COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Koontz * , Elder and Fitzpatrick Argued at Salem, Virginia
RALEIGH MILTON DODSON
v. Record No. 0838-94-3 MEMORANDUM OPINION BY** JUDGE LAWRENCE L. KOONTZ, JR. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA AUGUST 22, 1995
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE James F. Ingram, Judge
John H. Heard (Sinclair & Heard, on brief), for appellant. Marla Lynn Graff, Assistant Attorney General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Raleigh Milton Dodson (Dodson) appeals his bench trial
conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute.
Dodson asserts that the trial court erred in finding his initial
confrontation with police was not a seizure and in finding that
the subsequent "pat down" was reasonable. Dodson further asserts
that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. We disagree and
affirm Dodson's conviction.
On the evening of December 26, 1993, Danville Police
Officers Kennedy, Wallace, and Buzby were patrolling a high crime
area in response to citizen complaints of drug dealing in that
area. The officers were aware that guns had been stolen from a
* Justice Koontz prepared and the Court adopted the opinion in this case prior to his investiture as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. ** Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not designated for publication. building in that area. During their patrol, the officers
observed two men standing near a street corner in a dark area.
The week before, Officer Wallace and his partner had discovered a
gun about a block from where these two men stood. The officers
parked their vehicles and approached the two men. Officer
Kennedy asked them, "What's up? How Ya'll doing? What's your
names?" The two men answered. Kennedy then asked why they were
standing on the corner and if they were armed. Officer Kennedy
engaged the second man in conversation while Officers Wallace and
Buzby spoke with Dodson. For safety reasons, Officer Buzby stood several steps behind
Dodson with a flashlight and Officer Wallace stood in front of
Dodson. Officer Wallace informed Dodson of the drug and crime
problems in the area, requested identification, and asked Dodson
to explain his presence in the area. Dodson could not produce
any identification. He said he was visiting his girlfriend.
Wallace then asked whether Dodson was armed and requested
permission to conduct a "pat down." Dodson refused to consent to
a "pat down," stating, "I don't have anything, and so there's no
need to do that." Dodson then immediately reached into the left
pocket of his jogging suit. Officer Wallace testified that he
thought Dodson might be reaching for a gun. Wallace told Dodson,
"Don't do that. You're making me nervous. Don't do that. I'm
going to pat you down, and make sure you don't have a weapon."
Officer Wallace then pulled Dodson's hand out of the pocket
and began a "pat down" with Officer Buzby's assistance. Dodson
-2- protested that he was not carrying any weapons. During the "pat
down," Officer Buzby felt a hard lump in Dodson's sock. When
Buzby touched the lump, Dodson jerked his leg back and took
flight. The officers caught Dodson and discovered 40.1 grams of
cocaine in his sock.
Dodson first contends that he was illegally seized during
the initial confrontation and questioning when Officer Buzby
stood behind him with a flashlight and Officer Wallace stood in
front of him. "[A] person has been 'seized' within the meaning
of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the
circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would
have believed that he was not free to leave." United States v.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980). See Florida v. Royer, 460
U.S. 491, 500 (1983); Baldwin v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 191, 196,
413 S.E.2d 645, 647-48 (1992).
Dodson's reliance on Moss v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 305,
373 S.E.2d 170 (1988), is misplaced. In that case, we held that
an individual was "seized" under the Fourth Amendment and not
free to leave when a police officer appeared suddenly from a
hidden location and shined a flashlight into the individual's
face, blinding and stunning him. Id. at 306-08, 373 S.E.2d at
171. In the present case, the officers approached Dodson from
their police vehicles and initiated a consensual encounter.
Furthermore, the officer used the flashlight to look over
Dodson's person, not to blind or stun him.
Dodson also relies on Goodwin v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App.
-3- 363, 398 S.E.2d 690 (1990). In Goodwin, the officer immediately
informed the individual that he would be searched for weapons.
Id. at 365, 398 S.E.2d at 691. Unlike the present case, there
was no consensual aspect to the encounter. Id. Police officers
do not "seize" an individual by simply "asking him if he is
willing to answer some questions, by putting questions to him if
the person is willing to listen." Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S.
