Ramirez v. Trusper Inc.

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: October 20, 2025
• Docket: 24-6434
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 20 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ELIA RAMIREZ, individually and on No. 24-6434 behalf of all others similarly situated, D.C. No. 5:24-cv-02012-EJD Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. MEMORANDUM*

TRUSPER INC., doing business as Musely,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Edward J. Davila, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 7, 2025 San Francisco, California

Before: NGUYEN and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT, District Judge.**

Trusper Inc. (doing business as “Musely”) appeals the district court’s order

denying its motion to compel arbitration. We have jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C.

§ 16(a)(1). Reviewing the district court’s decision de novo “and any underlying

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Richard D. Bennett, United States District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation. factual findings for clear error,” Knapke v. PeopleConnect, Inc, 38 F.4th 824, 830

(9th Cir. 2022), we affirm.

Musely, “as the party seeking to compel arbitration, must prove the

existence of a valid agreement by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 832

(quoting Wilson v. Huuuge, Inc., 944 F.3d 1212, 1219 (9th Cir. 2019)). We “apply

state-law principles of contract formation.” Oberstein v. Live Nation Ent., Inc., 60

F.4th 505, 510 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30

F.4th 849, 855 (9th Cir. 2022)). California courts determine mutual assent “under

an objective standard applied to the outward manifestations or expressions of the

parties.” Herzog v. Superior Ct., 321 Cal. Rptr. 3d 93, 105 (Ct. App. 2024)

(quoting Sellers v. JustAnswer LLC, 289 Cal. Rptr. 3d 1, 12 (Ct. App. 2021)),

review denied (Aug. 28, 2024).

“[I]n the absence of actual notice, a manifestation of assent may be inferred

from the consumer’s actions on the website—including, for example, checking

boxes and clicking buttons—but any such action must indicate the parties’ assent

to the same thing, which occurs only when the website puts the consumer on

constructive notice of the contractual terms.” Id. (quoting Sellers, 289 Cal. Rptr.

3d at 13). The website must provide “reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms

to which the consumer will be bound.” Berman, 30 F.4th at 856. In determining

whether a consumer was “put . . . on inquiry notice of contractual terms contained

2 24-6434 on a separate, hyperlinked page,” the transaction’s “full context . . . is critical.”

Herzog, 321 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 105 (quoting Sellers, 289 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 5).

1. At step one of the online enrollment process, even if the hyperlink

provided reasonably conspicuous notice of the “Telehealth Consent” terms, the

link merely opened the “Consent to Telehealth Services” pop-up window, which

did not contain the Participant Agreement. Although the pop-up window

contained a “terms page” hyperlink, the hyperlinked text was indistinguishable

from the surrounding text except for underlining. It appeared in the last of three

paragraphs containing no action buttons, and it was uncapitalized. Moreover, the

option to “click on the link provided below”—a link which did not exist—created

additional confusion and bore an uncertain relationship to the preceding option to

“visit the terms page.”

While the pop-up text also stated that “[b]y consenting to Telehealth you are

agreeing to our full terms and conditions,” that referred to “Musely’s full

Telehealth Terms and Conditions” (emphasis added). A reasonable user would

expect these terms and conditions to involve the same subject matter—i.e., consent

to “the delivery of health care services using electronic communications,

information technology, or other means between a health care provider and a

patient who are not in the same physical location”—and not “all of the terms in the

3 24-6434 hyperlinked webpage, including the requirement of binding arbitration in the event

of a legal dispute,” Herzog, 321 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 114.

Musely is correct that notice of an arbitration provision is not inconspicuous

merely because the website user must click through multiple screens to reach it;

but assent to one hyperlinked agreement is not assent to a second agreement linked

therein unless the first agreement “clearly and unequivocally refers to the [second

agreement] by name and calls it to the parties’ attention.” B.D. v. Blizzard Ent.,

Inc., 292 Cal. Rptr. 3d 47, 66 (Ct. App. 2022) (citing Shaw v. Regents of Univ. of

Cal., 67 Cal. Rptr. 2d 850, 856 (Ct. App. 1997)). Here, notice of the “Telehealth

Consent” agreement did not clearly refer to the terms of the “Participant

Agreement.” See id. at 66 n.10 (distinguishing analogous circumstances).

2. At step two of the online enrollment process, the district court did not err

in finding that Musely’s evidence was insufficient to show that the visual

placement of the final link to the Participant Agreement provided the requisite

notice. According to Musely’s declarant, clicking on the “Terms of Use”

hyperlink opens “a table of contents where . . . the customer can click on the

Participant Agreement,” but Musely did not provide a screenshot of the table of

contents page. Depending on its layout, a reasonable website user might not

assume that the “Participant Agreement” in a table of contents was part of the

“Terms of Use” to which she was agreeing.

4 24-6434 Even if the district court had considered Ramirez’s screenshot of the Terms

Page as it existed several months after she visited the website, that only highlights

the webpage’s confusing nature. The default screen on the Terms Page was a

“Copyright Policy” that did not contain an arbitration agreement or mention the

Participant Agreement. And because clicking on the step two action button

expressed agreement only to the “Privacy Policy” and “Terms of Use,” a

reasonable user could have assumed that the “Terms of Use” agreement was found

by clicking on “Musely Subscription Terms” rather than on “Participant

Agreement.”

3. Musely argues that the district court improperly disregarded the

transaction’s context by giving “short shrift” to Ramirez’s four visits to the website

over the course of a year and her actions during those visits. But the district court

acknowledged that the context of the transaction “contemplates an ongoing

relationship,” which “a reasonable user would expect . . . to be bound by terms and

conditions.” Moreover, Musely does not maintain that Ramirez had actual notice

of the Participant Agreement, so it is unclear how her asserted “sustained, repeated,

and prolific pattern of use and engagement” with the website is relevant to the

objective standard for constructive notice. See Cruz v. Tapestry, Inc., 335 Cal.

Rptr. 3d 906, 917 (Ct. App. 2025). Regardless, the ongoing nature of Ramirez’s

5 24-6434 relationship with Musely does not overcome the other deficiencies in notice

discussed above.

AFFIRMED.

6 24-6434