COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
RAMON GALINDO, § No. 08-11-00008-CR Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § County Criminal Court at Law No. 1 STATE OF TEXAS, § of El Paso County, Texas Appellee. § (TC# 20100C03731) §
OPINION
Ramon Galindo (“Galindo”) appeals the trial court’s judgment convicting him of the
misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated. In a single issue, Galindo argues that the trial
court abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress evidence because the police officer
who detained him lacked reasonable suspicion to do so. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At approximately 12:37 a.m. on April 6, 2010, El Paso Police Officer Richard Kimberlin
(“Officer Kimberlin”) was dispatched to a Jack-in-the-Box restaurant in response to a report that a
Hispanic male in a gray vehicle committed a “drunk disturbing.” When Officer Kimberlin
arrived approximately eight to ten minutes later, he saw two employees point to the drive-thru
lane. Without speaking to any of the employees, Officer Kimberlin parked, exited his vehicle,
and walked immediately over to the drive-thru lane, where he encountered a silver Acura, the only
vehicle at the restaurant.1
1 The record is unclear whether Officer Kimberlin observed the two employees point to the drive-thru lane when he Upon approaching the vehicle from the passenger’s side, Officer Kimberlin noticed a
Hispanic male (later identified as Galindo) sitting in the driver’s seat and a Hispanic female in the
passenger’s seat. When the passenger rolled her window down, Officer Kimberlin informed
Galindo and the passenger that he was responding to a call and asked them what they were doing.
Galindo and the passenger responded that they were waiting for the food they had ordered before
heading home. Smelling a strong odor of alcohol emanating from the vehicle, Officer Kimberlin
asked Galindo for his driver’s license and insurance. Initially, Galindo reached into his pocket
and pulled out a pack of cigarettes. However, after the passenger informed him that Officer
Kimberlin wanted his driver’s license, Galindo produced it and his insurance.
While speaking to Galindo, Officer Kimberlin noticed that Galindo was slurring his words
and elongating them as well. Accordingly, Officer Kimberlin asked Galindo to step out of the
Acura. While Galindo was standing in front of him, Officer Kimberlin smelled the odor of
alcohol emanating from Galindo’s breath and person, observed Galindo swaying back and forth
rather than standing still, and noticed Galindo had red, bloodshot eyes. It was then that Officer
Kimberlin informed Galindo that he suspected him of driving while intoxicated and asked him to
perform the field sobriety tests. Galindo agreed to perform the tests. After Galindo exhibited all
six clues on the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, seven of eight clues on the walk-and-turn test, and
two of four clues on the one-legged-stand test, Officer Kimberlin arrested him for driving while
intoxicated.
THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS
As he did at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Galindo argues on appeal that Officer
Kimberlin lacked the reasonable suspicion necessary to detain him while investigating whether he
first arrived or when he exited his vehicle after parking. 2 was intoxicated because Officer Kimberlin failed to corroborate with the restaurant employees the
information the dispatcher provided Officer Kimberlin. We disagree.
Standard of Review
When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. State v. Iduarte, 268 S.W.3d 544, 548
(Tex.Crim.App. 2008). When, as here, the trial court issues findings of fact, we determine
whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports
those findings, giving almost total deference to the trial court’s findings of fact. Id. However,
we review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. Id. We uphold the trial court’s ruling if it
is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. Id.
Applicable Law
Reasonable suspicion may derive from an informant’s tip that bears sufficient “indicia of
reliability.” Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000), quoting Adams v.
Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923-24, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). The content of
the tip and its degree of reliability together constitute the totality of circumstances that determine
reasonable suspicion. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2416, 110 L.Ed.2d
301 (1990). We consider both factors together, such that the strength of one can sufficiently
balance the weakness of the other factor to render suspicion reasonable. See id.
Information from a private citizen is inherently reliable when the citizen’s only contact
with the police results from having witnessed a criminal act committed by another. Hime v. State,
998 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). However, an
informant’s detailed description and statement that the informant actually witnessed the reported
3 event entitles the informer’s tip to greater weight. Id. at 896.
Discussion
The record in this case supports the trial court’s ruling that the totality of the circumstances
present demonstrate reasonable suspicion to detain Galindo. When considered together, both
factors – the content of the tip and its degree of reliability – render suspicion reasonable here.
