* Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Appeal and Error, 4CJ, p. 1247, n. 34; Evidence, 22CJ, p. 1162, n. 67; Landlord and Tenant, 35CJ, p. 952, n. 9, 13; Mortgages, 42CJ, p. 245, n. 86; On admissibility of parol evidence to show want or failure of consideration, see annotation in 20 L.R.A. 101; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194; 10 R.C.L. 1042; 2 R.C.L. Supp. 1144; 4 R.C.L. Supp. 688; 5 R.C.L. Supp. 587.
Appellee, Mims Williams, filed the bill in case in the chancery court of Simpson county against appellant, Raleigh State Bank, and W.T. and E.B. Martin, to foreclose a deed of trust on certain lands in Simpson county described in the bill, which deed of trust had been executed by the Martins, in appellee's favor, on February 9, 1925. Appellant, Raleigh State Bank, answered the original bill, making its answer a cross-bill. In its answer it denied some of the material allegations of the original bill, and made its answer a cross-bill, by which it sought to recover of appellee something over two thousand dollars as rents for the lands involved for the years 1925 and 1926. The case was tried on original bill, answer, and cross-bill of appellant, Raleigh State Bank, appellee's answer to the cross-bill, and proofs, resulting in a decree granting appellee substantially the relief prayed for in the original bill, and denying appellant, Raleigh State Bank, the relief it prayed for in its cross-bill. From that decree appellant, Raleigh State Bank, prosecutes this appeal. The Martins did not join in the appeal. On November 30, 1919, and for some time prior thereto, the Martins owned the lands upon which appellee held the deed of trust which he sought to foreclose by the original bill in this cause. On that date the Martins executed a deed of trust in favor of Geo. M. Foreman on said lands to secure an indebtedness of three thousand dollars to Foreman. On February 27, 1922, the Martins borrowed from appellant two thousand two hundred eighteen dollars and twenty-eight cents, securing the payment of the same with a second deed of trust on the lands involved. Still later the Martins borrowed from appellee the sum of one thousand three hundred ninety dollars, and, to secure the amount, executed a third deed of trust on said lands. The Martins made default in all three of these deeds of trust. On July 7, 1924, the Foreman deed of trust, which was the senior of the three named, was foreclosed under power of sale
therein, for the purpose of satisfying the indebtedness thereby secured. At that sale W.P. Kent became the purchaser of the lands for three thousand three hundred twenty-seven dollars and forty cents, and received a deed in due form from the trustee making the sale. On January 10, 1925, appellant's deed of trust on the land was foreclosed by sale through a substituted trustee under power of sale contained therein, at which foreclosure sale appellant became the purchaser of the land for two hundred fifty dollars, receiving the trustee's deed therefor in due form. On December 31, 1924, appellee purchased the lands from W.P. Kent, and received a deed thereto from Kent. On February 9, 1925, the appellee conveyed the lands to the Martins in consideration of three thousand five hundred dollars; and on the same day and as a part of the same transaction the Martins executed a deed of trust on the lands and crops to be raised thereon, and on other personal property, to secure an indebtedness to appellee described in the deed of trust as follows:
"Fifty-eight hundred and fifty no/100 dollars evidenced by their two promissory notes of even date herewith due and payable October 1, 1925; one note for five thousand three hundred fifty dollars represents amount owing up to January 19, 1925, including interest to due date; one note for five hundred dollars given for advances made and to be made after January 19, 1925. The note for five thousand three hundred fifty dollars includes the purchase price for land this day deeded to the parties of the second part by party of the first part, and the land described hereinafter is the land so deeded.
"And whereas, said parties of the first part have agreed to secure the payment of said indebtedness, as also, any further amounts that may be advanced as aforesaid and not mentioned herein."
Still later appellant filed its bill in the chancery court of Simpson county against the Martins to establish its
title to the lands involved by virtue of its purchase under the foreclosure of its deed of trust thereon. That cause was tried, resulting in a decree in appellant's favor. From that decree the Martins appealed to the supreme court, where the decree of the court below was affirmed. Martin v. Raleigh State Bank,146 Miss. 1, 111 So. 448, 51 A.L.R. 442. The court held, in that case, that when the Martins reacquired title to the lands through the conveyance from appellee, the title so acquired inured to the benefit of appellant by virtue of the warranty in its deed of trust, and the foreclosure thereof and purchase of the lands by appellant at such foreclosure sale, and therefore appellant's title to the lands was superior to that of the Martins, but subject to the rights of appellee's mortgage of February 9, 1925. Appellee was not a party to that cause. Soon after the affirmance by the supreme court of the decree in that case, appellee filed the bill in this case for the foreclosure of his deed of trust of February 9, 1925.
