted.” Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). Hearsay is not
generally admissible unless the Rules of Evidence or “other law provides
otherwise.” Evid. R. 802. Indiana Evidence Rule 803(4) provides that one
exception to the rule against the hearsay is statements made for medical
diagnosis or treatment. This includes a statement that “(A) is made by a person
seeking medical diagnosis or treatment; (B) is made for—and is reasonably
pertinent to—medical diagnosis or treatment; and (C) describes medical history;
past or present symptoms, pain or sensations; their inception; or their general
cause.” Evid. R. 803(4). Another exception to the hearsay rule is records of a
regularly conducted activity. Evid. R. 803(6). This includes a record of an act,
event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if:
(A) the record was made at or near the time by--or from information transmitted by--someone with knowledge; (B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, whether or not for profit; (C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity; (D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that complies with Rule 902(11) or (12) or with a statute permitting certification; and (E) neither the source of information nor the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 11 of 26 Evid. R. 803(6). “Among those business records routinely held admissible
under Rule 803(6) are medical records.” Perry v. State, 956 N.E.2d 41, 51 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2011). Further, “[h]earsay within hearsay is not excluded by the rule
against hearsay if each part of the combined statements conforms with an
exception to the rule.” Evid. R. 805.
2. Whether the Trial Court Abused Its Discretion in Admitting the Allegedly Repetitious Hearsay Evidence
[21] It is important to note that Grigsby did not object at trial to the admission of
any of the challenged testimony or medical records that he now claims amounts
to repetitious hearsay. Again, the admission of evidence is generally within the
trial court’s discretion and we review decisions to allow items into evidence for
an abuse of discretion. Lee v. State, 967 N.E.2d 529, 534 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)
(citing Ziebell v. State, 788 N.E.2d 902, 908 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)). “However,
where a party fails to object at the time an item is introduced into evidence, any
error in allowing the item into evidence must be fundamental error to warrant
reversal.” Id. (citing Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010)).
[22] “Fundamental error is an exception to the general rule requiring
contemporaneous objection that is ‘extremely narrow, and applies only when
the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential
for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant
fundamental due process.’” Id. (quoting Brown, 929 N.E.2d at 207). “This
exception applies only to ‘egregious circumstances,’ and must either ‘make a
fair trial impossible’ or constitute ‘clearly blatant violations of basic and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 12 of 26 elementary principles of due process.’” Id. (quoting Brown, 929 N.E.2d at 207).
Thus, because Grigsby failed to object to the admission of the challenged
evidence at trial, he is only entitled to relief if the claimed error constituted
fundamental error. See id.
i. Detective Woodruff
[23] In claiming that the trial court committed fundamental error by admitting
certain evidence at trial, Grigsby challenges the testimony of Detective
Woodruff. During trial, Detective Woodruff indicated that he was first made
aware of the incident in question when Nurse Mindy O’Brien reported C.C.’s
allegations to the Pulaski County Sheriff’s Department. Detective Woodruff
further indicated that after speaking with Nurse O’Brien, he spoke with C.C..
Regarding his initial contact with C.C., Detective Woodruff testified that C.C.
gave him “a brief statement in regards to what had taken place[,]” identified the
specific location where the incident took place, and identified Grigsby as the
person who had “committed [the] act against him.” Tr. p. 205. Detective
Woodruff further testified that he met with C.C. the day after his initial contact
with C.C., at which time C.C. described the events in question as follows:
Mr. [C.C.] advised on the evening of October 27th he was at the Grigsby residence, and he said later in the evening he had become tired and went upstairs to go to bed. Mr. [C.C.] said he was awoken by a pain in his arm and looked and observed Mr. Grigsby sticking a syringe into his arm and he believed to be injecting an unknown substance into Mr. [C.C.]. Mr. [C.C.] advised that he then felt withdrawn and like a zombie. He stated that he blacked out until eventually coming back to finding himself laying on the ground with his pants removed and Mr. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 13 of 26 Grigsby behind him sexually assaulting him. Mr. [C.C.] advised he could feel Mr. Grigsby’s penis inside of his anus. He stated this caused pain and claimed to still be in pain at the time of the interview.
Mr. [C.C.] advised he again blacked out or passed out and awoke to Mr. Grigsby standing over him, as [C.C.] was seated in a chair. [C.C.] advised Grigsby was choking him in attempting to force [C.C.] to perform oral sex on the defendant. Mr. [C.C.] advised that the oral sex was completed and had stated that Mr. Grigsby had ejaculated into his mouth. Mr. [C.C.] advised he again blacked out and awoke and found his clothes to be put back on but stated that his zipper was undone[.]
Tr. p. 207. Detective Woodruff testified that C.C. further indicated that he had
consumed alcohol and smoked marijuana prior to the attack but that he had not
ingested methamphetamine, which he had stopped using “due to a close friend
suffering an overdose.” Tr. p. 208.