Although there is no evidence of the content of the information that the Jack-in-the-Box employee
reported to the police dispatcher, the record does establish the information conveyed by dispatch to
Officer Kimberlin. Officer Kimberlin knew that an employee had observed an intoxicated
Hispanic male in a gray car committing a “drunk disturbing.” When Officer Kimberlin arrived at
the scene approximately eight to ten minutes later, he independently and quickly corroborated the
identification details provided by the informant. He was directed by two employees to the
drive-thru lane. He immediately proceeded to that location and encountered a silver Acura – the
only vehicle at the restaurant – occupied by Galindo – the only Hispanic male in the vehicle.
Galindo nonetheless contends that, when Officer Kimberlin arrived at the restaurant, he
should have corroborated the tip by speaking to the restaurant employees, and because he did not
do so, he lacked reasonable suspicion to detain him. As support for his contention, Galindo cites
State v. Griffey, 241 S.W.3d 700 (Tex.App.--Austin 2007, pet. ref’d), a suspected DWI case
dealing with the reliability of the information the police received.
In Griffey, the arresting officer received dispatch information that the manager of a
Whataburger had observed a person “passed out behind the wheel in the drive-through,” but did
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COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
RAMON GALINDO, § No. 08-11-00008-CR Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § County Criminal Court at Law No. 1 STATE OF TEXAS, § of El Paso County, Texas Appellee. § (TC# 20100C03731) §
OPINION
Ramon Galindo (“Galindo”) appeals the trial court’s judgment convicting him of the
misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated. In a single issue, Galindo argues that the trial
court abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress evidence because the police officer
who detained him lacked reasonable suspicion to do so. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At approximately 12:37 a.m. on April 6, 2010, El Paso Police Officer Richard Kimberlin
(“Officer Kimberlin”) was dispatched to a Jack-in-the-Box restaurant in response to a report that a
Hispanic male in a gray vehicle committed a “drunk disturbing.” When Officer Kimberlin
arrived approximately eight to ten minutes later, he saw two employees point to the drive-thru
lane. Without speaking to any of the employees, Officer Kimberlin parked, exited his vehicle,
and walked immediately over to the drive-thru lane, where he encountered a silver Acura, the only
vehicle at the restaurant.1
1 The record is unclear whether Officer Kimberlin observed the two employees point to the drive-thru lane when he Upon approaching the vehicle from the passenger’s side, Officer Kimberlin noticed a
Hispanic male (later identified as Galindo) sitting in the driver’s seat and a Hispanic female in the
passenger’s seat. When the passenger rolled her window down, Officer Kimberlin informed
Galindo and the passenger that he was responding to a call and asked them what they were doing.
Galindo and the passenger responded that they were waiting for the food they had ordered before
heading home. Smelling a strong odor of alcohol emanating from the vehicle, Officer Kimberlin
asked Galindo for his driver’s license and insurance. Initially, Galindo reached into his pocket
and pulled out a pack of cigarettes. However, after the passenger informed him that Officer
Kimberlin wanted his driver’s license, Galindo produced it and his insurance.
While speaking to Galindo, Officer Kimberlin noticed that Galindo was slurring his words
and elongating them as well. Accordingly, Officer Kimberlin asked Galindo to step out of the
Acura. While Galindo was standing in front of him, Officer Kimberlin smelled the odor of
alcohol emanating from Galindo’s breath and person, observed Galindo swaying back and forth
rather than standing still, and noticed Galindo had red, bloodshot eyes. It was then that Officer
Kimberlin informed Galindo that he suspected him of driving while intoxicated and asked him to
perform the field sobriety tests. Galindo agreed to perform the tests. After Galindo exhibited all
six clues on the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, seven of eight clues on the walk-and-turn test, and
two of four clues on the one-legged-stand test, Officer Kimberlin arrested him for driving while
intoxicated.
THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS
As he did at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Galindo argues on appeal that Officer
Kimberlin lacked the reasonable suspicion necessary to detain him while investigating whether he
first arrived or when he exited his vehicle after parking. 2 was intoxicated because Officer Kimberlin failed to corroborate with the restaurant employees the
information the dispatcher provided Officer Kimberlin. We disagree.