Appellant concedes that appellee has the right to enforce its deed of trust of February 9, 1925, against the lands for the amount of the unpaid purchase money therefor due by the Martins to appellee, but takes issue with appellee that the latter is entitled to enforce it for any amount above the purchase money. And the Martins having been in possession of and farmed the lands during the years 1925 and 1926, and having sold to appellee a large part of the crops raised thereon for those years in payment of their indebtedness to appellee, appellant contends that the Martins were due it a reasonable rental for those years, alleged to be about two thousand dollars, for the payment of which it had a landlord's lien on such crops, and appellee, by such purchase of the crops, having converted the same to his own use, was liable to appellant for such rent to the extent of the crops so converted.
W.P. Kent, by his purchase of the lands at the foreclosure of the Foreman deed of trust (which was the senior of the three deeds of trust), acquired title to the lands freed from the other two deeds of trust. So far as concerned, therefore, the title to the lands stood as if the other two deed of trust had never been given thereon. By Kent's conveyance of the lands to appellee the later stood exactly in Kent's shoes with reference to the title thereto. Appellee owned the lands, as did Kent, entirely freed from the other two deeds of trust. Appellee was under no obligation whatever to hold or convey the lands with a view of subserving the interest of either the Martins or the appellant. He was absolutely free to sell the lands to any person he might select, at any price he might name, provided the person selected was willing to pay such a price. Appellee chose to sell and reconvey the lands to the Martins, in consideration of the sum of five thousand eight hundred fifty dollars. It is true that the conveyance of the lands from appellee to the Martins recites a consideration of only three thousand five hundred dollars "cash in hand." But under the law, the true consideration for the conveyance may be shown by parol.
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* Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Appeal and Error, 4CJ, p. 1247, n. 34; Evidence, 22CJ, p. 1162, n. 67; Landlord and Tenant, 35CJ, p. 952, n. 9, 13; Mortgages, 42CJ, p. 245, n. 86; On admissibility of parol evidence to show want or failure of consideration, see annotation in 20 L.R.A. 101; 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1194; 10 R.C.L. 1042; 2 R.C.L. Supp. 1144; 4 R.C.L. Supp. 688; 5 R.C.L. Supp. 587.
Appellee, Mims Williams, filed the bill in case in the chancery court of Simpson county against appellant, Raleigh State Bank, and W.T. and E.B. Martin, to foreclose a deed of trust on certain lands in Simpson county described in the bill, which deed of trust had been executed by the Martins, in appellee's favor, on February 9, 1925. Appellant, Raleigh State Bank, answered the original bill, making its answer a cross-bill. In its answer it denied some of the material allegations of the original bill, and made its answer a cross-bill, by which it sought to recover of appellee something over two thousand dollars as rents for the lands involved for the years 1925 and 1926. The case was tried on original bill, answer, and cross-bill of appellant, Raleigh State Bank, appellee's answer to the cross-bill, and proofs, resulting in a decree granting appellee substantially the relief prayed for in the original bill, and denying appellant, Raleigh State Bank, the relief it prayed for in its cross-bill. From that decree appellant, Raleigh State Bank, prosecutes this appeal. The Martins did not join in the appeal. On November 30, 1919, and for some time prior thereto, the Martins owned the lands upon which appellee held the deed of trust which he sought to foreclose by the original bill in this cause. On that date the Martins executed a deed of trust in favor of Geo. M. Foreman on said lands to secure an indebtedness of three thousand dollars to Foreman. On February 27, 1922, the Martins borrowed from appellant two thousand two hundred eighteen dollars and twenty-eight cents, securing the payment of the same with a second deed of trust on the lands involved. Still later the Martins borrowed from appellee the sum of one thousand three hundred ninety dollars, and, to secure the amount, executed a third deed of trust on said lands. The Martins made default in all three of these deeds of trust. On July 7, 1924, the Foreman deed of trust, which was the senior of the three named, was foreclosed under power of sale