[24] Initially, we note that the challenged portions of Detective Woodruff’s
testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay. As such, these statements should
not have been admitted at trial. However, because Grigsby failed to object to
the challenged testimony at trial, he is entitled to relief only if he demonstrates
that the inclusion of the challenged testimony constituted fundamental error.
See Lee, 967 N.E.2d at 534. Grigsby has failed to do so.
[25] While Detective Woodruff testified prior to C.C. testifying at trial, his
testimony regarding C.C.’s account was not overly prejudicial such that it
denied Grigsby a fair trial. Detective Woodruff merely recounted the version of
events provided to him during the course of his investigation. Detective Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 14 of 26 Woodruff did so in explaining what steps he followed in completing his
investigation and why. Detective Woodruff’s testimony in this regard was
brief, was consistent with C.C.’s subsequent testimony, and did not appear to
have elaborated on C.C.’s statement in anyway. Further, Detective Woodruff
did not express any opinion as to C.C.’s credibility and even admitted on cross
examination that he later learned that C.C. had provided inaccurate or
untruthful information with regards to a different portion of the information he
provided to Detective Woodruff. As such, we conclude that any error in
admitting Detective Woodruff’s testimony was harmless. See generally, McGrew
v. State, 673 N.E.2d 787, 796 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (providing that because
admission of evidence which is cumulative of other evidence admitted at trial
without objection does not constitute reversible error, the trial court did not err
in allowing the testimony of two witnesses who provided testimony that was
cumulative to that subsequently provided by the victim of a sexual assault),
summarily aff’d on relevant grounds, 682 N.E.2d 1289, 1292 (Ind. 1997).
ii. C.C.’s Brother
[26] Grigsby next challenges the testimony of C.C.’s brother, Michael. The record
reveals that Michael testified that he went to pick C.C. up from Grigsby’s
residence after C.C. requested a ride and indicated that it was a “life and death
situation.” Tr. p. 341. Michael indicated that C.C. was quiet during the drive
and that he knew “something [was] going on” because it was unlike C.C. to be
so quiet. Michael then provided the following testimony regarding what
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 15 of 26 happened once he picked up C.C. and headed back towards Michael’s
residence in Michigan:
A: … And then eventually he was like he told me what had happened, and I was like what? And he was like yeah. I was like well then you need to go to the hospital. Q: What did he tell you happened? A: That he had been raped. Q: Did he say by whom? A: Yeah. Q: Who did he say raped him? A: Randall.
Tr. p. 343. Upon continued examination by the State, Michael further
testified:
Q: So he had a difficult time telling you about it? A: Yeah. Q: Did he tell you the whole story all at once or did he spread it out over the trip home? A: Well no, he had only told me he had been raped. He didn’t even tell me a whole lot about it. He just said that Randall raped him. And I was like well you need to go to the hospital. To this day I still don’t know everything.
Tr. p. 344.
[27] Similar to the challenged testimony discussed above, we note that the
challenged portions of Michael’s testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay.
As such, these statements should not have been admitted at trial. However, as
was the case with the challenged testimony above, Grigsby is only entitled to
relief if he demonstrates that the inclusion of the challenged testimony
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 16 of 26 constituted fundamental error because he failed to object to the challenged
testimony at trial. See Lee, 967 N.E.2d at 534. Grigsby has again failed to do
so.
[28] Michael’s testimony does not repeat the details of C.C.’s account in a manner
which would unduly prejudice Grigsby. His testimony merely explains why he
picked up C.C. from Grigsby’s residence and why he suggested C.C. seek
medical attention. Further, Michael testified after C.C. had already testified
and his testimony that C.C. indicated that he had been raped by Grigsby was
cumulative of and consistent with C.C.’s testimony regarding the events in
question.
iii. Nurse O’Brien
[29] Grigsby also challenges the admission of the testimony of Nurse O’Brien, the
nurse who treated C.C. at the hospital. Review of Nurse O’Brien’s testimony
reveals that the alleged hearsay contained in her testimony would fall under the
exception to the rule against hearsay for statements made for medical diagnosis
or treatment. To the extent that Nurse O’Brien testified about C.C.’s account of
what had transpired at Grigsby’s residence on the night in question, C.C.’s
statements about the incident were made by an individual seeking medical
treatment for the purpose of receiving said treatment. Further, Nurse O’Brien
only mentioned C.C.’s statements to the extent necessary to explain how she
determined what treatment was necessary given C.C.’s situation. See generally,
Palilonis v. State, 970 N.E.2d 713, 727 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (providing that the
victim’s statements describing the events of her rape were highly important for Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 17 of 26 making treatment decisions); Perry, 956 N.E.2d at 50 (providing that the
victim’s statements describing the physical attack and identifying the defendant
as the assailant were admissible pursuant to Evidence Rule 803(4) because they
were pertinent to the diagnosis and treatment of the victim). Because the
challenged portion of Nurse O’Brien’s testimony falls under the exception to the
rule against hearsay for statements made for medical diagnosis or treatment,
such statements did not amount to inadmissible hearsay.
