Ramsey v. Thompson

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: December 12, 2023
• Docket: 3:23-cv-01920
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DANIEL C. RAMSEY, Case No.: 3:23-cv-01920-JAH-DDL CDCR #K99536, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 vs. (1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS N. THOMPSON, H. MOSELEY., 15 [ECF No. 2]; Defendants. 16 (2) SCREENING COMPLAINT 17 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915A 18

20 21 Daniel C. Ramsey (“Plaintiff” or “Ramsey”), a state prisoner currently incarcerated 22 at High Desert State Prison (“HDSP”) in Susanville, California and proceeding pro se, filed 23 a civil rights complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on June 29, 2023 alleging his Eighth 24 and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated while he was incarcerated at Richard J. 25 Donovan State Prison (“RJD”), and that Defendants conspired to violate his constitutional 26 rights. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff did not pay the civil filing fee, but he did file a Motion to 27 Proceed in Forma Paupers (“IFP”). ECF No. 2. 28 1 I. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 2 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 3 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 4 $405.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 5 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 6 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v. 7 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to 8 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,” 9 Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 85 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th 10 Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915(b)(1), (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002). 12 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 13 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 14 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. 15 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified 16 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average 17 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly balance 18 in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no 19 assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having custody 20 of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the preceding 21 month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards those 22 payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 23 577 U.S. at 85. 24 25 1 In civil actions except for applications for a writ of habeas corpus, civil litigants bringing 26 suit must pay the $350 statutory fee in addition to a $55 administrative fee. See 28 U.S.C. 27 § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. Dec. 1, 2023). The $55 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to 28 1 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a certified copy of his trust 2 account statement pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2) and S.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 3.2. See ECF 3 No. 2 at 4; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. This document shows Plaintiff had an available 4 balance of $0.00 at the time of filing. See ECF No. 2 at 4. Therefore, the Court GRANTS 5 Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 2), declines to exact the initial filing fee 6 because his trust account statement indicates he may have “no means to pay it,” Bruce, 577 7 U.S. at 85, and directs the Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and 8 Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) or his designee, to instead collect the entire $350 balance of the 9 filing fees required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914 pursuant to the installment payment provisions set 10 forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) and forward them to the Clerk of the Court. See 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no event shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a 12 civil action or appealing a civil action or criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner 13 has no assets and no means by which to pay the initial partial filing fee”). Bruce, 577 U.S. 14 at 85; Taylor, 281 F.3d at 850 (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” 15 preventing dismissal of a prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay . . . due to 16 the lack of funds available to him when payment is ordered”). 17 II. Screening Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) 18 A. Legal Standard 19 Plaintiff’s Complaint requires a pre-answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 20 § 1915(e)(2). Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curium) (holding 21 1915(e)(2) screening applies to non-prisoners proceeding IFP). Under this statute, the 22 Court must sua sponte dismiss an IFP complaint, or any portion of it, which is frivolous, 23 malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are immune. See 24 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (discussing 28 U.S.C. 25 § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2010) (discussing 28 26 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that the targets of frivolous 27 or malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 28 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). 