therein, for the purpose of satisfying the indebtedness thereby secured. At that sale W.P. Kent became the purchaser of the lands for three thousand three hundred twenty-seven dollars and forty cents, and received a deed in due form from the trustee making the sale. On January 10, 1925, appellant's deed of trust on the land was foreclosed by sale through a substituted trustee under power of sale contained therein, at which foreclosure sale appellant became the purchaser of the land for two hundred fifty dollars, receiving the trustee's deed therefor in due form. On December 31, 1924, appellee purchased the lands from W.P. Kent, and received a deed thereto from Kent. On February 9, 1925, the appellee conveyed the lands to the Martins in consideration of three thousand five hundred dollars; and on the same day and as a part of the same transaction the Martins executed a deed of trust on the lands and crops to be raised thereon, and on other personal property, to secure an indebtedness to appellee described in the deed of trust as follows:
"Fifty-eight hundred and fifty no/100 dollars evidenced by their two promissory notes of even date herewith due and payable October 1, 1925; one note for five thousand three hundred fifty dollars represents amount owing up to January 19, 1925, including interest to due date; one note for five hundred dollars given for advances made and to be made after January 19, 1925. The note for five thousand three hundred fifty dollars includes the purchase price for land this day deeded to the parties of the second part by party of the first part, and the land described hereinafter is the land so deeded.
"And whereas, said parties of the first part have agreed to secure the payment of said indebtedness, as also, any further amounts that may be advanced as aforesaid and not mentioned herein."
Still later appellant filed its bill in the chancery court of Simpson county against the Martins to establish its
title to the lands involved by virtue of its purchase under the foreclosure of its deed of trust thereon. That cause was tried, resulting in a decree in appellant's favor. From that decree the Martins appealed to the supreme court, where the decree of the court below was affirmed. Martin v. Raleigh State Bank,146 Miss. 1, 111 So. 448, 51 A.L.R. 442. The court held, in that case, that when the Martins reacquired title to the lands through the conveyance from appellee, the title so acquired inured to the benefit of appellant by virtue of the warranty in its deed of trust, and the foreclosure thereof and purchase of the lands by appellant at such foreclosure sale, and therefore appellant's title to the lands was superior to that of the Martins, but subject to the rights of appellee's mortgage of February 9, 1925. Appellee was not a party to that cause. Soon after the affirmance by the supreme court of the decree in that case, appellee filed the bill in this case for the foreclosure of his deed of trust of February 9, 1925.
Appellant concedes that appellee has the right to enforce its deed of trust of February 9, 1925, against the lands for the amount of the unpaid purchase money therefor due by the Martins to appellee, but takes issue with appellee that the latter is entitled to enforce it for any amount above the purchase money. And the Martins having been in possession of and farmed the lands during the years 1925 and 1926, and having sold to appellee a large part of the crops raised thereon for those years in payment of their indebtedness to appellee, appellant contends that the Martins were due it a reasonable rental for those years, alleged to be about two thousand dollars, for the payment of which it had a landlord's lien on such crops, and appellee, by such purchase of the crops, having converted the same to his own use, was liable to appellant for such rent to the extent of the crops so converted.