iv. Medical Records
[30] Grigsby last challenges the admission of the medical records relating to C.C.’s
treatment at the hospital. The record reveals that the State laid a foundation for
the medical records by confirming that Nurse O’Brien had prepared the records
as part of her treatment, the records were certified, and the records were kept in
the normal course of the hospital’s business. Grigsby’s counsel was given the
opportunity to review the medical records at trial and affirmatively stated that
he had no objection to the admission of the said records. Again, “[a]mong
those business records routinely held admissible under Rule 803(6) are medical
records.” Perry, 956 N.E.2d at 51. Because the medical records falls within the
exception to the hearsay rule for records created as a matter of regularly
conducted activity, the records, and any alleged hearsay contained therein, did
not amount to inadmissible hearsay. See generally, id. (providing that the
victim’s medical records and the treating nurses observations relayed therein
were admissible pursuant to Evidence Rule 803(6) because the records were
created in connection to the nurse’s contemporaneous evaluation of the victim
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 18 of 26 and in the course of the hospital’s regular business activity of consulting
patients and documenting treatment).
v. Cumulative Effect
[31] Again, Nurse O’Brien’s challenged testimony and the challenged medical
records relating to C.C.’s treatment at the hospital were properly admitted
because both the challenged testimony and the medical records fell under stated
exceptions to the rule against hearsay. As such, their admission should not be
considered in relation to our fundamental error analysis. Rather, we should
consider only the cumulative effect of the testimony presented by Detective
Woodruff and Michael.
[32] While it was error to admit the challenged portions of Detective Woodruff’s
and Michael’s testimony, we conclude that such error was harmless. While
Detective Woodruff’s testimony came before C.C.’s at trial, his testimony
recounting the version of the events in question provided by C.C. was brief, was
consistent with C.C.’s subsequent testimony, and did not appear to have
elaborated on C.C.’s statement in anyway. As we noted above, Detective
Woodruff did not express any opinion as to C.C.’s credibility and even
admitted on cross examination that he later learned that C.C. had provided
inaccurate or untruthful information regarding a different portion of the
information he provided to Detective Woodruff. Further, we have found that
Michael’s testimony, which again came after C.C.’s testimony, was consistent
with and cumulative of C.C.’s general assertion that he had been raped by
Grigsby. Michael’s testimony did not repeat any specifics of the incident. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 19 of 26 [33] Upon review, we conclude the cumulative effect of the admission of the
challenged testimony was not such that would have rendered a fair trial
impossible. As such, any error in admitting the challenged evidence did not
amount to fundamental error. Given that Grigsby failed to object to the
challenged testimony at trial together with our conclusion that admission of the
challenged testimony did not constitute fundamental error, we further conclude
that Grigsby is not entitled to appellate relief. See generally, Lee, 967 N.E.2d at
534 (providing that an appellant who challenges the admission of evidence on
appeal to which he did not object at trial is entitled to relief only if the appellant
proves that admission of the evidence in question amounted to fundamental
error).
B. Admission of C.C.’s Hospital Blood Test Results [34] Grigsby last contends that the trial court committed fundamental error by
admitting C.C.’s hospital blood test results into evidence. Specifically, Grigsby
challenges the unconfirmed presumptive test result for methamphetamine. As
was mentioned above, Grigsby acknowledged that he did not object to the
admission of the hospital blood test results at trial. As such, Grigsby is only
entitled to relief if the admission of the test results constituted fundamental
error. See id.
[35] Focusing on the foundational requirements for the admission of evidence,
Grigsby asserts that Nurse O’Brien failed to provide an adequate foundation for
the results, and, as such, the results should have been excluded at trial. Nurse
O’Brien testified that the medical records at issue were certified hospital records Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 20 of 26 created during the course of a medical evaluation of C.C. and were kept in the
normal course of the hospital’s business. The State argues that the records in
question were admissible because medical records are inherently reliable
because failure to provide accurate medical laboratory test results in the course
of patient treatment “would inevitably lead to profoundly deleterious
outcomes.” Appellee’s Br. p. 23. Grigsby, on the other hand, claims that
Nurse O’Brien did not adequately prove that the scientific principles used in
creating the challenged records satisfied the requirements of Indiana Evidence
Rule 702.