491, 497 (1983); see Richards v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 612,
615, 383 S.E.2d 268, 270 (1989). Although one officer was in front and another behind Dodson,
Dodson was not limited in his freedom of movement and could have
terminated the encounter by stepping to the side or asking the
officers to step aside. The police officers did not indicate by
words or actions that Dodson was required to remain and answer
questions. "Acquiescence in 'a police request, which most
citizens will do, does not negate the consensual nature of the
response.'" Greene v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 606, 610, 440
S.E.2d 138, 140-41 (1994) (citations omitted). Considering the
totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in Dodson's
situation would believe that he or she was free to walk away from
the officers. Accordingly, because the initial confrontation
between Dodson and the officers was consensual, we hold that
Dodson was not seized at that point.
Dodson further contends that he was illegally seized when
the police conducted the "pat down" search without a reasonable
"articulable suspicion" of criminal activity. The dangerous -4- nature of police work necessitates that the police take special
precautions to protect themselves and others from potentially
violent situations. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24 (1968).
However, law enforcement agents without probable cause to arrest
may only conduct "pat downs" in those instances where they can
"point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together
with reasonable inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant
that intrusion." Id. at 21. In determining whether there are
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Koontz * , Elder and Fitzpatrick Argued at Salem, Virginia
RALEIGH MILTON DODSON
v. Record No. 0838-94-3 MEMORANDUM OPINION BY** JUDGE LAWRENCE L. KOONTZ, JR. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA AUGUST 22, 1995
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE James F. Ingram, Judge
John H. Heard (Sinclair & Heard, on brief), for appellant. Marla Lynn Graff, Assistant Attorney General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Raleigh Milton Dodson (Dodson) appeals his bench trial
conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute.
Dodson asserts that the trial court erred in finding his initial
confrontation with police was not a seizure and in finding that
the subsequent "pat down" was reasonable. Dodson further asserts
that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. We disagree and
affirm Dodson's conviction.
On the evening of December 26, 1993, Danville Police
Officers Kennedy, Wallace, and Buzby were patrolling a high crime
area in response to citizen complaints of drug dealing in that
area. The officers were aware that guns had been stolen from a
* Justice Koontz prepared and the Court adopted the opinion in this case prior to his investiture as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. ** Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not designated for publication. building in that area. During their patrol, the officers
observed two men standing near a street corner in a dark area.
The week before, Officer Wallace and his partner had discovered a
gun about a block from where these two men stood. The officers
parked their vehicles and approached the two men. Officer
Kennedy asked them, "What's up? How Ya'll doing? What's your
names?" The two men answered. Kennedy then asked why they were
standing on the corner and if they were armed. Officer Kennedy
engaged the second man in conversation while Officers Wallace and
Buzby spoke with Dodson. For safety reasons, Officer Buzby stood several steps behind
Dodson with a flashlight and Officer Wallace stood in front of
Dodson. Officer Wallace informed Dodson of the drug and crime
problems in the area, requested identification, and asked Dodson
to explain his presence in the area. Dodson could not produce
any identification. He said he was visiting his girlfriend.
Wallace then asked whether Dodson was armed and requested
permission to conduct a "pat down." Dodson refused to consent to
a "pat down," stating, "I don't have anything, and so there's no
need to do that." Dodson then immediately reached into the left
pocket of his jogging suit. Officer Wallace testified that he
thought Dodson might be reaching for a gun. Wallace told Dodson,
"Don't do that. You're making me nervous. Don't do that. I'm
going to pat you down, and make sure you don't have a weapon."
Officer Wallace then pulled Dodson's hand out of the pocket
and began a "pat down" with Officer Buzby's assistance. Dodson
-2- protested that he was not carrying any weapons. During the "pat
down," Officer Buzby felt a hard lump in Dodson's sock. When
Buzby touched the lump, Dodson jerked his leg back and took
flight. The officers caught Dodson and discovered 40.1 grams of
cocaine in his sock.
Dodson first contends that he was illegally seized during
the initial confrontation and questioning when Officer Buzby
stood behind him with a flashlight and Officer Wallace stood in
front of him. "[A] person has been 'seized' within the meaning
of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the
circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would
have believed that he was not free to leave." United States v.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980). See Florida v. Royer, 460
U.S. 491, 500 (1983); Baldwin v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 191, 196,
413 S.E.2d 645, 647-48 (1992).
Dodson's reliance on Moss v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 305,
373 S.E.2d 170 (1988), is misplaced. In that case, we held that
an individual was "seized" under the Fourth Amendment and not
free to leave when a police officer appeared suddenly from a
hidden location and shined a flashlight into the individual's
face, blinding and stunning him. Id. at 306-08, 373 S.E.2d at
171. In the present case, the officers approached Dodson from
their police vehicles and initiated a consensual encounter.