W.P. Kent, by his purchase of the lands at the foreclosure of the Foreman deed of trust (which was the senior of the three deeds of trust), acquired title to the lands freed from the other two deeds of trust. So far as concerned, therefore, the title to the lands stood as if the other two deed of trust had never been given thereon. By Kent's conveyance of the lands to appellee the later stood exactly in Kent's shoes with reference to the title thereto. Appellee owned the lands, as did Kent, entirely freed from the other two deeds of trust. Appellee was under no obligation whatever to hold or convey the lands with a view of subserving the interest of either the Martins or the appellant. He was absolutely free to sell the lands to any person he might select, at any price he might name, provided the person selected was willing to pay such a price. Appellee chose to sell and reconvey the lands to the Martins, in consideration of the sum of five thousand eight hundred fifty dollars. It is true that the conveyance of the lands from appellee to the Martins recites a consideration of only three thousand five hundred dollars "cash in hand." But under the law, the true consideration for the conveyance may be shown by parol. The principle that parol evidence is not admissible to vary the terms of a written contract has no application to the consideration recited in a contract. The consideration for the conveyance of the lands by appellee to the Martins is not only amply shown by parol testimony, but, in addition, is shown by the deed of trust on the lands executed by the Martins in favor of appellee, which took place on the same day and as a part of the same transaction as the conveyance. The deed of trust recites that it was given to secure an indebtedness of five thousand eight hundred fifty dollars of the Martins to appellee, evidenced by two notes, payable October 1, 1921, one for five thousand three hundred fifty dollars, which represented the amount owing by the Martins to appellee January, 19, 1925, including
interest, and one note for five hundred dollars, for advances to be made by appellee to the Martins after January 19, 1925. The deed of trust recites, also, that the five thousand three hundred fifty dollar note included three thousand five hundred dollars, which the conveyance from appellee to the Martins set out as the purchase price of the lands. It is true that part of the amount secured by the deed of trust was the sum of one thousand three hundred ninety dollars, with interest, which the Martins were due appellee under the latter's first deed of trust on the lands. However, as we view this question, it is wholly immaterial what value was fixed on the lands by appellee and the Martins at the time of the conveyance by the former to the latter, and the giving of the deed of trust by the latter to the former. Appellee had a perfect title to the lands as against both appellant and the Martins. He had the right under the law to demand of the Martins that they pay him the old indebtedness due by them, and, in addition, the price of whatever supplies he might advance them for farming the lands during the year 1925; and appellee had a right to take a deed of trust on the lands to secure the same; and his rights under such deed of trust were paramount to the rights of appellant under its title acquired at the foreclosure of its deed of trust. As held in Martin v. Raleigh StateBank, 146 Miss. 1, 111 So. 448, 51 A.L.R. 442, upon the conveyance of the lands by appellee to the Martins, appellant at once, by operation of law, acquired title to the lands. But the question is, what sort of title? Did appellant get any better title than the Martins got by the conveyance from the appellee to them. We think not. And what sort of title did the Martins get? The answer is they got title to the lands incumbered with a mortgage indebtedness of five thousand eight hundred fifty dollars. When the title to the lands left appellee, it left with this incumbrance on it, for the conveyance and the incumbrance constituted one transaction.
We are unable, therefore, to see how it is material whether the five thousand eight hundred fifty dollars constituted the purchase money of the land or not. It was certainly a valid incumbrance on the lands as between appellee and the Martins. Why is it not also a valid incumbrance as between appellee and appellant? We are unable to see why it is not. The principle of law under which the title of the Martins inured to the benefit of the appellant could give the latter no greater rights than the former. Its operation could not be taken as extinguishing part of appellee's mortgage indebtedness against the lands.
Did appellant, as the owner of the lands during the years 1925 and 1926, have a lien on the agricultural products produced thereon during those years by the Martins, for the reasonable rental value of the lands? We think this question must be answered in the negative, because the relation of landlord and tenant did not exist between appellant and the Martins. Appellant had never been in possession of the lands. The Martins had been in possession, and had title to the lands until the foreclosure of the Foreman deed of trust. It is true, that, during the years 1925 and 1926, as this court held in Martin v. Raleigh StateBank, supra, appellant had title to the lands as against the Martins. But during those years appellant's claim of title to the lands was being vigorously contested by the Martins. They did not acknowledge appellant's superior title until this court had decided that case in appellant's favor. To constitute the relation of landlord and tenant so as to give the former a lien on the agricultural products produced on the leased premises under section 2832, Code of 1906 (section 2492, Hemingway's 1927 Code), such relation must exist as the result of a contract either express or implied. Stevens v. Moore, 1 Miss. Dec. 537; Roberts v. Sims, 64 Miss. 597, 2 So. 72; Hill v.Gilmer (Miss.), 21 So. 528; Pennington v. Ritchie,102 Miss. 133, 58 So. 657; Id., 100 Miss. 792, 57 So. 220; 35 C.J., section 2, 3, pp. 951, 952. There was no such contract here. The lien given by the statute only exists as the result of the relation of landlord and tenant. It follows that the Martins were free to sell the crops produced on the lands during 1925 and 1926 to appellee in payment of any indebtedness they were due him, whether such indebtedness was secured by a lien of any character or not.
As we understand, the result of these views lead to an affirmance of the decree appealed from.
Affirmed.