Standard of Review
When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. State v. Iduarte, 268 S.W.3d 544, 548
(Tex.Crim.App. 2008). When, as here, the trial court issues findings of fact, we determine
whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports
those findings, giving almost total deference to the trial court’s findings of fact. Id. However,
we review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. Id. We uphold the trial court’s ruling if it
is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. Id.
Applicable Law
Reasonable suspicion may derive from an informant’s tip that bears sufficient “indicia of
reliability.” Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000), quoting Adams v.
Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923-24, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). The content of
the tip and its degree of reliability together constitute the totality of circumstances that determine
reasonable suspicion. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2416, 110 L.Ed.2d
301 (1990). We consider both factors together, such that the strength of one can sufficiently
balance the weakness of the other factor to render suspicion reasonable. See id.
Information from a private citizen is inherently reliable when the citizen’s only contact
with the police results from having witnessed a criminal act committed by another. Hime v. State,
998 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). However, an
informant’s detailed description and statement that the informant actually witnessed the reported
3 event entitles the informer’s tip to greater weight. Id. at 896.
Discussion
The record in this case supports the trial court’s ruling that the totality of the circumstances
present demonstrate reasonable suspicion to detain Galindo. When considered together, both
factors – the content of the tip and its degree of reliability – render suspicion reasonable here.
Although there is no evidence of the content of the information that the Jack-in-the-Box employee
reported to the police dispatcher, the record does establish the information conveyed by dispatch to
Officer Kimberlin. Officer Kimberlin knew that an employee had observed an intoxicated
Hispanic male in a gray car committing a “drunk disturbing.” When Officer Kimberlin arrived at
the scene approximately eight to ten minutes later, he independently and quickly corroborated the
identification details provided by the informant. He was directed by two employees to the
drive-thru lane. He immediately proceeded to that location and encountered a silver Acura – the
only vehicle at the restaurant – occupied by Galindo – the only Hispanic male in the vehicle.
Galindo nonetheless contends that, when Officer Kimberlin arrived at the restaurant, he
should have corroborated the tip by speaking to the restaurant employees, and because he did not
do so, he lacked reasonable suspicion to detain him. As support for his contention, Galindo cites
State v. Griffey, 241 S.W.3d 700 (Tex.App.--Austin 2007, pet. ref’d), a suspected DWI case
dealing with the reliability of the information the police received.
In Griffey, the arresting officer received dispatch information that the manager of a
Whataburger had observed a person “passed out behind the wheel in the drive-through,” but did
not receive any other information, much less information that the person had engaged in criminal
conduct. Griffey, 241 S.W.3d at 702. “Significantly, the manager did not report that the driver
4 was intoxicated or that she exhibited any signs of intoxication.” Id. at 705. When the arresting
officer arrived, he found the suspect awake in her car, which was next to the drive-through
window. Id. at 702. The trial court suppressed evidence from the stop, and the court of appeals
affirmed. Id. at 703, 707. The court of appeals held that the arresting officer lacked reasonable
suspicion to detain the suspect because the manager’s tip was not corroborated, and was actually
contradicted by the fact that the suspect was awake when arresting officer arrived. Id. at 707.
Griffey is distinguishable from this case in material respects and is thus inapposite. In
contrast to Griffey, the informant in this case observed Galindo engage in criminal activity,
specifically, public intoxication and driving while intoxicated, and reported it, giving a description
of the driver, the vehicle, and its location. Unlike Griffey, Officer Kimberlin found Galindo at the
location where he was directed by the two restaurant employees and in the condition as reported.
Because these employees directed Officer Kimberlin to Galindo by pointing to his location and
Officer Kimberlin was able to corroborate the informant’s identification details when he located
Galindo in his car in the drive-thru lane, the informant’s tip was entitled to greater weight and
enhanced its reliability. Thus, there was no need for Officer Kimberlin to corroborate the
reliability of the informant’s tip by speaking to the restaurant employees.
Under the totality of the circumstances demonstrated by the record in this case, we hold
that the information provided by the informant, combined with Officer Kimberlin’s corroboration
of the informant’s identification details, provided sufficient reasonable suspicion to justify Officer
Kimberlin’s detention of Galindo. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
overruled Galindo’s motion to suppress evidence. Galindo’s sole issue is overruled.
CONCLUSION
5 Having overruled Galindo’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
June 20, 2012 CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)