Furthermore, the officer used the flashlight to look over
Dodson's person, not to blind or stun him.
Dodson also relies on Goodwin v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App.
-3- 363, 398 S.E.2d 690 (1990). In Goodwin, the officer immediately
informed the individual that he would be searched for weapons.
Id. at 365, 398 S.E.2d at 691. Unlike the present case, there
was no consensual aspect to the encounter. Id. Police officers
do not "seize" an individual by simply "asking him if he is
willing to answer some questions, by putting questions to him if
the person is willing to listen." Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S.
491, 497 (1983); see Richards v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 612,
615, 383 S.E.2d 268, 270 (1989). Although one officer was in front and another behind Dodson,
Dodson was not limited in his freedom of movement and could have
terminated the encounter by stepping to the side or asking the
officers to step aside. The police officers did not indicate by
words or actions that Dodson was required to remain and answer
questions. "Acquiescence in 'a police request, which most
citizens will do, does not negate the consensual nature of the
response.'" Greene v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 606, 610, 440
S.E.2d 138, 140-41 (1994) (citations omitted). Considering the
totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in Dodson's
situation would believe that he or she was free to walk away from
the officers. Accordingly, because the initial confrontation
between Dodson and the officers was consensual, we hold that
Dodson was not seized at that point.
Dodson further contends that he was illegally seized when
the police conducted the "pat down" search without a reasonable
"articulable suspicion" of criminal activity. The dangerous -4- nature of police work necessitates that the police take special
precautions to protect themselves and others from potentially
violent situations. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24 (1968).
However, law enforcement agents without probable cause to arrest
may only conduct "pat downs" in those instances where they can
"point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together
with reasonable inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant
that intrusion." Id. at 21. In determining whether there are
specific and articulable facts to justify a pat down, we look at the circumstances of the encounter including the
"'characteristics of the area' where the stop occurs, the time of
the stop, whether late at night or not, as well as any suspicious
conduct of the person accosted." Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.
App. 53, 67, 354 S.E.2d 79, 86-87 (1987) (quoting U.S. v. Bull,
565 F.2d 869, 870-71 (4th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 946
(1978)); see Nesbit v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 391, 393, 424
S.E.2d 239, 240 (1992).
Dodson was standing in a dark location in a high crime area.
The police were responding to a complaint of drug dealing. In
this Commonwealth "suspicion of narcotics possession and
distribution is . . . recognized as a circumstance which,
standing alone, gives rise to an inference of dangerousness."
Williams, 4 Va. App. at 67, 354 S.E.2d at 87. Furthermore, guns
had been stolen in the area a few months before the incident.
Only a week earlier, Officer Wallace had discovered a gun a block
away from where Dodson stood. After refusing to consent to a -5- "pat down" search, Dodson stated that he was not armed and
immediately reached into his pocket. Under these facts, it was
reasonable for the police to be concerned for their safety. We
hold that the "pat down" search of Dodson was justified and
involved no unlawful seizure.
Finally, Dodson contends that the evidence was insufficient
to establish possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. We
disagree. It is clear that "quantity, when greater than the supply
ordinarily possessed by a narcotics user for his personal use, is
a circumstance which, standing alone, may be sufficient to
support a finding of intent to distribute." Hunter v.
Commonwealth, 213 Va. 569, 570, 193 S.E.2d 779, 780 (1973)
(emphasis added); see Glenn v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 150,
154-55, 390 S.E.2d 505, 508 (1990); Monroe v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.
App. 154, 156, 355 S.E.2d 336, 337 (1987). Officer Wallace
testified that 0.7 grams of cocaine was a normal unit for
personal consumption and would sell for about $25. The officers
found 40.1 grams of cocaine hidden in Dodson's sock. The
quantity of cocaine found on Dodson and the manner in which it
was hidden are sufficient to raise a reasonable inference that
his intent was to distribute the cocaine.
For these reasons, the conviction is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-6-