1 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 2 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 3 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 4 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 5 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 6 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted 8 as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 9 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121. Detailed 10 factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of 11 action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 12 “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context- 13 specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and 14 common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, the defendant- 15 unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility standard. Id.; 16 see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 17 “Section 1983 creates a private right of action against individuals who, acting under 18 color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” Devereaux v. Abbey, 19 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). Section 1983 “is not itself a source of substantive 20 rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” 21 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393‒94 (1989) (internal quotation marks and citations 22 omitted). “To establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show both (1) deprivation of a right 23 secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the deprivation was 24 committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 25 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012). 26 B. Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations 27 Plaintiff alleges that he has been designated as a high risk medical inmate, which 28 requires him to be housed at a high risk medical facility prison, since 2009. ECF No. 1 at 1 3. In March of 2023, Plaintiff’s counselor told him he was set to go before the Inmate 2 Classification Committee (“ICC”). Id. Plaintiff and his counselor reviewed possible 3 placements which would be appropriate for his high risk medical designation, and he 4 agreed to go to either California Medical Facility in Vacaville, California or California 5 Health Care Facility in Stockton, California. Id. Before he could be transferred, however, 6 Defendant Thompson removed Plaintiff’s high risk medical designation without any stated 7 reason and approved a transfer to HDSP, which is not a high risk medical facility. Id. 8 Plaintiff is in a wheelchair and claims he needs assistance, such as help with 9 showering, which HDSP cannot provide. Id. In addition, he claims he has been cleared for 10 neck surgery but no such surgery has been scheduled because HDSP does not have a 11 surgeon available. Id. at 5–6. Plaintiff suffers from pain, numbness, and has lost use of his 12 left arm and part of his right arm which is being exacerbated by the surgery delay. Id. at 6. 13 In addition, Plaintiff alleges he is at risk of substantial harm from other inmates because he 14 cannot defend himself due to his medical condition. Id. 15 Plaintiff filed a grievance about the transfer, explaining that HDSP cannot 16 accommodate his medical needs. Id. at 5. The grievance was denied, and Plaintiff appealed; 17 Defendant Mosely denied Plaintiff’s appeal. Id. 18 C. Discussion 19 1. Eighth Amendment 20 Plaintiff has stated an Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant Thompson. “In 21 order to prevail on an Eighth Amendment claim for inadequate medical care, a plaintiff 22 must show ‘deliberate indifference’ to his ‘serious medical needs.’” Colwell v. Bannister, 23 763 F.3d 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). 24 A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment only when two requirements are met. 25 “First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively ‘sufficiently serious.’” Farmer v. 26 Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991)). 27 Second, Plaintiff must allege the prison official he seeks to hold liable had a “sufficiently 28 culpable state of mind,” that is “one of ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health or safety.” 1 Id. (quoting Wilson, 501 U.S. at 302–03). A prison official can be held liable only if he 2 “knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must 3 both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of 4 serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 5 Plaintiff plausibly alleges his transfer to HDSP is a “sufficiently serious” deprivation 6 of medical care and that Defendant Thompson knew he was placing Plaintiff at serious risk 7 of harm by removing his high risk medical designation and authorizing a transfer to HDSP, 8 which is not a high risk medical facility. Prior to this case, Plaintiff had been designated as 9 a high risk medical inmate for fourteen years. See ECF No. 1-3 at 3. His ADA/Effective 10 Communication Summary from July 25, 2023 states he uses a wheelchair, and, among 11 other things, he must be given a bottom bunk, be housed in a building with no stairs, and 12 be provided with an inmate attendant or assistant. Id. Further, he was issued an air cell 13 cushion, incontinence supplies, wheelchair, and a pressure reducing mattress. Id. Despite 14 the available records demonstrating Plaintiff’s medical needs, Thompson provided no 15 reason for his decision to remove the high risk medical designation from Plaintiff’s file. Id. 16 at 8–9. Id. Further, Plaintiff alleges HDSP cannot provide him with an assistant to help him 17 with showering and it is currently unable to provide him with the surgery medical personnel 18 approved in July of 2023; the surgery should have been performed at the latest in October 19 of 2023. Id. at 19. The continual denial of treatment for his neck and spine issues has 20 resulted in pain and the loss of use of his left arm and partial loss of use of his right arm. 21 ECF No. 1 at 6. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges a plausible 22 Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant Thompson sufficient to survive the “low 23 threshold” set for sua sponte screening as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and 24 § 1915A(b). See Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1123; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 25 Plaintiff has not, however, stated an Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant 26 Moseley. While “an individual who denies an inmate appeal and who had the authority and 27 opportunity to prevent an ongoing constitutional violation could potentially be subject to 28 liability if the individual knew about an existing or impending violation and failed to 1 prevent it,” Ellis v. Foulk, No. 2:14-cv-00802 AC P, 2015 WL 4662766, at *5 (E.D. Cal. 2 Aug. 5, 2015), “[a]n allegation that a prison official inappropriately denied or failed to 3 adequately respond to a grievance, without more, does not state a claim under § 1983.” 4 Evans v. Skolnik, 637 Fed. Appx. 285, 288 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 5 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir. 2003)). Prisoners do not have a “separate constitutional entitlement 6 to a specific prison grievance procedure.” Ramirez, 334 F.3d at 860 (citation omitted); 7 Shallowhorn v. Molina, 572 Fed. Appx. 545, 547 (9th Cir. 2014) (district court properly 8 dismissed § 1983 claims against defendants who “were only involved in the appeals 9 process”). 10 Here, Plaintiff explained in his appeal his prior status as a high risk medical inmate, 11 as well as his need for surgery and an assistant to help him with mobility. ECF No. 1-3 at 12 13–17. He also explained he feared for his safety at HDSP because he was in general 13 population and could not defend himself. Id. Although Moseley denied Plaintiff’s appeal, 14 he did so by acknowledging that HDSP was not a high risk medical facility, but that 15 Plaintiff’s designation as a high risk medical inmate was not mandatory per the Health Care 16 Department Operations Manual. Id. at 11. Mosely also stated that HDSP could 17 accommodate Plaintiff’s medical needs, but that if Plaintiff believed his medical needs 18 were not being met at HDSP, he should “work with health care staff regarding the issue.” 19 Id. Thus, Plaintiff’s allegations suggest Moseley did not deny Plaintiff’s appeal by simply 20 ignoring his medical needs, but instead noted “there is no indication that appellant’s 21 medical needs cannot be met at [HDSP],” that Plaintiff would have an opportunity to seek 22 assistance at HSDP if his medical needs were not addressed. Id. Accordingly, without 23 more, and as currently pleaded, the Court finds Plaintiff’s allegations against Moseley do 24 not plausibly allege he know of and disregarded a serious risk to Plaintiff’s health or safety, 25 and therefore he does not state an Eighth Amendment claim against him. Farmer, 511 U.S. 26 at 837; Evans, 637 Fed. Appx. at 288; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 27 28 1 2. Equal Protection 2 Plaintiff has not also stated an equal protection claim against either Defendant. The 3 Equal Protection Clause “is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should 4 be treated alike.” See City of Cleburne, Tex. v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 5 (1985); see also Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 799, (1997) (citing Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 6 202, 216 (1982) and Tigner v. Texas, 310 U.S. 141, 147 (1940); Fraley v. Bureau of 7 Prisons, 1 F.3d 924, 926 (9th Cir. 1993) (per curiam). To state an equal protection claim 8 Plaintiff must set forth facts which plausibly allege Defendants intentionally discriminated 9 against him based on his membership in a protected class. Hartmann v. California Dep’t 10 of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1123 (9th Cir. 2013); Maynard v. City of San Jose, 37 11 F.3d 1396, 1404 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Intentional discrimination means that a defendant acted 12 at least in part because of a plaintiff’s protected status.”) 13 Plaintiff has not alleged any facts which show he is a member of a protected class. 14 United States v. Whitlock, 639 F.3d 935, 941 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Glauner v. Miller, 15 184 F.3d 1053, 1054 (9th Cir. 1999) (stating that “neither prisoners nor ‘persons convicted 16 of crimes’ constitute a suspect class for equal protection purposes”); Lee v. City of Los 17 Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 687 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Does 1–5 v. Chandler, 83 F.3d 1150, 18 1155 (9th Cir.1996) (“Because ‘the disabled do not constitute a suspect class’ for equal 19 protection purposes, a governmental policy that purposefully treats the disabled differently 20 from the non-disabled need only be ‘rationally related to legitimate legislative goals’ to 21 pass constitutional muster.”) Nor has he shown that Defendants intentionally treated him 22 differently than similarly situated individuals and that there was not a rational basis for the 23 difference in treatment. Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000); 24 Engquist v. Oregon Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 601-02 (2008) (“[W]hen it appears that 25 an individual is being singled out by the government, the specter of arbitrary classification 26 is fairly raised, and the Equal Protection Clause requires a ‘rational basis for the difference 27 in treatment.’”) (quoting Olech, 528 U.S. at 564). Accordingly, he has failed to state a 28 § 1983 equal protection claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 1 3. Conspiracy 2 In addition, Plaintiff has not stated a § 1983 claim for conspiracy. In order to 3 plausibly allege a conspiracy claim, “a plaintiff must ‘demonstrate the existence of an 4 agreement or meeting of the minds’ to violate constitutional rights.” Crowe v. City of San 5 Diego, 608 F.3d 406, 440 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino 6 County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1301 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).) The 7 existence of an agreement can be inferred from circumstantial evidence, such as actions by 8 the defendants. Id. “To be liable, each participant in the conspiracy need not know the exact 9 details of the plan, but each participant must at least share the common objective of the 10 conspiracy.” Soloman v. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Dep’t, 441 F. Supp. 3d, 1090, 11 1100 (D. Nev. Feb. 27, 2020) (quoting Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 441 (9th Cir. 2002) 12 (internal quotation marks omitted).) 13 The Complaint does not contain sufficient facts to plausibly allege Thompson and 14 Moseley were engaged in a conspiracy to violate Plaintiff’s rights. Plaintiff does not claim 15 that Thompson and Moseley communicated with each other in any fashion with respect to 16 the removal of his high risk medical designation, his transfer to HDSP, or the denial of his 17 grievance and appeal. Further, the actions Plaintiff alleges Thompson and Moseley took do 18 not lead to an inference of an agreement between them to violate Plaintiff’s rights, or that 19 they had a common objective to do so. Rather, it appears from the Complaint that 20 Thompson and Moseley acted independently from each other. Accordingly, the Court 21 concludes Plaintiff has failed to state a § 1983 conspiracy claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 22 III. Leave to Amend 23 While the Court has concluded Plaintiff has plausibly stated an Eighth Amendment 24 claim against Thomspon, it has dismissed claims against Defendant Moseley and Plaintiff’s 25 equal protection and conspiracy claims for failing to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 26 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Because Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, however, he must be given 27 leave to amend. See Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district 28 court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint 2 could not be cured by amendment.’”) (quoting Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th 3 Cir. 2012)). 4 IV. Conclusion and Order 5 Based on the foregoing, the Court: 6 1) GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) 7 (ECF No. 2). 8 2) ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to collect from 9 Plaintiff’s prison trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly 10 payments from the account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding 11 month’s income and forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in 12 the account exceeds $10 in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS 13 SHALL BE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO 14 THIS ACTION; 15 3) DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order by U.S. Mail 16 on Jeff Macomber, Secretary, CDCR, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283- 17 0001, or by forwarding an electronic copy to trusthelpdesk@cdcr.ca.gov; 18 4) DISMISSES all claims against Defendant Moseley and Plaintiff’s equal 19 protection and conspiracy claims sua sponte for failing to state a claim upon which relief 20 may be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and § 1915A(b)(1). 21 6) GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in 22 which to either: (1) file a Notice of Intent to Proceed with his Eighth Amendment claim 23 against Defendant Thompson only; or (2) file an Amended Complaint correcting all the 24 deficiencies of pleading identified by the Court in this Order. 25 If Plaintiff chooses to proceed as to his Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant 26 Thompson only, the Court will issue an Order directing the U.S. Marshal to effect service 27 of his Complaint on Defendant Thompson and dismiss Mosely as a Defendant. 28 l If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended pleading correcting the deficiencies outlined 2 this Order, his Amended Complaint must be complete in itself without reference to his 3 || original pleading. Defendants not named and any claims not re-alleged in the Amended 4 || Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. CAL. CIVLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc., 5 F.2d at 1546 (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa 6 || Cuty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend 7 ||which are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not 8 ||repled.”’). Plaintiff's Amended Complaint must be entitled as his “First Amended 9 Complaint,” contain S.D. Cal. Civil Case No. 23-cv-01920-JAH-DDL in its caption, and 10 ||}comply both with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 and with S.D. Cal. CivLR 8.2.a. 11 In order to assist Plaintiff in complying with these requirements, the Court further 12 || DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to provide Plaintiff with a blank copy of its form 13 || Complaint under the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for his use and convenience should 14 || he choose to amend. 15 If Plaintiff fails to either notify the Court of his intent to proceed with his Eighth 16 || Amendment claim against Defendant Thompson only, or to file an Amended Complaint 17 || within the time provided, the Court will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action 18 || based both on Plaintiffs failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant 19 || to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b), and his failure to prosecute in compliance 20 || with a court order requiring amendment. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th 21 || Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, 22 district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire 23 action.”). 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. | | M&S 25 Dated: December 12, 2023 %6 Hc n. John A. Houston Mited States District Judge 27 28 11