[36] While medical records may not be excluded as hearsay, any medical opinions
and diagnosis contained in such records must meet the requirements for expert
opinions set forth in Evidence Rule 702.3 Brooks v. Friedman, 769 N.E.2d 696,
701 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Review of the medical records at issue, however,
demonstrates that the challenged medical records do not contain medical
opinions and diagnosis. Instead, the records merely contain laboratory test
results. The records merely presumptively indicated that methamphetamine
3 Evidence Rule 702 provides as follows:
(a) A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. (b) Expert scientific testimony is admissible only if the court is satisfied that the expert testimony rests upon reliable scientific principles.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 21 of 26 was present in C.C.’s blood at the time it was tested during the normal course of
his treatment at the hospital.
[37] The records contain no opinion as to how or when the methamphetamine
entered C.C.’s bloodstream. While C.C. testified that he did not willingly
ingest methamphetamine on the day in question, at least one of Grigsby’s
relatives testified that he had seen Grigsby inject himself with
methamphetamine. If the jury were to believe this testimony, the testimony
would explain the presumptive result in Grigsby’s favor.
[38] Again, Grigsby did not object to the admission of the challenged medical
records at trial. Grigsby has failed to convince us on appeal that the admission
of these medical records constituted fundamental error. As such, we conclude
that Grigsby is not entitled to relief in this regard.
Conclusion [39] In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in including
the instruction relating to the lesser included offense of Level 3 felony rape in its
final instructions to the jury. We also conclude that the admission of the
challenged testimony and the challenged medical records did not constitute
fundamental error. As such, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
[40] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Altice, J., concurs.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 22 of 26 Bailey, J., concurs in result with opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 23 of 26 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Randall L. Grigsby, Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 66A03-1508-CR-1184 v.
State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff.
[41] I agree with the majority’s result. However, because it is not our place to create
arguments for the appellant, I believe we should not reach the merits of
challenges waived by Grigsby as to certain items of hearsay evidence.
[42] Generally, failure to object at trial results in the waiver of a claimed error on
appeal. Benson v. State, 762 N.E.2d 748, 755 (Ind. 2002). An exception to that
waiver occurs only when “our extremely narrow fundamental error exception”
is satisfied. Id.
To qualify as fundamental error, “an error must be so prejudicial to the rights of the defendant as to make a fair trial impossible.” Willey v. State, 712 N.E.2d 434, 444-45 (Ind. 1999) (citations omitted). To be fundamental error, the error “must constitute a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm must be substantial, and the resulting error must deny the defendant fundamental due process.” Wilson v. State, 514 N.E.2d 282, 284 (Ind. 1987). See also Ford v. State, 704 N.E.2d 457, 461 (Ind.1998) (“This Court views the fundamental error exception to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 24 of 26 the waiver rule as an extremely narrow one, available only ‘when the record reveals clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles [of due process], and the harm or potential for harm [can]not be denied.’”) (quoting Warriner v. State, 435 N.E.2d 562, 563 (Ind. 1982)).
Id.
[43] Here, Grigsby complains of the admission into evidence, without his objection,
of portions of testimony from Detective Woodruff, C.C.’s brother, and Nurse
O’Brien, as well as medical records that were admitted along with Nurse
O’Brien’s testimony. Grigsby baldly characterizes all of this unobjected-to
evidence as inadmissible hearsay. But in the absence of anything more than a
citation to the basic hearsay rule, Grigsby has waived his argument as to the
hearsay evidence. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring cogent
argumentation and citation to relevant authority); Pierce v. State, 29 N.E.3d
1258, 1267 (Ind. 2015). Having waived in his brief the question of the
inadmissibility of the evidence at issue, Grigsby cannot establish error—to say
nothing of his ability to meet the extremely high threshold required to establish
fundamental error.
[44] Had Grigsby objected, some of the evidence that he identifies as inadmissible
hearsay should have been excluded from evidence, namely, Detective
Woodruff’s and Hall’s testimonies relating what C.C. told them about
Grigsby’s actions. Other evidence—particularly Nurse O’Brien’s testimony
concerning her clinical findings and the admitted medical records—is clearly
admissible and provides corroboration of C.C.’s testimony. See Ind. Rule of Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 25 of 26 Evidence 803(4) and (6). Nevertheless, had there been any error in admitting
Detective Woodruff’s and Hall’s statements, that error would have been
harmless within the context of a typical abuse of discretion analysis, let alone
under the more stringent standard of fundamental error analysis.
[45] Because of Grigsby’s waiver of these arguments, however, I would simply
observe that he failed to make arguments and note that it is not our place to
create those arguments for him. See, e.g., New v. Estate of New, 938 N.E.2d 758,
766 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (observing that it is not incumbent upon this Court to
“search the record for support” of a party’s arguments or “consider issues” left
unarticulated). Because I conclude that Grigsby waived his arguments as to the
hearsay issues, I cannot join in the majority’s analysis of those arguments.
[46] Therefore, I concur in the result.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 66A03-1508-CR-1184 | June 7, 2016 Page 26 of 26